Water resources optimization and eco-environmental protection in Qaidam Basin

In order to realize sustainable development of the arid area of Northwest China, rational water resources exploitation and optimization are primary prerequisites. Based on the essential principle of sustainable development, this paper puts forward a general idea on water resources optimization and eco-environmental protection in Qaidam Basin, and identifies the competitive multiple targets of water resources optimization. By some qualitative methods such as Input-output Model & AHP Model and some quantitative methods such as System Dynamics Model & Produce Function Model, some standard plans of water resources optimization come into being. According to the Multiple Targets Decision by the Closest Value Model, the best plan of water resources optimization, eco-environmental protection and sustainable development in Qaidam Basin is finally decided.     

内陆河流域用水结构与产业结构双向优化仿真模型

1 Introduction The great development of western China greatly increases the demand for water. However, in arid inland river basins of Northwest China, water resources are very limited. Shortage of water has been one of the key restricting factors of eco-e…     

Mutual optimization of water utilization structure and industrial structure in arid inland river basins of Northwest China

Water is a key restricting factor of the economic development and eco-environmental protection in arid inland river basins of Northwest China. Although water supplies are short, the water utilization structure and the corresponding industrial structure are unbalanced. We constructed a System Dynamic Model for mutual optimization based on the mechanism of their interaction. This model is applied to the Heihe River Basin where the share of limited water resources among ecosystem, production and human living is optimized. Results show that, by mutual optimization, the water utilization structure and the industrial structures fit in with each other. And the relationships between the upper, middle and lower reaches of the Heihe River Basin can be harmonized. Mutual benefits of ecology, society and economy can be reached, and a sustainable ecology-production-living system can be obtained. This study gives a new insight and method for the sustainable utilization of water resources in arid inland river basins.     

保护苏干湖湿地 促进人水和谐

苏干湖湿地是位于柴达木盆地最北端的一块湿地,水资源短缺已成为制约盆地经济发展的主要问题。"引哈济党"工程将极其干旱的柴达木盆地的水跨区域调入疏勒河流域,使苏干湖湿地面临枯竭的危险。只有合理科学开发利用水资源,才能实现人水和谐,促进社会、经济、环境的可持续发展。     

基于熵权-TOPSIS法的柴达木盆地地下水富水性评价

柴达木盆地作为一个典型干旱内陆盆地,其蕴藏的地下水是重要的自然资源。建立影响盆地地下水富水性的特征数据库,采用熵权法和TOPSIS结合的4种模型,对柴达木盆地地下水空间富水性分别进行定量评价。评价结果表明,造成柴达木盆地地下水空间富水性差异的主要原因是植被覆盖度(35.35%)、蒸发损失(26.92%)和入渗补给(18.90%)。盆地西北地区为弱富水性,中部地区为较弱富水性,南部和东部富水性较强。4种模型中E TOPSIS 2模型取得了较为合理的评价结果。最后,将评价得分和140个单井涌水量进行了拟合,建立了基于E TOPSIS 2得分的盆地单井涌水量预测模型。研究结果可对柴达木盆地地下水资源的开发和保护提供一定借鉴意义。     

柴达木盆地北缘水量增补对盐湖资源及生态环境的影响

柴达木盆地是我国盐湖资源集中分布区,受21世纪暖湿化气候和水量增补的影响,盆地多个盐湖呈现湖面扩张趋势,该过程开始影响盐湖资源离子含量和湖泊生态环境,也对湖区沿线公共基础设施造成一定影响。为了研究湖泊水量增补对盐湖资源及生态环境的影响,选取了柴北缘山前5个湖泊(苏干湖、德宗马海湖、巴仑马海湖、小柴旦湖和托素湖)作为研究对象,开展了2017~2021年湖泊扩张、典型盐湖矿化度和资源元素变化趋势以及对周边基础设施影响的研究。结果表明:1)资源型湖泊湖水淡化和资源品位下降;2)生态型湖泊周边植物群落发生变化(水生植物芦苇扩张、旱生植物白刺和梭梭衰退);3)淹没湖区房屋和旅游道路,危及周边的高速公路等公共基础设施。该研究结果不仅具有为柴达木盆地乃至青藏高原盐湖资源开采和生态环境治理提供科学依据的理论意义,而且具有为青海省基础设施保护和建设提供决策依据的现实意义。     

黑河流域水资源开发对额济纳绿洲的影响及对策

位于黑河下游的额济纳绿洲, 是我国北方的一道天然屏障, 更是黑河中上游的重要绿色生态屏障。近年来黑河流域水资源的开发已严重影响到额济纳绿洲的可持续发展, 生态环境急剧恶化, 经济增长缓慢, 社会发展停滞不前。作者通过分析黑河流域水资源利用现状及对额济纳绿洲生态环境、社会、经济发展的影响, 提出合理分配水资源, 严禁开荒, 退耕还林(草), 调整产业结构, 开展节水农业等可持续发展对策。     

