雷电流幅值概率分布特征及累积概率分段修订

为了研究雷电流幅值概率分布特性及雷电流幅值累积概率曲线拟合效果,以满足防雷工程设计和雷击风险评估工作需要,根据湖北省2007—2013年雷电定位系统(Lightning Location System,LLS)监测的雷电流幅值资料,统计分析了雷电流幅值累积概率和密度分布特征。结果表明:正闪和负闪电雷电流幅值累积概率分布差异较大,负闪电雷电流幅值累积概率分布比正闪电更集中,负闪和总闪电的雷电流幅值累积概率分布曲线基本相同;雷电流幅值强度大部分集中在10~50kA。根据IEEE推荐的雷电流幅值累积概率分布表达式,拟合了不同极性的雷电流幅值累积概率分布公式。雷电流幅值小于110kA时,采用IEEE拟合公式计算的雷电流幅值累积概率与实测值间的相对误差较小;雷电流幅值大于110kA时,计算值与实测值间的相对误差随雷电流幅值的增加而增大。采用该文给出的分段修订公式,计算在110kA以上的雷电流幅值累积概率与实测值间的相对误差在2%以内。由IEEE推荐表达式拟合雷电流幅值累积概率分布和概率密度分布时,负闪和总闪电雷电流幅值累积概率分布拟合效果明显比正闪电好,其原因可能与正闪电分布特性有关。     

2010—2018年辽宁省雷电流幅值特征分析

基于辽宁省2010-2018年闪电定位（ADTD）资料,运用统计学方法分析了雷电流幅值时间变化特征;运用规程计算公式和IEEE推荐公式分别计算了雷电流幅值累积概率密度,并和实际地闪雷电流幅值累积概率密度曲线做了对比分析;运用最小二乘法拟合了IEEE推荐公式。结果表明：2010-2018年辽宁省地闪以负闪为主,占比高达89%,而负地闪雷电流幅值主要集中于-50~-20 kA;地闪频次在2011-2013年逐年升高,而后逐年减少,总地闪和负地闪的平均雷电流幅值自2010-2013年逐年降低,而后逐年升高;地闪主要发生在汛期的7-8月,平均雷电流幅值在冬季最高,且日变化平稳;雷电流幅值为20-50 kA的总地闪和负地闪累积概率密度曲线下降最快,而雷电流幅值在20 kA左右的累积概率密度曲线开始下降,总体下降速度较慢;通过对IEEE推荐公式进行拟合,拟合后的雷电流幅值累积概率密度分布曲线更加接近实际。     

天津地区雷电流幅值及累积概率分布特征

为研究天津地区雷电流幅值特征,选取2008—2018年ADTD闪电定位数据,研究分析了雷电流幅值时间分布特征和累积概率分布特征。结果表明:天津地区11 a间共计发生闪电106474次,负闪占比89.26%,远高于正闪;雷电流幅值主要集中在2—100 kA,占闪电总数的97.76%,160—200 kA范围内的闪电次数较少,平均正闪电流强度明显大于负闪电流强度;雷电流强度季节特征较为显著,正闪雷电流强度呈双峰分布,负闪雷电流强度分布较为平均,春季正闪活动频繁,秋季次之,夏季负闪频发,冬季雷电活动发生较少,以正闪居多;雷电流高于25 kA时,正闪电流幅值累积概率显著高于负闪,低于25 kA时,负闪电流幅值累积概率高于正闪。负闪电流幅值的累积概率分布与总闪更为接近,与正闪分布差异显著,闪电总数电流累计概率分布主要受负闪影响。通过对比分析发现IEEE工作组(电气与电子工程师协会)推荐的累积概率分布函数更适合于天津地区,特别是雷电流幅值在25—55 kA范围内时,累积概率与推荐公式基本相同。将天津地区雷电流幅值累积概率公式尝试应用于雷电灾害风险评估中,可为精准确定雷电灾害风险评估参数P_(B)取值,精确计算雷击建筑物损失风险提供参考。     

基于ADTD系统监测的雷电流幅值累积概率特征分析

雷电流幅值累积概率分布是雷电活动规律的重要指标.通过对ADTD闪电定位系统监测的雷电资料的数理统计分析,采用IEEE工作组和

推荐的公式对比分析了重庆地区的雷电流幅值累积概率的拟合效果.结果表明:雷电流幅值累积概率分布特征随极性存在显著差异,雷击大地密度随雷电流幅值不同而差异较大;同时,采用I...     

