Estimation of soil organic carbon reservoir in China

The paper respectively adopted physio-chemical properties of every soil stratum from 2473 soil profiles of the second national soil survey. The corresponding carbon content of soils is estimated by utilizing conversion coefficient 0.58. In the second soil survey, the total amount of soil organic carbon is about 924.18×108t and carbon density is about 10.53 kgC/m2 in China according to the area of 877.63×106 hm2 surveyed throughout the country. The spatial distribution characteristics of soil organic carbon in China is that the carbon storage increases when latitude increases in eastern China and the carbon storage decreases when longitude reduces in northern China. A transitional zone with great variation in carbon storage exists. Moreover, there is an increasing tendency of carbon density with decrease of latitude in western China. Soil circle is of great significance to global change, but with substantial difference in soil spatial distribution throughout the country. Because the structure of soil is inhomogeneous, it could bring some mistakes in estimating soil carbon reservoirs. It is necessary to farther resolve soil respiration and organic matter conversion and other questions by developing uniform and normal methods of measurement and sampling.     

黄河源区高寒草地土壤有机碳储量及分布特征

选择位于黄河源区的青海省果洛藏族自治州为研究区,利用第二次全国土壤普查所得的土壤剖面数据以及55个典型土壤剖面的地理位置、土层深度、有机质含量、面积、理化分析数据和1:50万数字化土壤类型图,在GIS的支持下利用土壤类型法对黄河源区草地土壤碳库进行了估算。结果表明,黄河源区土壤碳密度较高,平均土壤有机碳密度为29.97 kg/m²,高寒草地土壤有机碳库主要由高山草甸土和高山草原土的有机碳库构成,研究区土壤有机碳总储量达15×10⁸tC。区域草地土壤有机碳密度及储量呈明显的水平和垂直分异规律。     

Effects of land-use changes on organic carbon in bulk soil and associated physical fractions in China's Horqin Sandy Grassland

The Horqin Sandy Grassland is one of the most seriously desertified areas in China's agro-pastoral ecotone due to its fragile ecology, combined with improper and unsustainable land management. We inves...     

基于1:100万土壤空间数据库的有机碳储量估算研究——以中国东北三省为例

以最近建成的中国1:100万土壤空间数据库以及《中国土种志》和省级土种志的土壤属性为基础,共收集东北三省736个土壤剖面理化分析数据,估算出该地区土壤有机碳总储量,并分析讨论了土壤有机碳密度在空间上的分布特征。结果表明,东北三省土壤有机碳密度平均为16.13 kg/m²,在空间分布上的总趋势为东北部高,西南部低,密度较高的有机碳主要分布在原始森林、湿地及部分农业耕作区中。土壤有机碳密度最高的土类为泥炭土和沼泽土等土类,最低的为石质土、风沙土等土类。     

安徽省土壤有机碳空间差异及影响因素

区域土壤碳储量和碳固定潜力及影响因素分析是全球变化中碳循环研究的重要前沿问题。本文采用第二次土壤普查资料,研究了安徽省不同类型土壤的有机碳密度和碳库,分析了影响土壤有机碳分布的自然和人为因素。结果表明,安徽土壤有机碳库为0.71Pg,表层土壤有机碳库为0.28Pg;土壤平均有机碳密度达117.54 t/hm²,碳密度的空间分布为:皖南山区>皖西大别山区>沿长江平原>江淮丘陵区>淮北平原区;气候和植被控制着表层土壤有机碳的省域分布,降水与土壤有机碳含量呈正相关。地形和母质影响土壤亚类间有机碳的差异;土壤总氮与土壤有机碳呈极显著相关,平原区土壤粘粒含量与表层土壤有机碳固定有较大关系。     

中国区域土壤水蚀碳量空间分布及其时间动态

本文利用三次全国土壤侵蚀遥感普查数据和第二次土壤普查土壤有机碳和无机碳密度数据,分析了我国土壤水蚀碳量的空间分布及其时间动态。研究结果表明：我国土壤水蚀碳量为74.61Tg C y^-1,其中有机碳量51.49Tg C y^-1,无机碳量23.12Tg C y^-1。在七大水土流失区中,水蚀有机碳量最多的是西南岩溶区,占总水蚀有机碳量的26.48%;水蚀无机碳量最多的是黄土高原区,占总水蚀无机碳量的67.62%。前者以中度水蚀为主,后者以极强度和强度水蚀为主。80年代中期至90年代中期,我国土壤水蚀碳量共减少了11.66Tg C y^-1,以有机碳迁移量减少为主,占总减少量的81.93%;90年代中期至21世纪初,土壤水蚀碳量依然呈下降趋势,共减少了1.65Tg C y^-1,其中,有机碳迁移量减少了1.514Tg C y^-1,无机碳迁移量减少了0.134Tg C y^-1。     