黑河流域2004-2010年水足迹和水资源承载力动态特征分析

 中国是水资源短缺国家,水资源时空分布不均,水资源已成为制约中国社会经济可持续发展的重要因素。利用生态足迹法构建了黑河流域农业用水、工业用水、城镇公共用水、生活用水和生态环境用水5个二级水资源账户,并利用水资源负载指数,研究了黑河流域2004—2010年水资源承载力、水足迹和水资源负载动态特征。结果表明,黑河流域水资源承载力从2004年的16.36 hm2增加至2010年的24.40 hm2;总水资源生态足迹从2004年的571.81 hm2减少至2010年的486.73 hm2;而水资源生态赤字从2004年的555.45 hm2下降至2010年的462.33 hm2;黑河流域水资源负载指数高,水资源开发潜力很小;黑河流域水资源承载力增加与降水量有密切关系。     

内陆河流域用水结构与产业结构双向优化仿真模型及应用

在西部大开发战略实施过程当中,我国内陆河流域由于用水结构与产业结构严重错位,水资源短缺问题日益严峻。传统的以满足水资源供需平衡为目标的水资源优化配置模式,已解决不了水资源短缺问题。因此,在内陆河流域用水结构与产业结构双向优化理论与机制分析的基础之上,以系统动力学模型为主模型,以投入产出模型、多目标决策模型、灰色系统模型、多元统计回归分析法等为辅助模型,通过主模型与辅助模型对接,建立了内陆河流域用水结构与产业结构双向优化仿真模型。该模型把水资源总量作为“总阀门”,并以产业结构调整为切入点,通过产业结构调整来优化生产用水结构,进而优化“三生”用水结构,通过“三生”用水结构的优化来确保用水总量不超过水资源承载力,以此反复循环,最终实现流域用水结构与产业结构的双向优化。以我国典型的内陆河流域——黑河(干流)流域为例,对该模型进行了应用与分析。结果表明,该模型能够较好地协调流域上中下游之间、生态生产生活系统之间、用水结构产业结构系统之间的矛盾,可以为内陆河流域水资源的持续利用提供新的方法和思路。     

初论我国生态环境质量评价研究进展

生态环境质量评价是一项系统性研究工作，是资源开发利用，制定经济社会可持续发展规划和生态环境保护对策的重要依据。本文首先介绍了与生态环境质量评价有关的几个概念，进而对当前生态环境质量评价的标准和方法进行了评述，总结了国内一些有代表性生态环境质量评价指标体系，最后分析了生态系统服务功能、生态系统健康评价、可持续发展与生态环境质量评价的关系。     

干旱区水资源对城市化约束强度的综合评价模型

Water has become a key restricting factor of the urbanization process in developing arid areas. Based on qualitative and quantitative methods, we constructed an integrated indicator system to assess the status of water resources and urbanization system in arid area, and established an AHP model reformed by entropy technology to evaluate the temporal and spatial variations of water resources constraint intensity on urbanization. This model is applied to the Hexi Corridor, a typical arid area in NW China. Results show that, water resources constraint intensity on urbanization in the Hexi Corridor is bigger in the east and smaller in the west. It has changed from the less strong constraint type into the strong constraint type from 1985 to 2005, yet it decreased appreciably in recent years. At present, most areas in the Hexi Corridor belong to the less strong or strong constraint type. Through rational adjustment of water resources and urbanization system, the Hexi Corridor can still promote water resources sustainable utilization and accelerate the urbanization process. This study suggests that the integrated assessment model of water resources constraint intensity on urbanization is an effective method to analyze the conflicts between water resources and urbanization system in arid area. Foundation: Knowledge Innovation Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.KZCX2-YW-307-02; China Postdoctoral Science Foundation; K. C. Wong Education Foundation, Hong Kong Author: Bao Chao (1978–), Ph.D, specialized in urbanization and water sustainable utilization.     

淮河流域水资源持续利用探讨

水资源短缺已成为制约淮河流域社会经济发展的重要因素，文章在分析淮河流域水资源特点及开发利用中存在问题的基础上，依据不资源可持续利用的原则，加强水资源管理，强化节水措施，采取有力措施控制洪涝灾害，防治水体污染，保证水源，持续发展灌溉，供水，全面实施取水许可制度，推进水利产业化进程。     

青海盐湖锂资源综合利用规模探讨

锂是战略新兴产业的“关键原料”,已入国家战略新兴产业矿产。当前和可预见的未来,新能源、人工智能、航空航天等都离不开锂原料。有机构预测全球锂需求量将从2017年24万吨增加到2025年的83万吨LCE(碳酸锂当量)。青海柴达木盆地是我国锂资源富集地,为探讨青海盐湖锂资源的合理开发规模,分析了锂盐开发的矿床特性、钾肥规模、开采方式、盐田精制浓缩工艺等影响因素,以察尔汗盐湖为例计算其开发规模,提出“先锂后钾”重点研发低含量卤水提锂技术、全流程工艺优化、构建锂资源产业集群等建议,将有利于科学规划青海盐湖锂资源开发,促进我国盐湖锂产业可持续发展。     