基于LLS的多回击地闪及其雷电流幅值分布特征

为进一步研究多回击地闪参数分布特征, 以便为雷电防护工程设计和雷电物理研究提供参考, 根据湖北省雷电定位系统(LLS)2007年1月—2018年12月监测资料, 采用计算机编程处理和数理统计方法, 对多回击地闪次数、多重回击次数和不同类型多回击地闪雷电流幅值等参数进行了统计分析。结果表明: 多回击正地闪、负地闪和总地闪次数占其地闪总数的百分比分别为2.06%、34.76%和32.64%, 多重回击次数分别占其回击总数的0.01%、0.42%和0.40%, 多回击负地闪回击次数占多回击总地闪回击总数的99.69%。首次回击强度大于后续回击强度的多回击正地闪和负地闪分别占多回击地闪总数的82.52%和57.87%;在多回击地闪后续回击中, 正地闪约有9%的后续回击强度大于首次回击强度, 负地闪约有20%的后续回击强度大于首次回击强度。多回击正地闪和负地闪中值电流分别为59.30 kA和35.10 kA, 首次回击分别为90.90 kA和40.00 kA, 后续回击中分别为43.90 kA和33.00 kA。首次回击中, 多回击正地闪和负地闪雷电流幅值大于100 kA的累积概率分别为44.06%和4.64%, 首次回击强度大于后续回击强度的多回击正地闪和负地闪雷电流幅值大于100 kA的累积概率最大分别为52.21%和7.94%;后续回击中, 多回击正地闪和负地闪雷电流幅值小于等于40 kA的累积概率分别为41.80%和69.92%, 首次回击强度大于后续回击强度的多回击负地闪, 雷电流幅值小于等于40 kA的累积概率最大为77.71%。多回击正地闪和负地闪后续回击与首次回击中值电流的比值分别为0.48和0.83。拟合得出的不同类型的多回击正地闪和负地闪雷电流幅值累积概率公式, 拟合效果显著; 拟合公式中a值附近的雷电流幅值累积概率与b值呈显著正相关关系。      

基于雷电监测数据的雷电流幅值累积概率分布特征

利用江西省2006—2015年闪电定位系统监测资料,通过数理统计、回归分析等方法,分析江西省雷电流幅值概率以及雷电流幅值累积概率分布特征。结果表明:基于雷电监测数据获得的雷电流幅值累积概率分布拟合公式,一定程度上反映了江西省雷电流幅值累积概率变化特征。正、负极性雷电流幅值平均概率分布特征均表现出明显的堆积效应,且正极性的集中中心小于负极性;同时,正极性闪电相对负极性闪电出现大幅值的概率更高。负闪电实测曲线与拟合曲线完全一致,总闪电实测曲线与拟合曲线基本一致,拟合效果较负闪电稍差,较正闪电好。推导出的江西省正、负闪电和总闪电的雷电流幅值累积概率分布公式,对解决电力系统中由于雷电流幅值造成的雷击输电线路故障并采取有效的解决方案具有一定参考价值。     

海南省雷电流幅值概率分布研究

雷电流幅值概率分布是防雷计算中的重要参数。以海南电网雷电电位系统2009—2013年相关数据为基础,对海南省雷电流幅值进行统计分析,比较海南省雷电流幅值累积概率曲线与规程法、电气电子工程师协会(IEEE,Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers)推荐曲线之间的差别。另外,分别依据规程法和IEEE推荐的雷电流幅值累积概率公式对海南省雷电流幅值累积概率曲线进行了拟合并比较其优劣,分析海南各地区的雷电流幅值分布之间的差异,总结海南4个方位代表地区的雷电流幅值累积概率公式,对海南地区防雷计算和防雷装置配置等工作的科学开展具有重要意义。     

