中国东部土壤水溶性有机物荧光特征及地域分异

测定中国东部地区20种土类46个表土样品水溶性有机物的荧光光谱、分子量以及pH值，分析了水溶性有机物荧光光谱的一般特征、荧光光谱与其平均分子量的关系以及荧光强度的地域分异特性，与此同时比较分析了土壤富里酸的相关特征，结果表明研究区土壤水溶性有机物和富里酸具有相似的荧光光谱特征和地域分异特性，即在所研究的浓度范围内两者的荧光发射光值与有机物浓度成良好的线性正相关关系，而荧光强度与分子量分布无直接相关性，研究区土壤水溶性有机物和富里酸荧光强度均具有自北向南递降的趋势；土壤pH可能是影响水溶性有机物荧光特征及空间分异的主要因素。     

土壤水溶性有机物吸着系数及其影响因素研究

测定了中国中、东部地区17种土类45个表土样品中水溶性有机物的吸着系数、分子量分布、腐殖酸含量、粘土含量以及土壤pH值，分析了水溶性有机物吸着系数的分布、地域分异和影响吸着系数的主要因素。结果表明，中国中、东部主要天然土壤类型A层水溶性有机物吸着系数在0．0014－0．0284L/g，中位数为0．0062L/g；研究区吸着系数具有自北向南和自西向东递降的一般趋势。水热的地域分异是影响土壤A层Ks地域分异的根本因素，pH和WSOC分子量分布是直接影响Ks值的两个重要因素。     

新垦沙地农田土壤有机碳时空变异特征

针对河西走廊临泽绿洲边缘区域的新垦沙地农田,采用传统统计学和地统计学相结合的方法研究田块尺度的土壤有机碳时空变异特征。结果表明：（1）在本研究的空间尺度内,土壤有机碳含量在2.66～6.90 g·kg-1范围之间变化,平均值为4.45 g·kg-1,变异系数为24.5%;其空间分布呈明显的斑块状,最佳的变异函数理论模型为指数模型,其块金值和基台值分别为0.13和1.28,偏基台值和基台值的比值及变程分别为0.90及18.24 m;土壤有机碳空间分布与全氮、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾含量及电导率显著正相关（p＜0.01）,与pH值显著负相关（p＜0.05）。（2）在本研究的监测时间尺度内（2004-2010年）,土壤有机碳年平均值在3.81～4.71 g·kg-1幅度内变化,变异系数为6.8%,无明显的变化趋势;土壤有机碳含量年际间变化与播种量显著正相关,与作物产量显著负相关,而与施氮量、灌溉量和地上部生物量相关不显著。综上所述,新垦沙地农田土壤有机碳含量较区域水平低,其田块尺度的空间异质性是由成土母质、地形等区域因素作用的结果,而对农田管理影响下的新垦沙地农田土壤有机碳含量演变规律的研究需建立在更长时间尺度的土壤监测数据基础上。     

闽江河口湿地空心莲子草土壤碳库研究

以闽江河口区最大的洲滩湿地——鳝鱼滩湿地为研究区域,选取空心莲子草湿地土壤为研究对象,对研究区内18个土壤剖面以10cm为间隔分层取样,对其土壤有机碳含量、储量和垂直变化特征及其影响因子进行分析。研究结果表明,空心莲子草湿地土壤有机碳含量和储量最大值均出现在0～10cm土壤剖面,含量和储量分别为32.77g/kg和2817.96t/km2,并与其它土壤剖面的含量和储量存在显著差异,0～60cm土层平均有机碳含量为9.70g/kg,平均有机碳储量为1002.86t/km2,且各个土壤理化因子在表层0～10cm的含量均与其它土层存在显著差异。空心莲子草湿地土壤有机碳含量与影响因子相关性较显著,其中,土壤含水量和土壤盐度与土壤有机碳含量呈极显著正相关(r=0.990,p=0.000<0.01,n=6;r=0.922,p=0.004<0.01,n=6),土壤容重与土壤有机碳含量呈极显著负相关(r=-0.982,p=0.000<0.01,n=6),土壤灰分和土壤pH值与土壤有机碳含量呈显著负相关(r=-0.857,p=0.015<0.05,n=6;r=-0.838,p=0.019<0.05,n=6)。     