1980s-2010s内蒙古草地表层土壤有机碳储量及其变化

以我国内蒙古草原为研究区域,结合1982-1988年第二次土壤普查资料以及2011-2012年实地考察数据,构建了基于遥感数据和土壤数据的区域表层土壤有机碳储量估算方法,对研究区1980s和2010s表层土壤有机碳储量、空间分布特征及其变化进行研究,结果表明：(1) 1980s、2010s内蒙古草地表层土壤 (0~20 cm) 有机碳储量分别为2.05 Pg C、2.17 Pg C,土壤有机碳密度约为3.48 kg C·m^-2、3.69 kg C·m^-2,其空间分布上呈现从草甸草原、典型草原、荒漠草原逐渐降低的特征;(2) 1982-2012年间,内蒙古草地表层土壤有机碳储量略有增加,但增加幅度较小,其中草甸草原和典型草原表层土壤有机碳储量增加,荒漠草原则表现为减少。研究结果将为研究区因地制宜地采取固碳措施,实现草地可持续管理提供科学参考。     

高寒草甸土壤有机碳储量及其垂直分布特征

青藏高原是全球变化的敏感区。高寒草甸草原是青藏高原上最主要的放牧利用草地资源之一。选择青藏高原东北隅海北站内具有代表性的高寒草甸土壤进行高分辨率采样,测定土壤根系和有机碳含量。研究得出,青藏高原高寒草甸土壤贮存有巨大的根系生物量 (23544.60 kg ha^-1~27947 kg ha^-1) 和土壤有机碳 (21.52 GtC);自然土壤表层 (0~10 cm) 储存了整个剖面土壤有机碳总量的30%左右。比较发现,高寒草甸土壤的有机碳平均贮存量 (23.17×10⁴ kgCha^-1) (0~60 cm) 较相应深度的热带森林土壤、灌丛土壤和草地土壤的有机碳贮存量高约1~5倍多。在全球碳预算研究中,青藏高原高寒草甸土壤有机碳库不可忽视。随着全球变暖,表层土壤有机碳分解释放的CO₂将增加。为了减少高寒草甸生态系统的碳排放,应加强高寒草甸土壤地表覆被的保护,合理种植深根系植物。这对减缓全球大气CO₂浓度升高的速率以及可持续开发高寒草甸的生态服务功能都具有重要意义。     

甘肃河西山地土壤有机碳储量及分布特征

山地土壤具有强异质性和较高的碳密度，研究山地土壤有机碳的储量、空间分布特征和影响因素，对理解未来气候变化情景下该区土壤碳-大气反馈具有重要意义。河西山地地形复杂，水热梯度明显，是研究土壤有机碳空间格局的理想区域。利用河西山地126个土壤剖面数据，分析了0~100 cm土壤有机碳的储量、空间分布特征及其与环境因素的关系。结果表明：河西山地0~100 cm土壤有机碳密度均值15.04±7.24 kg·m^-2，区域土壤有机碳储量1.37±0.66 Pg，其中50%储存在高寒草甸和亚高山灌丛草甸。研究区土壤有机碳密度从高到低依次为亚高山灌丛草甸（41.15±18.47 kg·m^-2）、山地草甸草原（40.26±9.59 kg·m^-2）、山地森林（34.57±14.52 kg·m^-2）、高寒草甸（29.19±14.58 kg·m^-2）、山地草原（19.28±11.33 kg·m^-2）、荒漠草原（9.83±4.14 kg·m^-2）、高寒草原（8.59±2.47 kg·m^-2）、高寒荒漠（5.89±3.18 kg·m^-2）、草原化荒漠（5.16±3.06 kg·m^-2）、温带荒漠（5.00±3.35 kg·m^-2）。土壤有机碳的空间分布与地形和气候因子显著相关。土壤有机碳密度随着海拔的升高呈现出先增加后减少的趋势，阴坡土壤有机碳密度显著高于阳坡和半阴坡。土壤有机碳密度随年平均降水量增多而增多，随年平均温度的升高呈现出先增加后减少的趋势。     

Detecting the storage and change on topsoil organic carbon in grasslands of Inner Mongolia from 1980s to 2010s

