一种新型非基于慢变包络近似的三维有限元束传播法

提出了一种新型非基于慢变包络近似的三维有限元束传播法.该方法相较Hadley所提出的广角束传播法,在分析光信号与光波导之间相互作用时同时考虑了载波和调制波对传输特性的影响,更具一般性且精度更高.通过与已发表的权威文献相比,在相同的计算资源下,精度提高了10%.     

电感在两级电涌保护器设计中的应用

介绍了雷电波在遇到串联电感时,不同的时刻折、反射系数会发生变化,雷电波通过它们时将发生波形的改变.雷电波的陡度降低,雷电波的电压幅值也相应降低.根据这一原理,利用ICGS冲击平台进行大规模的试验,通过对实验数据进行对比分析,提出在多级电涌保护器的设计中,采用串联电感的方法可以降低电涌保护器的残压,相对地增加SPD的承受能力,提高电涌保护器的保护效果,对电力系统的防雷保护具有重要意义.     

基于压缩感知的地基红外云图云状识别

为了对地基全天空红外测云仪获得的云图进行分类,该文从压缩感知理论出发,提出了一种利用云图灰度稀疏性进行云状识别的新方法。首先运用典型云图样本构造冗余字典,然后通过梯度投影 (GPSR) 算法和正交匹配 (OMP) 算法求取测试样本在冗余字典中的l1范式最优解,最后利用残差法和稀疏比例法对云状进行判别并输出。采用压缩感知理论进行云状识别,降低了对特征提取技术的要求,为云状的自动识别提供了新思路,对典型波状云、层状云、积状云、卷云和晴空的总体识别率分别达到75%,91%,70%,85%和93%,平均识别率为82.8%。     

钢铁的冶炼促进了气候变化

<正>开采和冶炼金属会给环境造成巨大的破坏,特别是产生的二氧化碳带来的温室效应。总的说来,在金属对全球变暖造成的影响方面,古老的元素铁和铝仍然占主要地位。这是经过对63种金属进行了综合环境分析之后得出的,分析结果发表在PLOS ONE杂志上。铁及其合金钢是这些金属中造成污染最严重的,占所有工业二氧化碳排放的30%。接下来是铝,占2%。也许会让人们吃惊,排     

一种基于场景合成和锚点约束的SAR目标检测网络

随着深度学习方法在计算机视觉领域的崛起,如何将其应用于具有全天时、全天候等优点的SAR图像也成为一大研究重点.相较于传统图像,SAR图像由于其难判读、应用人群较少等原因难以获得大量标注数据.本文提出一种基于场景合成和锚点约束的SAR图标检测方法.通过区域生长算法和阈值法对SAR车辆目标及其阴影进行分割,然后随机嵌入SAR复杂场景中的合理区域来合成目标检测数据集.针对SAR车辆目标的几何特性、图像分辨率参数,对Faster-RCNN中的锚点大小进行约束,减少不符合SAR车辆目标检测框尺寸的候选框,大量约简冗余计算,提升训练、测试效率及精度.     

食用菌制种化学消毒剂试验初报

近年来,食用菌生产发展很快,很多品种都已成为日常菜肴.目前,在食用菌的生产过程中,生产种的制取主要依靠高压蒸汽消毒,这种方法虽然消毒较彻底,但工艺繁琐,成本较高.为此,我们进行了以化学消毒替代蒸汽消毒的试验,并对两者的污染、菌丝生长及产菇等情况进行了对比分析.现将试验有关情况报告如下:1试验材料选用双耐3号平菇品种为试验对象,母种引自江西省农科院,经PDA扩大培养后,转入原种培养基(棉籽壳98.5%,碳酸钙1%,蔗糖0.5%)培养后供试验用.     

嵌入式系统CRC循环冗余校验算法设计研究

介绍了CRC循环冗余校验基本原理及生成多项式表示,分别研究了嵌入式系统CRC-8-Dallas/Maxim与CRC-16-IBM生成多项式及其硬件描述.以DS18B20器件的ROMID/Scratchpad数据校验及Modbus总线网络数据帧校验为例,通过对生成多项式及硬件描述的分析研究得出了基本比特型校验算法设计,在数学推导的基础上得出了其改进的比特型校验算法及单字节、半字节查表校验算法.为获得更高的校验速度,提出了一种基于块及多表的校验算法,比较了几种校验算法的ROM空间占用与校验处理速度.所设计的CRC校验程序为嵌入式系统数据的可靠传输提供了重要保证.     