Spatial Differentiation of the Coupling Characteristics of Soil Carbon and Nitrogen on Mulberry Plantations in China

Soil is the most important carbon pool of the mulberry plantation ecosystem, so understanding the characteristics of the soil carbon pool in mulberry plantations provides an important basis for the research of carbon sinks in economic forest ecosystems and farmland ecosystems. In order to explore the spatial differentiation pattern of the relationship between carbon and nitrogen in mulberry plantation soil, this study analyzed the organic carbon content and total nitrogen content of the surface soil layer (0-20 cm) and the subsurface soil layer (20-40 cm) of 475 mulberry plantations in five major regions of China, Southwest China (SWC), Central South China (CSC), East China (EC), North China (NC), and Northwest China (NWC). The research showed seven key aspects of this system. (1) The soil organic carbon of mulberry plantations was significantly different at the two soil depths. The average content of organic carbon in the surface layer of mulberry plantation soil was 10.71±7.01g kg^?1, which was 37.13% higher than that of the subsurface layer. (2) The soil organic carbon of mulberry plantations had significant differences in spatial differentiation, which was manifested as SWC>CSC>EC>NC>NWC. (3) The total nitrogen content in mulberry plantation soil had significant responses to the region, the soil layer depth, and the interaction between the region and soil layer depth. Among the regions, NWC had no significant difference between the surface layer and subsurface layer of the soil. EC had the maximum difference in total nitrogen content, with the total nitrogen content in the surface soil layer being 56.68% higher than that of the subsurface soil layer. The total nitrogen contents of the surface soil layers in the SWC and NC were 34.27% and 20.79% higher than those of the respective subsurface soil layers. (4) The mulberry plantation soil C/N ratios had a significant response to regional differences, as NWC>SWC> EC>CSC>NC, but this ratio had no significant response to soil depth. (5) Soil pH had significant spatial differentiation in relation to soil organic carbon and total nitrogen content in mulberry plantations. NWC had no significant correlation between pH and organic carbon or total nitrogen content, while CSC had a significant positive correlation between pH and both soil organic carbon and total nitrogen content. Other regions showed significant negative correlations between pH and both organic carbon and total nitrogen content. (6) There was a significant negative correlation between the C/N ratio of the surface soil layer and pH in mulberry plantations, which was mainly contributed by SWC, while the other regions’ surface soil layers had no significant correlations between C/N ratio and pH. (7) There was no significant correlation between the C/N ratio and pH in the subsurface soil layer in mulberry plantations. These results reveal that in either the research on mulberry plantation carbon pools or the innovation of green and low-carbon planting technology in mulberry plantations, the spatial differentiation characteristics of soil must be considered. Furthermore, the spatial differentiation of soil organic carbon can be used as the basic foundation for the planning and design of mulberry afforestation or ecological restoration projects.     

伊犁山地不同海拔土壤有机碳的分布

以乌孙山北坡、科古琴山南坡为例,分析伊犁山地南北坡土壤有机碳的分布特征和影响因素。结果表明:①0-50 cm范围内,高寒草甸、草甸草原土壤有机碳含量较高,荒漠草原土壤有机碳含量最低。土壤有机碳含量均随土壤深度的增加而降低,高寒草甸随土壤深度的增加土壤有机碳下降幅度最大;②伊犁山地土壤腐殖化程度高,氮矿化能力强。大部分海拔的土壤碳氮比随土壤深度的增加而减少。河谷南坡碳氮比降低速率要大于河谷北坡。③土壤有机碳与全氮、全磷以及土壤含水率表现出良好的正相关性;与pH值表现出较好的负相关性,特别是20-50 cm处。植被类型分布和人类活动影响对土壤有机碳垂直变化影响显著。     

