一种顾及对流层残余延迟的GNSS随机建模方法

针对常用的基于高度角和信噪比的经验模型难以客观地体现未建模误差影响的问题,基于卫星高度角与大气层延迟残留误差具有强相关性的思想,提出了一种基于天顶映射函数的随机模型。该模型中卫星的方差通过卫星信号在对流层中的传播距离与对流层天顶高度的比值给出,更准确地体现了信号在对流层中的传播距离越长,则对流层残余延迟越高,观测量方差应该越大。实验表明,各随机模型均能够在不同程度上反映定位精度的高低,相比于传统的随机模型,天顶映射函数模型能够显著提高定位精度,为精密单点定位精度的进一步提高提供了理论基础。     

北斗伪距单点定位的随机模型影响评估

北斗卫星导航系统包含3种不同类型的空间星座,相对应卫星的高度角存在一定的差异,对北斗卫星单点定位的影响也不同。针对这一问题,研究了等权模型、基于卫星高度角和信噪比的北斗卫星观测量随机模型确定方法。利用MGEX站提供的观测数据,通过比较不同模型的实验结果表明:相对于等权模型,基于卫星高度角和信噪比定权模型可以提高单点定位的精度,并且信噪比模型优于高度角模型;在基于信噪比确定权阵的随机模型中,选择不同的参数,对解算结果精度会产生相应的影响。     

基于观测值质量指标的GPS观测量随机模型分析

卫星高度角、载噪比及信号强度是反映GPS观测值质量的重要指标,基于这些指标的随机模型可进一步削弱GPS残余大气延迟、衍射以及多路径效应等误差的影响,但这些随机模型对不同误差的处理效果具有一定差异.为合理利用这些随机模型,利用实际观测数据进行了比较计算,结果表明信号强度和载噪比随机模型的效果基本一致,当观测数据中载噪比输出时,可用信号强度代替载噪比建立随机模型;信号强度和载噪比随机模型对削弱衍射误差十分有效,而高度角随机模型能更有效地削弱残余对流层延迟误差.     

VRS动态随机模型建模方法的综合比较

阐述了4种传统虚拟参考站(virtual reference station,VRS)随机模型建模方法及VENUS随机模型建模方法的作业原理,从验后单位权方差、模糊度精度因子ADOP、F-ratio、滤波残差等多个角度综合分析了各方法作业水平的有效性及优劣程度。研究表明,传统的标准随机模型建模方法、信噪比建模方法及高度角建模方法在VRS中的应用有效性最弱,传统的自适应随机模型方法和VENUS建模方法在不同层面体现出各自的优势,有互相借鉴的科研价值。     

GPS软件接收机跟踪通道信号统计分析

传统的基于硬件的接收机由于芯片的封装性很难用来进行通道信号的分析研究,而基于软件无线电技术的软件接收机则很容易做到。软件接收机的跟踪通道信号统计分析可用于接收机算法的测试与比对以及卫星信号性能的分析与评估。这里搭建了GPS软件接收机L1中频数字信号处理平台,对跟踪通道输出的I、Q支路信号进行了均值、标准方差以及均方根(RMS)统计。分析了各统计值与通道对应卫星的高度角、信号强度以及噪声之间的关系。基于统计结果提出了一种估计信道信噪比的方法。最后比较了不同信号采样频率对相关三角形和导航定位解算精度的影响。     

多系统融合单点定位先验和验后定权研究

针对多模全球卫星导航系统(GNSS)融合伪距单点定位随机模型难以精确构建的问题,在全球范围内选取了10个多GNSS实验跟踪网MGEX(Multi-GNSS Experiment)观测站连续7天的观测数据,将四大GNSS系统的观测值分为五类,比较了高度角模型、用户等效测距误差(UERE)模型及验后Helmert方差分量估计模型的伪距单点定位精度. 结果表明:在四系统融合伪距单点定位时,Helmert方差分量估计模型能提高定位精度,高度角模型定位精度优于UERE模型,其中基于高度角的Helmert方差分量估计模型结果最优.      