Soil carbon sequestration and potential has been a focal issue in global carbon research. Under the background of global change, the estimation of the size as well as its change of soil organic carbon（SOC） storage is of great importance. Based on soil data from the second national soil survey and field survey during 2011–2012, by using the regression method between sampling soil data and remote sensing data, this paper aimed to investigate spatial distribution and changes of topsoil（0–20 cm） organic carbon storage in grasslands of Inner Mongolia between the 1980 s and 2010 s. The results showed that：（1） the SOC storage in grasslands of Inner Mongolia between the 1980 s and 2010 s was estimated to be 2.05 and 2.17 Pg C, with an average density of 3.48 and 3.69 kg C·m–2, respectively. The SOC storage was mainly distributed in the typical steppe and meadow steppe, which accounted for over 98% of the total SOC storage. The spatial distribution showed a decreased trend from the meadow steppe, typical steppe to the desert steppe, corresponding to the temperature and precipitation gradient.（2） SOC changes during 1982–2012 were estimated to be 0.12 Pg C, at 7.00 g C·m–2·yr–1, which didn＇t show a significant change, indicating that SOC storage in grasslands of Inner Mongolia remained relatively stable over this period. However, topsoil organic carbon showed different trends of carbon source/sink during the past three decades. Meadow steppe and typical steppe had sequestered 0.15 and 0.03 Pg C, respectively, served as a carbon sink; while desert steppe lost 0.06 Pg C, served as a carbon source. It appears that SOC storage in grassland ecosystem may respond differently to climate change, related to vegetation type, regional climate type and grazing intensity. These results might give advice to decision makers on adopting suitable countermeasures for sustainable grassland utilization and protection.     

中国亚热带地区造林对土壤碳周转的影响

Afforestation in China’s subtropics plays an important role in sequestering CO2 from the atmosphere and in storage of soil carbon (C). Compared with natural forests,plantation forests have lower soil organic carbon (SOC) content and great potential to store more C. To better evaluate the effects of afforestation on soil C turnover,we investigated SOC and its stable C isotope (δ13C) composition in three planted forests at Qianyanzhou Ecological Experimental Station in southern China. Litter and soil samples were collected and analyzed for total organic C,δ13C and total nitrogen. Similarly to the vertical distribution of SOC in natural forests,SOC concentrations decrease exponentially with depth. The land cover type (grassland) before plantation had a significant influence on the vertical distribution of SOC. The SOC ?13C composition of the upper soil layer of two plantation forests has been mainly affected by the grass biomass 13C composition. Soil profiles with a change in photosynthetic pathway had a more complex 13C isotope composition distribution. During the 20 years after plantation establishment,the soil organic matter sources influenced both the δ13C distribution with depth,and C replacement. The upper soil layer SOC turnover in masson pine (a mean 34% of replacement in the 10 cm after 20 years) was more than twice as fast as that of slash pine (16% of replacement) under subtropical conditions. The results demonstrate that masson pine and slash pine plantations cannot rapidly sequester SOC into long-term storage pools in subtropical China.     

中亚热带山区土地利用变化对土壤有机碳储量和质量的影响

Land use/cover change (LUCC) is widely recognized as one of the most important driving forces of global carbon cycles. The influence of converting native forest into plantations, secondary forest, orchard and arable land on stores and quality of soil organic carbon (SOC) was investigated in mid-subtropical mountainous area of southern China. The results showed that LUCC had led to great decreases in SOC stocks and quality. Considerable SOC and light-fraction organic carbon (LFOC) had been stored in the native forest (142.2 t hm⁻² and 14.8 t hm⁻² respectively). When the native forest was converted to plantations, secondary forest, orchard and arable land, the SOC stocks decreased by 25.6%, 28.7%, 38.0%, 31.8% and 51.2%, respectively. The LFOC stocks decreased by 52.2% to 57.2% when the native forest was converted to woodland plantations and secondary forest, and by 82.1% to 84.2% when converted to economic plantation, orchard and arable land. After the conversion, the ratios of LFOC to SOC (0–60 cm) decreased from 13.3% to about 3.0% to 10.7%. The SOC and LFOC stored at the upper 20 cm were more sensitive to LUCC when compared to the subsurface soil layer. Also, the decline in carbon storage induced by LUCC was greater than the global average level, it could be explained by the vulnerable natural environment and special human management practices. Thus, it is wise to enhance soil carbon sequestration, mitigate elevated atmospheric CO₂ and develop ecological services by protecting vulnerable environment, restoring vegetation coverage, and afforesting in mountainous area in mid-subtropics. Foundation: Supported by the Key Project of Ministry of Education of China, No.JA04166 Author: Yang Yusheng (1964–), Professor, specialized in carbon and nitrogen cycles of forest.     