旅游干扰对五大连池药泉山土壤真菌群落结构影响

以五大连池药泉山为研究对象,研究旅游干扰对土壤真菌群落结构的影响以及真菌群落结构与土壤化学性质变化之间的响应关系。研究表明：药泉山土壤真菌数量在（0.34~2.47）×10⁶cfu/g之间,整个山体真菌群落结构组成相似性为45.30%。山顶、山腰、山脚总体之间土壤真菌多样性指数、均匀度指数和丰富度指数差异性不显著,除有机质含量外,总氮、总磷、速效磷、pH含量差异不显著。随着旅游干扰程度的增加,真菌数量有下降趋势,多样性指数（H′）呈现先降低再升高的趋势。RDA分析发现,有机质含量对真菌群落结构的分布影响相对较大,其次为总氮、总磷、速效磷、pH。     

Effects of grazing intensity on soil organic carbon of rangelands in Xilin Gol League,Inner Mongolia,China

Changes in soil organic carbon (SOC) in rangelands has been extensively investigated. Grazing in outlying rangeland areas has caused severe impacts on ecosystem functions. To reveal the effects of grazing on SOC, we evaluated the grassland in Xilin Gol League, Inner Mongolia, China. Grazing intensity was determined by using two image sets of vegetation index with normalized differences in grazing periods (July 12th and 28th). The range of variation in vegetation index was then used to measure the grazing intensity. The SOC storage and density were obtained by conducting experiments on field soil samples. Results showed that 1) the grazing intensity in Xilin Gol League declined gradually from west to east; by contrast, the spatial distribution of SOC density increased gradually. 2) As grazing intensity increased, the carbon storage of rangeland decreased evidently. Minimum carbon storage was observed in grasslands classified under extreme overgrazing; by comparison, maximum values were found in areas classified under light overgrazing to moderate grazing. 3) The estimated soil carbon storage was 8.48 × 10¹¹ kg, and the average carbon density was 4.08 kg/m². Our research demonstrated that grazing intensity likely affects soil carbon. Moderate grazing is an optimum strategy to maintain carbon storage and ensure sustainable grassland utilization.     

2007/2008年和2008/2009年夏季南大洋以及普里兹湾POC的分布与变化

在中国第24次和第25次南极科学考察期间,利用航渡表层水观测和普里兹湾定点观测,对颗粒有机碳(POC)的分布及其影响因素进行了研究.结果表明,南大洋表层水体的颗粒有机碳分布具有明显的区域性特征,表层水体POC的含量与营养盐和叶绿素a有着明显的相关分布趋势.南极水、亚南极水的表层POC浓度明显高于亚热带水和热带水,第24...     

北极楚科奇海地区沉积物生源物质的来源和分布

对2003年7月-9月第二次北极科学考察期间在楚科奇海及其邻近海域所采集四个站位的沉积物柱状样的生源物质含量进行分析,并对沉积物TC、TOC、TN和TP的空间分布和垂直剖面分布进行讨论。四个站位的TC含量为0.89%-2.17%,TN含量为0.24-1.66mg/g,TP含量为0.15-0.96mg/g,其中C21、S11和M07的总碳中均以有机碳为主,分析结果证实了楚科奇海区是一个高效的有机碳“汇”区的结论。四个站位的有机质主要来源于海洋,其中P24站和M07站的TN随着TOC增加而增加,两者呈极显著的正相关关系,说明这两个站位所在区域的沉积物中氮和有机碳之间的关系密切,氮主要以有机氮形式存在。     

Flood-borne sediment analysis of the Hoanib River, northwestern Namibia

The suspended sediment contained in six flood events in the Hoanib River catchment during the wet season of 1999/2000 were analysed for volatile (or low molecular weight) fine particulate organic material (FPOM), higher molecular weight FPOM and the total organic carbon (TOC). Samples were evaporated to dryness at 80 °C, then heated in a high temperature oven to 250, 550 and 850 °C. The results show that the amount of sediment carried during the flood events varied between 1.54 and 31.27 g/L, with an average of 14.62 g/L. The amount of suspended sediment in the flood-waters (2.789–616.359×10⁶ kg) was found to be dependent on the timing and duration of the flood event. The largest percentage of organic material was found in the volatile FPOM fraction (5.77±6.26%), with lesser amounts being found in the higher molecular weight FPOM (3.36±0.62%) and TOC (4.93±1.86%) fractions.     