一种数字频率特性测试仪的设计

设计了一种基于正交调制原理的数字频率特性测试仪,系统用稳态响应法测量电路的频率特性.单片机作为主控芯片,完成系统的总体控制及数字信号处理;使用集成的直接数字频率合成芯片输出全频率范围内的正弦波.系统对待测电路的输入信号及其输出响应采样,经数字信号处理后,获得电路的幅频特性和相频特性.设计的测试仪测某RLC网络,中心频率的相对误差小于0.2%,有载品质因数相对误差小于1.25%,最大电压增益大于-1 dB.频率特性测试仪输入输出阻抗均为50 Ω,幅频误差绝对值小于0.5 dB,相频误差绝对值小于3°,测试仪能满足微机械谐振传感器特征参数测试需求.     

基于1DCNN和LSTM的单站逐时气温预报方法

针对海量气象观测数据间存在大量的物理噪声、与气温无关的冗余特征以及时间相关性,提出了一种将一维卷积神经网络(1DCNN)和长短期记忆神经网络(LSTM)相结合的多信息融合气温预报方法。首先,运用差分法对气象观测数据进行预处理,得到平稳时间序列数据;其次,运用1DCNN提取与气温变化相关的特征变量作为神经网络模型的输入变量;最后,运用1DCNN和LSTM构建多信息融合气温预报模型1DCNN-LSTM,并以云南省昆明市历史气象观测数据为例,与传统的LSTM、1DCNN和反向传播神经网络(BP)对未来24小时的逐时气温预报进行了比较研究。研究结果表明,1DCNN-LSTM的均方根误差(RMSE)相较于LSTM、1DCNN和BP最大降低了5.221%、19.350% 和9.253%,平均绝对误差(MAE)最大降低了4.419%、17.520% 和8.089%。为气温的精准预报提供了参考依据。      

浅议防御高电位和雷电波入侵的方法

对建筑物的防雷装置、进出建筑物的各种金属管道,遭受雷击时引起的高电位和雷电波入侵会危害进行分析,提出了高电位和雷电波入侵的防御方法.     

Response of the Kuroshio Current to Eddies in the Luzon Strait

The impact of eddies on the Kuroshio Current in the Luzon Strait (LS) area is investigated by using the sea surface height anomaly (SSHA) satellite observation data and the sea surface height (SSH) assimilation data. The influence of the eddies on the mean current depends upon the type of eddies and their relative position. The mean current is enhanced (weakened) as the cyclonic (anticyclonic) eddy becomes slightly far from it, whereas it is weakened (enhanced) as the cyclonic (anticyclonic) eddy moves near or within the position of the mean current; this is explained as the eddy-induced meridional velocity and geostrophic flow relationship. The anticyclonic (cyclonic) eddy can increase (decrease) the mean meridional flow due to superimposition of the eddy-induced meridional flow when the eddy is within the region of the mean current. However, when the eddy is slightly far from the mean current region, the anticyclonic (cyclonic) eddy tends to decrease (increase) the zonal gradient of the SSH, which thus results in weakening (strengthening) of the mean current in the LS region.     

Eddy covariance measurements of carbon dioxide,latent and sensible energy fluxes above a meadow on a mountain slope

Carbon dioxide, latent and sensible heat fluxes were measured by means of the eddy covariance method above a mountain meadow situated on a steep slope in the Stubai Valley in Austria, based on the hypothesis that, due to the low canopy height, measurements can be made in the shallow equilibrium layer where the wind field exhibits characteristics akin to level terrain. In order to test the validity of this hypothesis and to identify effects of complex terrain in the turbulence measurements, data were subjected to a rigorous testing procedure using a series of quality control measures established for surface-layer flows. The resulting high quality dataset comprised 36% of the original observations, the substantial reduction being mainly due to a change in surface roughness and associated fetch limitations in the wind sector dominating during nighttime and transition periods. The validity of the high quality dataset was further assessed by two independent tests: (i) a comparison with the net ecosystem carbon dioxide exchange measured by means of ecosystem chambers, and (ii) the ability of the eddy covariance measurements to close the energy balance. The net ecosystem CO₂ exchange measured by the eddy covariance method agreed reasonably well with ecosystem chamber measurements. The assessment of the energy balance closure showed that there was no significant difference in the correspondence between the meadow on the slope and another one situated on flat ground at the bottom of the Stubai Valley, available energy being underestimated by 28% and 29%, respectively. We thus conclude that, appropriate quality control provided, the eddy covariance measurements made above a mountain meadow on a steep slope are of similar quality as compared to flat terrain.     