Effects of grazing intensity on soil organic carbon of rangelands in Xilin Gol League,Inner Mongolia,China

Changes in soil organic carbon (SOC) in rangelands has been extensively investigated. Grazing in outlying rangeland areas has caused severe impacts on ecosystem functions. To reveal the effects of grazing on SOC, we evaluated the grassland in Xilin Gol League, Inner Mongolia, China. Grazing intensity was determined by using two image sets of vegetation index with normalized differences in grazing periods (July 12th and 28th). The range of variation in vegetation index was then used to measure the grazing intensity. The SOC storage and density were obtained by conducting experiments on field soil samples. Results showed that 1) the grazing intensity in Xilin Gol League declined gradually from west to east; by contrast, the spatial distribution of SOC density increased gradually. 2) As grazing intensity increased, the carbon storage of rangeland decreased evidently. Minimum carbon storage was observed in grasslands classified under extreme overgrazing; by comparison, maximum values were found in areas classified under light overgrazing to moderate grazing. 3) The estimated soil carbon storage was 8.48 × 10¹¹ kg, and the average carbon density was 4.08 kg/m². Our research demonstrated that grazing intensity likely affects soil carbon. Moderate grazing is an optimum strategy to maintain carbon storage and ensure sustainable grassland utilization.     

珠三角核心区农田耕层土壤有机碳库储量时空变化特征及其影响因素识别

土壤有机碳库动态变化对区域乃至全球碳平衡具有显著影响,快速城市化地区社会经济迅速发展中土地利用/覆被变化剧烈,其农田耕层土壤有机碳库变化问题倍受关注。选择珠三角核心区为研究区域,基于1980与2015年农田耕层土壤有机碳含量数据,以乡镇为单元分析农田耕层土壤有机碳库储量的时空变化特征,并通过地理探测器定量识别其影响因素的主导因素。结果表明：1）珠三角核心区农田耕层土壤有机碳库储量1980―2015年间损失巨大,损失量达67.16%,同时其空间变化具有典型的城镇集群指向特征,即距离城镇集群越近,损失程度越大;2）珠三角核心区农田耕层土壤有机碳库储量的时空异质性变化受到气候变化、地形状况、水文环境、社会经济发展、土地利用变化和农田景观变化等多种因素的影响,且其影响力存在较大差异,各因素贡献力（q统计量）介于0.004~0.256之间;3）珠三角核心区农田耕层土壤有机碳库时空变化主导影响因素的贡献力表现为农田景观变化＞二三产增长胁迫＞水网密度＞土地结构变化。     

中亚热带山区土地利用变化 对土壤有机碳储量和质量的影响

通过对中亚热带山区天然林、人工林(用材林和经济林)、次生林、果园和坡耕地等7 种典型土地利用方式的土壤有机碳储量及质量的研究, 结果表明: 中亚热带山区天然林转变 为其他土地利用类型后, 土壤有机碳储量下降了25.6%~51.2%, 而表层0~20 cm 土壤有机碳 储量下降了45.1%~74.8%, 比底层土壤有机碳对土地利用变化的响应更为敏感。土壤轻组有机碳储量(0~60 cm) 下降了52.2%~84.2%, 轻组有机碳占总有机碳比例从13.3%降到3.0% ~10.7%, 比土壤总有机碳对土地利用变化更为敏感。天然林转变为其他土地利用类型后土壤 有机碳损失巨大的原因主要与凋落物归还数量及质量, 水土流失和经营措施对土壤(特别是表层土壤) 的扰动引起土壤有机质加速分解等因素有关。坡耕地人为干扰最严重, 土壤有机 碳下降幅度最大。中亚热带山区土地利用变化引起土壤有机碳储量下降幅度高于全球平均水平, 主要与区域降水和地貌条件有关。因此, 保护山区脆弱生态环境, 加强天然林保护和植 被恢复, 合理营造人工林, 减少耕作, 对山区土壤碳吸存、减缓大气CO₂ 浓度升高和气候变化以及促进山区可持续开发的生态服务功能发展都具有重要意义。     

气候变化及人类活动对中国土壤有机碳储量的影响

对中国1998年第二次土壤普查中的2000多个土壤剖面中碳储量与年平均温度 (T)、年降水量 (P) 的相关性研究表明：它们之间的相关性在不同的温度带下具有很大的差异,在T ≤10^oC的地区,土壤有机碳储量与温度的负相关性最强;在10^oC< T ≤ 20^oC的地区,受与降水正相关的影响,土壤有机碳储量与年平均温度表现出一种正相关性;而在T > 20^oC的地区,土壤有机碳储量与温度和降水的相关性都很差。由于温度和降水在中国存在很强的正相关性,因此在相关分析中宜采用偏相关分析方法。受人类耕种的影响,耕地土壤有机碳储量与温度、降水相关性远低于非耕地土壤。对具有相同土壤属性和气候条件的同一地区的耕地土壤与非耕地土壤样本进行的配对检验表明,耕地土壤与非耕地土壤有机碳储量之间存在显著差异,土地利用的改变在总体上导致了土壤碳的释放。     