河西绿洲农田土壤呼吸特征及其对长期施肥的响应

以河西走廊典型的荒漠绿洲新垦农田为研究对象,设置9个施肥处理（高量有机肥,M3;高量氮磷肥,NP3;低量氮磷肥+高量有机肥,NP1M3;低量氮磷钾肥,NPK1;中量氮磷钾肥,NPK2;高量氮磷钾肥,NPK3;低量氮磷钾肥+高量有机肥,NPK1M3;中量氮磷钾肥+中量有机肥,NPK2M2;高量氮磷钾肥+低量有机肥,NPK3M1）,于2019—2020年7—8月采用LI-COR 8100对玉米农田土壤呼吸进行观测,分析土壤呼吸的变化、日动态及其主要影响因素。结果表明：（1）不同施肥处理,土壤呼吸速率M3>NP3>NPK1M3>NPK3M1>NPK2M2>NP1M3>NPK2>NPK3>NPK1,单施有机肥能显著提高土壤呼吸速率,较其他处理增长22.1%—41.4%。（2）不同施肥措施土壤呼吸日变化呈单峰曲线,峰值出现在13：00—16：00,土壤呼吸日变化主要受土壤温度变化的影响。（3）土壤温度和土壤湿度分别解释了土壤呼吸变化的24.2%—44.8%和7.7%—36.4%,土壤呼吸与土壤温度显著正相关,而与土壤湿度无显著相关性,不同施肥处理土壤呼吸温度敏感性系数Q₁₀值1.419—1.600。（4）土壤呼吸与有机质、总氮、总碳、碱解氮存在显著正相关关系,施用有机肥使土壤有机质、总氮、总碳、碱解氮分别提升188.9%、80.5%、79.3%、147.0%,进而促进土壤呼吸,土壤呼吸与玉米产量无显著关系。不同的施肥措施会对土壤质量和土壤呼吸产生不同影响,有机肥和氮磷钾化肥的平衡施用,能够在提升土壤质量的同时减少碳排放,可在生产实践中采用。     

A method for the analysis of ultra-trace levels of semi-volatile and non-volatile organic compounds in snow and application to a Greenland snow pit

A method was developed to quantify a suite of organic compounds from snow melt water samples present at trace level concentrations, using a dichloromethane liquid–liquid extraction and GC–MS. Samples from a 3-m snow pit sampled in 2005 from Summit, Greenland were analyzed using the method developed, and a profile of organics over the past 4 years was compiled. Supporting data including the concentrations of total organic carbon (TOC), low molecular weight acids, and trace elements were determined using well established methods. The results show that low molecular weight acids contribute a significant percentage, up to 20%, of the measured TOC. Hopanes were measured quantitatively for the first time in Greenland snow. Hopanes, as well as PAHs, are at very low concentrations and contribute 0.0002–0.004% to TOC. Alkanes and alkanoic acids were also quantified, and contribute less than 1% and up to 7%, respectively to TOC. No apparent seasonal pattern was found for specific classes of organic compounds in the snow pit. The lack of seasonal pattern may be due to post-depositional processing.     

极区鸟粪土中磷酸酶活性变化特征及其影响因素

磷酸酶在土壤生物释磷过程中起着重要作用。本文以极地苔原鸟粪土为研究对象,测定了不同环境条件下土壤剖面中碱性磷酸酶(APA)的活力,研究了APA在土壤中随深度的变化规律,并同步测定了相应土壤中有机碳、总氮、各形态磷、pH,分析了酶活力与这些因子的相关性。结果表明:同一采样点土壤剖面中碱性磷酸酶活力大小呈现一定规律性,最大值出现在表层,且随采样深度的增加而递减,变化范围为1.00—1403.49ppm,平均约为408.31ppm。碱性磷酸酶活性与土壤中有机碳含量(r=0.70,p0.01)、氮含量(r=0.43,p0.01)呈显著正相关性,表明土壤中碳、氮等有机物含量是影响极地苔原土壤磷酸酶活力的主要因素。另外,碱性磷酸酶活性与总磷(r=0.39,p0.05)、无机磷(r=0.40,p0.05)和有机磷(r=0.11,p=0.67)含量也呈正相关性,表明各形态磷在一定程度上也影响着土壤中碱性磷酸酶活力;与土壤中铜含量(r=-0.38,p0.05)和锌含量(r=-0.28,p=0.05)呈显著负相关,表明土壤中Cu、Zn等金属离子对极地苔原土壤磷酸酶活力具有抑制和破坏作用。结果证实土壤磷酸酶活性可作为指示极地土壤肥力的一个重要指标。     