水下无线电能传输研究进展

首先对水下无线电能传输技术进行了分类,然后给出了磁感应式水下无线电能传输的基本结构和工作原理,讨论了该技术的最优工作频率、传输距离、线圈结构选择、涡流损耗与频率分裂现象.随后简要给出了磁谐振式水下无线电能传输技术和电场耦合式水下无线电能传输的研究现状.最后对水下无线电能传输技术有待研究的问题进行了展望.     

Testing of the bandpass eddy covariance method for a long-term measurement of water vapour flux over a forest

The bandpass eddy covariance method has been used to measure the turbulent flux of scalar quantities using a slow-responsescalar sensor. The method issimilar in principle to the traditional eddy correlation method but includes the estimation of high-frequency components of the flux on the basis of cospectral similarity in the atmospheric surface layer. In order to investigate the performance of the method, measurements of the water vapour flux over a forest with the bandpass eddy covariance method and the direct eddy correlation method were compared. The flux obtained by the bandpass eddy covariance method agreed with that by the eddy correlation method within ±20% for most cases, in spite of a rather slow sensor-response of the adopted hygrometer. This result supports its relevance to a long-term continuous operation, since a stable, low-maintenance,general-purpose sensor canbe utilized for scalar quantities. Oneweak point of the method isits difficulty in principle to measure the correct flux when the magnitude of the sensible heat flux is very small, because the method uses the sensible heat flux as a standard reference for the prediction of undetectable high-frequency components of the scalar flux. An advanced method is then presented to increase its robustness. In the new method, output signals from a slow-response sensor are corrected using empirical frequency-responsefunctions for the sensor,thereby extending the width of the bandpass frequency region where components of the flux are directly measured (not predicted). The advanced method produced correct fluxes for all cases including the cases of small sensible heat flux. The advanced bandpass eddy covariance method is thus appropriate for along-term measurement of the scalar fluxes.     

Contraction and convergence of in-use metal stocks to meet climate goals

The foundations of modern society are based on metals, yet their production is currently placing considerable strain on the Earth’s carrying capacity. Here, we develop a century-long scenario for six major metals (iron, aluminum, copper, zinc, lead, and nickel) harmonized with climate goals, with the goal of establishing science-based targets. We show that for the metal sector to contribute proportionally to emission reductions targets of the industrial sector, global in-use metal stocks need to converge from the current level of around 4 t/capita to about 7 t/capita. This will require today’s high-income countries to contract their per capita stock from current levels of about 12 t/capita to make room for growth in countries that are presently classified as middle- and low-income countries. In such a contraction and convergence scenario, primary production of all six metals will peak by 2030, and secondary production will surpass primary production by at least 2050. Consequently, cumulative ore requirements over the 21st century will remain below currently identified resources, implying that natural ore extraction will be limited by emissions budgets before existing resources can be depleted. Importantly, realizing such system changes will require urgent and concerted international efforts involving all countries, but specific responsibilities will vary according to income level. Namely, wealthy countries will need to use existing metal stocks more intensively and for longer periods to reduce stock replacement demand, while poor countries will need to develop long-lasting and material-efficient infrastructure to curtail stock expansion demand in the first half of the 21st century.     

Effects of precipitation on the eddy exchange in a wind-driven sea

Effects of precipitation on the temperature and salinity profiles in the top 2 or 3 m of the sea are calculated for four models of turbulent exchange: (1) constant eddy exchange with depth; (2) drift-current eddy exchange; (3) eddy exchange produced by shear in the orbital velocity under a surface wave; and (4) drift current and wave turbulence acting together. The surface temperature and salinity are only weakly affected, but the density gradient can become significantly stabler. The resulting influence on the eddy exchange is modeled with empirical formulas employing the Richardson number. Stability strongly damps drift-current eddy exchange but has much less effect on the wave-induced turbulence.The energy budget shows an increase in turbulent dissipation near the surface for weak stability when the surface stress in assumed to remain constant. Beyond a critical Richardson number of about 0.9 energy consumed by turbulent energy dissipation decreases. This occurs more due to a reduction in mechanical energy production than because of energy being used for the redistribution of mass.     