高度角与信噪比混合的GNSS随机模型精化及其对RTK定位性能的影响

全球卫星导航系统(GNSS)观测值精度会受到大气延迟、非视距(NLOS)信号和多径等因素的影响，而高度角或信噪比(SNR)模型对不同误差源的敏感程度不一样，导致传统基于高度角或SNR的单一随机模型不能满足全场景的高精度定位导航，加上多频多系统的出现，不同GNSS甚至同一系统的不同频段观测值精度也会存在差异，这也给传统模型定权带来了一定挑战.在分析高度角随机模型、SNR随机模型存在的优缺点的基础上，提出了一种高度角、SNR混合的随机模型；通过站间单差、历元间三次差分别对GPS、北斗卫星导航系统(BDS)、Galileo的伪距、相位噪声进行提取，精化了高度角、SNR混合随机模型.实验表明，SNR模型、高度角模型、混合模型的模糊度正确固定率分别为92.42%、95.85%、97.69%;SNR模型定位精度低于高度角和混合模型，混合模型相比于高度角模型，水平方向上定位精度提升了50.0%，高程方向精度提升了37.1%.     

GPS软件接收机跟踪通道信号统计分析

传统的基于硬件的接收机由于芯片的封装性很难用来进行通道信号的分析研究,而基于软件无线电技术的软件接收机则很容易做到.软件接收机的跟踪通道信号统计分析可用于接收机算法的测试与比对以及卫星信号性能的分析与评估.这里搭建了GPS软件接收机L1中频数字信号处理平台,对跟踪通道输出的I、Q支路信号进行了均值、标准方差以及均方根(RMS)统计.分析了各统计值与通道对应卫星的高度角、信号强度以及噪声之间的关系.基于统计结果提出了一种估计信道信噪比的方法.最后比较了不同信号采样频率对相关三角形和导航定位解算精度的影响.     

联合高度角与信噪比的精化随机模型及其对高纬度精密单点定位的影响

利用主成分分析法(PCA)确定了观测噪声中高度角和信噪比(SNR)的贡献,在此基础上建立了精化的全球卫星导航系统(GNSS)随机模型,并验证了基于此随机模型的高纬度测站精密单点定位(PPP)效果. 结果表明:在高纬度地区精化随机模型相比于仅顾及高度角或SNR的传统随机模型效果更佳,定位精度较高度角模型提高约30%,较SNR模型提高约20%. 在高程方向上精度提高最为明显,对比高度角模型和SNR模型分别提高约37%和24%. 该研究对提高高纬度地区GNSS定位精度有一定的参考价值.      

GPS载波相位观测值随机模型的比较研究

本文系统介绍了等权模型、高度角模型、信噪比模型(SIGMA-ε)、验后估计模型(MINQUE)等4类随机模型,针对不同长度的基线,对比和分析了利用不同随机模型得到的载波相位双差残差序列、整周模糊度固定的可靠性和速度以及基线向量解。结果表明:对于系统误差较小的短基线,验后估计模型(MINQUE)和信噪比模型(SIGMA-ε)优于其他两种模型;且随着基线长度的增加,系统误差对MINQUE模型的影响较其他模型更为显著。     

阿克苏河-塔里木河水系水质污染遥感监测与评价

 采用Landsat TM数据分析了阿克苏河—塔里木河断面水质污染状况,通过波段的DN值和常规监测数据建立能反映水质状况的 污染物监测模型。结果发现,将2000年常规监测数据代入模型后,与遥感数据的结果基本吻合| 重建阿克苏河—塔里木河的连续水体 污染变化曲线,得出污染物浓度随着远离上游而增加。     

Monitoring drought dynamics in the Aravalli region (India) using different indices based on ground and remote sensing data

The hard-rock hilly Aravalli terrain of Rajasthan province of India suffers with frequent drought due to poor and delayed monsoon, abnormally high summer-temperature and insufficient water resources. In the present study, detailed analysis of meteorological and hydrological data of the Aravalli region has been carried out for the years 1984–2003. Standardised Precipitation Index (SPI) has been used to quantify the precipitation deficit. Standardised Water-Level Index (SWI) has been developed to assess ground-water recharge-deficit. Vegetative drought indices like Vegetation Condition Index (VCI) and Temperature Condition Index (TCI) and Vegetation Health Index (VHI) have been computed using NDVI values obtained from Global Vegetation Index (GVI) and thermal channel data of NOAA AVHRR satellite. Detailed analyses of spatial and temporal drought dynamics during monsoon and non-monsoon seasons have been carried out through drought index maps generated in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) environment. Analysis and interpretation of these maps reveal that negative SPI anomalies not always correspond to drought. In the Aravalli region, aquifer-stress shifts its position time to time, and in certain pockets it is more frequent. In comparison to hydrological stress, vegetative stress in the Aravalli region is found to be slower to begin but quicker to withdraw.     