东莞主要森林群落凋落物碳储量及其空间分布

基于2 km×2 km的UTM网格对东莞市不同的森林群落类型进行了详细调查,以研究森林凋落物的碳储量及其空间分布.研究结果表明,天然林凋落物碳储量显著高于人工林;不同森林类型的凋落物碳储量之间差异极显著,其碳密度大小依次为:湿地松-阔叶混交林>相思林>马尾松-杉木林>荷木林>桉树林>杉木-阔叶混交林>马尾松-阔叶混交林>荔枝-龙眼林>青皮竹林.针叶林的单位凋落物碳含量最大,占59%,大于阔叶林;相思林和荷木林单位凋落物碳含量仅次于马尾松-杉木针叶林.不同的经营措施对森林凋落物碳储量有显著的影响,经封山育林的林分凋落物碳储量最大.坡位对凋落物碳储量也有显著的影响,随着坡位的降低,森林凋落物现存量和碳密度随之降低.东莞市森林凋落物碳密度为4.25±0.15 t/hm2,凋落物碳储量总量为0.23±0.008 Mt.凋落物的碳储量动态直接关系到土壤碳储库,采取合适的经营措施,减少人为干扰造成的凋落物的流失,最终对于提高本地区森林生态系统碳库会有积极作用.     

退耕还林对黄土高原地区土壤有机碳影响预测

土壤碳是全球碳循环中的重要组成部分，土地利用方式的改变对土壤碳的源和汇具有很大的影响。黄土高原地区进行的大规模退耕还林必然会通过影响土壤有机碳含量对区域碳循环产生重要影响。通过野外调查采样分析，结合使用全国土壤普查及黄土高原地区其它土地资源数据资料，研究计算了黄土高原地区的土壤有机碳量，并对实施退耕还林后土壤碳储量变化进行了预测。黄土高原地区土壤有机碳含量较低，平均土壤有机碳密度为2．49kg／m^2，仅为全国平均土壤有机碳密度的23．65％，土壤有机碳总储量为1068Tg，只占全国总有机碳量的1.16％。实施退耕还林后，土壤有机碳储量将明显增加。分步优化实施退耕30年后，黄土高原土壤有机碳储量可增至1266．8Tg，有机碳储量总体可增长19．21％。土壤有机碳储量的增加，对区域气候变化及土壤和水环境都将产生影响.     

近40年甘肃省耕层土壤有机碳时空分异及影响因素

区域耕层土壤有机碳（Soil Organic Carbon, SOC）调查是明确全球土壤碳储量和认识土壤碳循环的重要任务。利用甘肃省1980s、2000s、2020s等3个时期的耕层土壤调查数据,通过计算耕层土壤有机碳密度（Soil Organic Carbon Density,SOCD）,估算了甘肃省耕层有机碳储量。结果显示：（1）1980s、2000s、2020s甘肃省耕层SOC储量分别为97.68、109.14、123.13 Tg,近40年固碳总量约为25.45 Tg,固碳速率为0.012±0.01 kg·m^-2·a^-1,说明当前的农田管理措施有利于研究区耕地土壤长期固碳;40年间河西绿洲灌区、黄土高原区和陇南山地区耕层SOC储量呈增加趋势,甘南高原呈下降趋势。（2）从不同土壤类型来看,黄棕壤固碳速率最大,栗钙土最小。（3）近40年间甘肃省耕层SOC储量总体呈递增趋势,化肥、有机肥施用量以及秸秆还田量的持续增加,提高了作物归还量,进而增加了耕层有机物质含量,最终促进了耕层SOC的累积。     

松辽平原黑土有机碳含量时空分异规律

松辽平原典型黑土分布区土壤有机碳的空间分异规律及不同开垦年限土壤有机碳含量变化的研究结果表明:随着纬度的增加,黑土总有机碳平均含量由11.43g/kg增加至20.83g/kg,有机碳组分含量和HA/FA比值均表现出增加的趋势。随着土壤剖面加深,黑土总有机碳及其组分含量均呈下降的趋势,土壤中的HA-C逐步被FA-C和HU-C所替代。土壤开垦前50年,黑土总有机碳及其组分含量下降迅速,以后下降趋于缓慢,至开垦130年后,有机碳含量水平基本处于相对稳定状态,变化不明显。