中国北方地区地下水资源的合理开发利用与保护

我国是世界上水资源严重短缺的国家之一,尤其在我国的华北和西北地区,水资源的短缺严重制约了该地区经济的可持续发展。在简要说明我国地下水资源数量、分布与特征的前提下,提出地下水资源开发利用与保护并重实现地下水资源可持续利用、改变农业结构实施节水灌溉是保障华北平原地下水可持续利用的根本、生态建设与地下水利用和保护并重等战略措施,确保地下水资源可持续利用。     

黄河流域生态环境综合评价及其演变

在定性分析黄河流域自然生态环境特点的基础上，针对黄河流域不同的地理特征与生态环境特征，从气候环境、水文环境、土地覆盖、土壤侵蚀、土地利用和地形地貌等方面选择评价指标，在遥感与地理信息系统技术支持下，首先通过一系列的模型计算与遥感影像解译，分别生成黄河流域1980年代末期与1990年代末期数值型的生态环境背景因子，而后应用主成分分析法对生态环境质量进行了综合评价，得出了不同空间尺度下的反映黄河流域1980年代末期与1990年代末期生态环境质量的分级图，并对黄河流域近10年间的生态环境演变进行了分析。     

西北地区可持续发展的问题与对策*

可持续发展作为我国的三大基本国策之一,对今后20年～30年西北地区的大规模开发具有重要的指导意义。文中对影响西北地区跨世纪可持续发展的重大问题,如经济的持续快速增长,产业结构的调整优化,基础设施的建设与改善投资环境,重点开发地区的选择,水资源的合理利用与生态环境保护作了深入分析,并提出相应对策。     

中国城市化进程中的生态环境保障程度

Studying the change of resources consumption and eco-environmental carrying capacity are of importance to the sustainable development of urbanization. Based on the China’s economic and social statistical data from 1950 to 2006, the ecological footprint, ecological footprint intensity, ecological deficit and surplus, and eco-environment quality comprehensive index are calculated, the correlation between urbanization and eco-environmental change is analyzed and the eco-environmental guarantee for China’s urbanization in 2030 is forecasted. The major results could be summarized as follows: (1) there is a positive linear relation between urbanization and ecological footprint, negative linear relation between urbanization and ecological footprint intensity, ecological deficit and surplus and the negative exponential relation between urbanization and eco-environment quality comprehensive index. (2) By 2030, the urbanization level will reach 61.32%, the ecological deficit will increase to 42.2866×10⁸ hm² and the eco-environment quality comprehensive index will drop to 0.3016 on the condition that the total quantity ecological footprint achieves 55.9348×10⁸ hm². (3) Under the existing urban development pattern, the ecological overload will be more serious in the next 24 years. Constructing the reasonable industrial structure and establishing the intensive resources utilization system to alleviate the eco-environmental pressure are the tough challenges in China’s urbanization process. Foundation: Knowledge Innovation Project of CAS, No.KZCX2-YW-307-02; No.KZCX2-YW-321-05; Major Project of 11th Five-year Scientific and Technological Support Plan of China, No.2006BAJ05A06 Author: Fang Chuanglin(1966–), Ph.D. and Professor, specialized in regional and urban planning.     

辽河三角洲湿地生态循环经济模式探讨

辽河三角洲湿地是我国重要的湿地资源之一。随着经济和社会的快速发展,人们对辽河口湿地土壤、水、生物、矿产等资源的掠夺越来越严重,湿地资源过度开发,湿地退化严重,生态环境失衡。因此,如何保护和利用好辽河口湿地资源并实现良性的生态循环经济,已成为迫切需要解决的问题。根据可持续性评价目标提出了建立生态循环经济模式的5大评价标准:生产性、稳定性、保护性、经济可行性和社会承受力,在此基础上探讨了3种生态循环经济模式。     

艾比湖流域水土开发的模糊综合评价

近年来随着水土开发活动的加剧,艾比湖流域已经成为我国干旱区生态环境严重退化的地区之一。水土资源利用的有效程度是区域水土资源可持续发展的前提与基础．直接关系水土资源的可持续利用。本文运用模糊综合评价模型．对艾比湖流域水土开发的有效性进行了评价。结果显示：艾比湖流域水资源开发利用率较高．平均达到75．99％;但水土资源有效利用率偏低．有效开发利用程度综合评分值只有0．316;水土资源开发处于低级及过渡阶段,工农业及经济属于耗水型．水资源综合管理水平低,但同时也说明水资源开发具有很大潜力。以评价结论为依据,给出了流域可持续发展水土资源保障的对策建议。     

亚洲国际河流研究进展

1 General situation Entering the 21st century, resource and environmental diplomacy is regarded as a new element for establishing future international patterns of cooperation. Transboundary resources and environmental issues in international river basins …