Landslide risk analysis between Giri and Tons Rivers in Himachal Himalaya (India)

The area around Sataun in the Sirmur district of Himachal Pradesh, India (falling between the rivers Giri and Tons; both tributaries of the Yamuna River) was studied for landslide vulnerability on behalf of the inhabitants. The study was made using extensive remote sensing data (satellite and airborne). It is well supported by field evidence, demographic and infrastructural details and aided by Geographic Information System (GIS) based techniques. Field observations testify that slope, aspect, geology, tectonic planes, drainage, and land use all influence landslides in the region. These parameters were taken into consideration using the statistical approach of landslide hazard zonation. Using the census data of 1991, vulnerability of the populace to the landslide hazard was accessed. As most of the infrastructure in the region is concentrated around population centres, population data alone was used for vulnerability studies.     

Gravity Changes Before Large Earthquakes in China: 1998-2005

Although it is well known that coseismic gravity changes take place during an earthquake, previous research has not yielded convincing evidence demonstrating that significant gravity changes occur before large earthquakes. Furthermore, even if we suspect that gravity changes occur before large earthquakes, we have yet to demonstrate how to consistently observe these changes for useful earthquake forecast that would bring benefits to society. We analyzed ground gravity survey data obtained in 1998, 2000, 200...     

GNSS系统及其技术的发展研究

阐述了国际上卫星导航系统的总体发展,对美、俄、欧、中的四大全球系统,以及相关的区域系统和增强系统进行了简单的介绍,研究分析了GNSS系统及其技术的发展趋势,同时分析了我国Compass全球系统面临的机遇和挑战,并提出了我国未来工作的建议.     

“4D”技术及其应用

介绍“４Ｄ”（即数字地面模型、数字正射影像、数字栅格地图和数字线划地图）系列产品的生产流程、关键技术、及其在耕地保护、防灾减灾救灾和城市规划等方面的应用方法。     

Virtual Australia: its key elements – know,think, communicate

Abstract

Virtual Australia is not a well-defined or agreed concept. This discussion paper conceptualises Virtual Australia as a ‘virtual [digital] model containing and representing all non-trivial objects and their contextual environment – from blue sky to bedrock – in real world Australia’. It describes a scenario for Virtual Australia, one or two decades from now, in which the locations and conditions of non-trivial objects and their environment are updated automatically through a combination of remote sensing and wireless communication technologies in support of a ‘Supranet’. It then examines the concept of the ‘Supranet’ – a pervasive information network based largely on wireless technology linking the physical world to a virtual model in real time – and develops and discusses three principal characteristics of the Supranet: the ability to have or collect specific information (know); the ability to process information (think); and the ability to communicate that information. If, in the near future, any or all non-trivial devices are to some extent able to know, think and communicate, the potential for object autonomy will be realised.     

Toward seamless indoor-outdoor applications: Developing stakeholder-oriented location-based services

Location-Based Services (LBS),an emerging new business based on smartphone and mobile networks,are becoming more and more popular.Most of these LBSs,however,only offer non-seamless indoor/outdoor applications and simple applications without giving stakeholders the chance to play an active role.Our specific aim is to solve these issues.This paper presents concepts to solve these issues by expanding the Open Location Services Interface Standard (OpenLS) to allow seamless indoor/outdoor positioning and to extend the content of the services to include information recommended by stakeholders.     

GIS空间数据的采集误差及其分析

本文详细阐述了GIS数据采集过程中的误差来源，重点分析了通过地图、遥感和摄影测量等方式采集数据所产生的误差及其特性，分析了其对GIS数据的影响与消减方法。     

地理数据库的关系模型及其实现

本文从以图论观点分析地理实体入手,系统阐述了地理数据库关系模型的设计法和过程。作者于1984年4～9月间在微型机上设计建立了关系型地理数据库的实方验系统(RGDB)。该系统采用了本文提出的关系模型,采用了可动态扩库的子库组合结构,这种结构具有灵活性和提高空间利用率的优点。RGDB含有多种功能的数据操作命令,除了具有一般检索功能外,还能进行“开窗”选取和十分“自由”的映象选取。本文对RGDB系统的主要性能和实现途径作了扼要介绍。