武威市降水pH值和电导率对沙尘天气的指示意义

对武威市2013年7月至2014年6月收集的降水样品pH值、电导率和主要阴阳离子浓度进行测定和分析。结果表明：（1）降水样品的pH值6.69～8.84,平均值7.52。降水样品电导率33.9～766 μS·cm^-1,平均182.07 μS·cm^-1。（2）电导率冬季 >春季 >夏季 >秋季,pH值春季 >夏季 >秋季 >冬季。pH值与电导率呈显著的负相关,与风速呈正相关;电导率与降水量呈显著的负相关,与风速呈显著的负相关。（3）pH值和电导率都会随着沙尘事件的发生表现出增加的趋势。当沙尘事件发生的情况下,Na⁺、K⁺、Mg²⁺、Ca²⁺、SO₄^2-、Cl^-和NO₃⁺的离子浓度都呈现增加的趋势,但从各离子浓度变化幅度对沙尘事件的响应来看,Na⁺、K⁺和NO₃^-对沙尘天气比较敏感,反应强烈。     

Plant Community and Nutrient Status of the Soils of Schirmacher Oasis,East Antarctica

Investigations on plant community and micronutrient status of Schirmacher Oasis,East Antarctica have been presented in this paper.The dominant plant com- munities include moss and lichen.The frequency of species occurrence and changes in species composition at different location varied.Thirty-four soil samples were ana- lyzed for chemical properties of the soils of Schirmacher Oasis and Nunatak,East Ant- arctica.The most common plant species growing throughout the areas of Schirmacher Oasis and Nunataks are:Candelariella flava (lichen) and Bryum pseudotriquetrum (moss).Large variations were observed among different soil samples in all the nutri- ents and other measured soil chemical parameters.The soils are characterized by a- cidic pH ranging from 4.42-6.80.The mean organic carbon content was 0.62 and ranged from 0.06-1.29%.The electrical conductivity in 1:2 soil water ratio ranged from 0.06-1.29.The average content of macronutrient cation,which are ammonium acetate extractable was in the order of Ca>K>Na>Mg.The average content of DTPA extractable micronutrient cations was in the order of Fe>Mn>Cu>Zn.Thirty one out of 34 samples contained less than 0.80 ppm DTPA extractable Zn. Correlation studies revealed that content of macronutrient cations significantly and positively correlated to that of chlorides.Electrical conductivity exhibited significant and positive relationship with pH,K,Ca,Mg,Na and chloride content.Sodium (r =0.876~(**)) exhibited highest correlation followed by K (r=0.831~(**)) with chlo- ride content.The correlation coefficient for chlorides was higher with electrical con- ductivity (r=0.732~(**)) than pH (r=0.513~(**)).Organic carbon content of the soil was positively correlated with Fe (r=0.442~*).The nutrient status did not ap- pear to be a limiting factor in growth of plants.Lichen and moss community structure and composition in the study area were not related with fertility status of soil.Terres- trial mosses are most abundant and luxuriant along the soil habitats near bank of water bodies and the melt water streams.     