Inter-comparison of the infrared channels of the meteorological imager onboard COMS and hyperspectral IASI data

The successful launch and commissioning of the first geostationary meteorological satellite of Korea has the potential to enhance earth observation capability over the Asia Pacific region. Although the specifications of the payload, the meteorological imager(MI), have been verified during both ground and in-orbit tests, there is the possibility of variation and/or degradation of data quality due to many different reasons, such as the accumulation of contaminants, the aging of instrument components, and unexpected external disturbance. Thus, for better utilization of MI data, it is imperative to continuously monitor and maintain the data quality. As a part of such activity, this study presents an inter-calibration, based on the Global Space-based Inter-Calibration System(GSICS), between the MI data and the high quality hyperspectral data from the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer(IASI) of the Metop-A satellite. Both sets of data, acquired for three years from April 2011 to March 2014, are processed to prepare the matchup dataset, which is spatially collocated, temporally concurrent,angularly coincident, and spectrally comparable. The results show that the MI data are stable within the specifications and show no significant degradation during the study period. However, the water vapor channel shows a rather large bias value of-0.77 K, with a root-mean-square difference(RMSD) of around 1.1 K, which is thought to be due to the shift in the spectral response function. The shortwave channel shows a maximum RMSD of around 1.39 K, mainly due to the coarse digitization at the lower temperature. The inter-comparison results are re-checked through a sensitivity analysis with different sets of threshold values used for the matchup dataset. Based on this, we confirm that the overall quality of the MI data meets the user requirements and maintains the expected performance, although the water vapor channel requires further investigation.     

On dynamically consistent eddy fluxes

The role of mesoscale oceanic eddies in driving the large-scale currents is studied in an eddy-resolving, double-gyre ocean model. The new diagnostic method is proposed, which is based on dynamical decomposition of the flow into the large-scale and eddy components. The method yields the time history of the eddy forcing, which can be used as additional, external forcing in the corresponding non-eddy-resolving model of the gyres. The main strength of this approach is in its dynamical consistency: the non-eddy-resolving solution driven by the eddy forcing history correctly approximates the original large-scale flow component. It is shown that statistical decompositions, which are based on space-time filtering diagnostics, are dynamically inconsistent. The diagnostics algorithm is formulated and tested, and the diagnosed eddies are analysed, both statistically and dynamically. It is argued that the main dynamic role of the eddies is to maintain the eastward-jet extension of the subtropical western boundary current (WBC). This is done largely by both the time–mean isopycnal-thickness flux and the relative-vorticity eddy flux fluctuations. The fluctuations drive large-scale flow through the nonlinear rectification mechanism. The relative-vorticity flux contributes mostly to the eastward jet meandering. Finally, eddy fluxes driven by both the eddies and the large-scale flow are found to be important. The latter is typically neglected in the analysis, but here it corresponds to important large-scale feedback on the eddies.     

高频瞬变涡动反馈强迫对东亚/太平洋事件演变过程的作用

本文通过位势倾向方程研究了高频瞬变涡动反馈强迫(TEFF)对东亚/太平洋型在低频时间尺度上(8天以上)的演变过程(EAP事件)的影响。一个重要的发现是,无论正位相还是负位相的EAP事件,在对流层中低层上,TEFF对其中、高纬度两个异常中心的演变均起着重要的作用。尤其是高纬度中心,在对流层中层,TEFF异常在盛期前可解释其增强部分的50%左右;盛期之后则起着减缓其减弱的作用。TEFF异常可分解为由高频涡动热量通量的辐合辐散引起的TEFF_heat异常和高频涡动涡度通量引起的TEFF_vor异常。两者在对流层上层相互抵消、下层相互叠加,导致TEFF异常在对流层上层(低层)的作用要弱(强)于对流层中层。就TEFF_heat和TEFF_vor的相对贡献而言,正位相的EAP事件中,TEFF_vor的贡献较大;但在负位相EAP事件中,TEFF_heat的贡献则增大至与TEFF_vor相当的程度。这种TEFF_heat作用在负事件中的增强可能是与贝加尔湖以东地区对流层低层上斜压性的加强有关。     

十脉冲下限压型SPD级间串联退耦电感前后能级匹配研究

退耦电感是限压型浪涌保护器(SPD)级联配合核心元件, 对于限压型SPD能级匹配具有重要影响。针对退耦电感与限压型SPD能级匹配问题, 基于行波传输理论建立多级限压型SPD能量匹配模型, 并结合更接近自然雷击的10个8/20μs多脉冲试验进行研究, 试验结果可知: 恒定波阻抗下, 增大SPD线路间退耦电感值, 可有效减缓雷电瞬态过电压上升速率。SPD并联时, 氧化锌压敏电阻压敏电压对前后级分流比影响较小, 与残压值呈正相关关系。SPD级联电感值越大, 前级SPD泄流越多, 后级SPD箝压水平越高, 能级匹配效果越好。当出现磁饱和时, 前级SPD泄流显著降低, 后级SPD的泄流显著增加, 为避免出现该现象, 实际装设SPD时, 级间选装的退耦电感值在合理范围内应稍大于理论电感值。