揭阳地区雷电流幅值特征及累积概率公式分析

为研究揭阳地区雷电流幅值特征,本文利用2017－2020年揭阳地区雷电流数据,通过数理统计和matlab拟合工具箱,研究分析了雷电流幅值时间分布规律及幅值累积概率特征。结果表明：近4年揭阳地区共发生地闪回击62806次,其中0－200 kA幅值的回击次数占比约为99.81 %,正、负地闪回击频次随雷电流幅值变化整体呈现先增加后减少趋势。正地闪回击幅值大值区月份出现在3月和11月,负地闪回击幅值大值区月份为3月和10月,随着季节的推移,正地闪回击幅值大值区的出现时段逐渐推迟;负地闪回击电流幅值的大值区多出现在00:00－10:00。对比分析了IEEE和DL/T幅值累积概率推荐公式曲线,IEEE推荐公式曲线与实际值分布曲线基本重合,并得出了揭阳地区雷电流幅值累积概率拟合公式,与实际值的误差值介于-0.006－0.0005,为揭阳地区的防雷减灾工作提供参考。     

基于河池市闪电数据幅值的质量控制及累积频率公式分析

利用对数正态分布分析方法,对广西河池市2008年1月—2015年10月的闪电定位数据进行质量控制,得到正、负闪电电流幅值频率模式均符合对数正态分布,10kA以下的正闪数据作为小幅值干扰区间,将其剔除后正闪电流幅值拟合效果得到了提高;对质量控制后的闪电数据采用IEEE(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers,美国电气和电子工程师协会)推荐的雷电流累积频率分布公式和拟合相对误差修正公式,得到能够满足工程应用的修正雷电流累积频率计算公式,并且公式中电流强度的适用范围从200kA(IEEE公式推荐)扩大到300kA。     

基于地闪数据的雷电流幅值累积频率公式探讨

利用2007年和2008年浙江省气象部门闪电定位系统的地闪监测数据,应用Matlab数学软件中的曲线拟合工具箱,以最小二乘法原理对IEEE推荐公式和我国规程推荐公式进行最优化拟合,得出前者拟合效果优于后者的结论。通过分析IEEE推荐公式计算结果与实际值之间的相对误差,发现正闪雷电流幅值累积频率在(1kA,270kA)范围内相对误差绝对值较小,最大不超过10%;而负闪雷电流幅值累积频率在(-1kA,-300kA)范围内相对误差绝对值较大,最大值约为38%。针对上述情况,利用数学软件拟合出负闪(-1kA,-300kA)相对误差曲线的近似函数,修正了原累积频率公式,大幅度减小了其相对误差。其适用范围也从原来的(2kA,200kA)放宽至正闪(1kA,270kA)、负闪(-1kA,-300kA)。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Retrieval of outgoing longwave radiation from COMS narrowband infrared imagery

Hourly outgoing longwave radiation(OLR) from the geostationary satellite Communication Oceanography Meteorological Satellite(COMS) has been retrieved since June 2010. The COMS OLR retrieval algorithms are based on regression analyses of radiative transfer simulations for spectral functions of COMS infrared channels. This study documents the accuracies of OLRs for future climate applications by making an intercomparison of four OLRs from one single-channel algorithm(OLR12.0using the 12.0 μm channel) and three multiple-channel algorithms(OLR10.8+12.0using the 10.8 and 12.0 μm channels; OLR6.7+10.8using the 6.7 and 10.8 μm channels; and OLR All using the 6.7, 10.8, and 12.0 μm channels). The COMS OLRs from these algorithms were validated with direct measurements of OLR from a broadband radiometer of the Clouds and Earth's Radiant Energy System(CERES) over the full COMS field of view [roughly(50°S–50°N, 70°–170°E)] during April 2011.Validation results show that the root-mean-square errors of COMS OLRs are 5–7 W m-2, which indicates good agreement with CERES OLR over the vast domain. OLR6.7+10.8and OLR All have much smaller errors(～ 6 W m-2) than OLR12.0and OLR10.8+12.0(～ 8 W m-2). Moreover, the small errors of OLR6.7+10.8and OLR All are systematic and can be readily reduced through additional mean bias correction and/or radiance calibration. These results indicate a noteworthy role of the6.7 μm water vapor absorption channel in improving the accuracy of the OLRs. The dependence of the accuracy of COMS OLRs on various surface, atmospheric, and observational conditions is also discussed.