新疆艾比湖湿地自然保护区不同土壤类型无机碳分布特征

土壤无机碳（SIC）是干旱区土壤碳库的重要组成部分,分析其特征和储量是开展干旱区荒漠生态系统碳循环研究的必要基础。基于新疆艾比湖湿地自然保护区土壤剖面的实测数据,分析了不同土壤类型SIC分布特征及其差异性,估算了研究区SIC储量,并探讨SIC含量与分布、储量特点以及与土壤有机碳（SOC）和理化因子间关系。结果表明：各类型平均SIC含量为53.06～79.90 g·kg–1;类型间SIC含量有显著差异（p<0.05）,50 cm以上各层SIC含量顺序为灰棕漠土>盐碱土>水成土>荒漠风沙土,50 cm以下则盐碱土和水成土逐渐占优势。SIC含量的垂直分布总体表现为低-高-低的特征（10 cm单位土壤深度）,除灰棕漠土外,SIC含量在剖面上的变化较均匀。研究区无机碳密度平均为9.37 kg·m-2,SIC库储量为234.50 Tg。SIC含量与SOC及含水量呈显著的正相关,并随土壤深度增加有增加趋势;与土壤容重和表层pH值负相关,相关性较弱。     

塔里木盆地西南缘表土碳同位素组成特征分析

土壤碳同位素可以反映生长植被的同位素组成,从而进一步反映当时的植被类型以及气候环境状况。已有的研究显示,不同地区碳同位素与气候因子的关系存在显著差异,因此在不同区域开展土壤碳同位素与气候因子之间相关性关系分析对古气候的重建至关重要。通过采集塔里木盆地西缘帕米尔地区和盆地南缘和田地区策勒县的表土沉积物,分析测定后获得其有机碳同位素,并将该表土有机碳同位素数据与气候因子进行相关性分析,以探明研究区有机碳同位素组成特征及其潜在的气候意义。结果表明：帕米尔地区和策勒地区的表土碳同位素变化对气候因子的响应存在明显差异。气温方面,帕米尔地区与气温呈正相关,其中与冷季气温相关性最好（r=0.598,P<0.01）;策勒地区与气温呈负相关,其中与暖季气温相关性最好（r=-0.684,P<0.01）。降水方面,帕米尔地区与降水量的相关性不显著;策勒地区与年均降水量呈弱负相关,与暖季降水量呈弱正相关,与冷季降水量呈显著的负相关关系（r=-0.632,P<0.01）。上述分析表明基于沉积物有机碳同位素来重建古气候时应充分考虑区域差异的影响。     

放牧梯度上草原植被土壤系统碳截存特征

放牧强度影响草原植被的固碳能力。本文以呼伦贝尔克鲁伦河流域的半干旱典型草原作为研究区域,开展不同放牧压力下异质性植被-土壤系统中碳截存的特征研究。研究发现:不同放牧梯度下,土壤有机质、地上生物量、地下生物量和土壤微生物生物量碳彼此之间呈一定的相关性。随着放牧强度的加剧及土层深度的加深,土壤碳截存量呈减少趋势。其中,土壤有机质的变化趋势与土壤碳截存量趋势相同;而土壤无机碳含量呈现逐渐增大的特征。过度放牧破坏了土壤的理化性质及土壤质量,加速了土壤有机质的损失。草原群落的根冠比也随着放牧强度的增大而增加。以土壤微生物生物量碳作为土壤固碳能力的指标,不同放牧强度下的草原群落土壤固碳能力为轻牧区>中牧区>重牧区。     

刈割+水淹治理互花米草技术对湿地土壤性状及其有机碳含量的影响

为了监测刈割+水淹+种植秋茄综合治理互花米草对土壤理化特征的影响,于治理前、治理1个月后、治理8个月后采集治理区和对照区(互花米草样地)土壤,测定土壤有机碳含量等理化指标。结果表明,整个治理过程中,互花米草治理区和对照区各土壤层pH值无显著性差异(P>0.05),治理过程未造成土壤pH值的变化;治理区表层土壤(0～10cm)土壤密度显著高于对照区,其他土层则无显著差异(P>0.05),治理过程导致表层土壤板结,土壤密度增大;此外,治理1个月后,治理区表层土壤(0～10cm)有机碳显著高于对照区(P<0.05),治理8个月后则显著低于对照区(P<0.05),治理措施导致土壤表层土壤有机碳含量先增加后降低。总之,刈割+水淹+种植秋茄综合治理互花米草对湿地表层土壤有机碳含量等产生一些影响。