中国海水珍珠Mg、Fe、Zn和Mn含量变化及其对珍珠微观结构的影响

利用等离子体发射光谱仪(ICP)对流沙湾优劣质珍珠中微量金属元素含量进行分析,采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和原子力显微镜(AFM)对两种珍珠的外表面与纵截面进行系统观察,采用785 nm激发波长对两珍珠的珍珠质层和棱柱层中无机相进行原位拉曼光谱测试。结果表明:劣质珍珠中Mg、Fe、Zn、Mn和P含量比优质珠高,珍珠层外表面文石晶体有序排列程度低;阶梯状珍珠层越致密、台阶厚度越薄,其珍珠质量越好。同一直径的珍珠,优质珍珠文石板片厚度较劣质珍珠薄,劣质珍珠棱柱层结构疏松,棱柱层比优质珠厚,劣质珠棱柱层中的方解石与杂质层影响了珍珠正常矿化过程。     

珍珠显微结构及纳米矿物的电镜分析

采用SEM(扫描电子显微镜)和HRTEM(高分辨透射电子显微镜)技术,系统地研究了珍珠层及其微结构.发现珍珠质层是由有机质胶结的文石组成片状晶层,文石大量为六边形、不规则多边形和近圆形,并与有机质层交互平行叠置.在棱柱层的柱状晶体周围也有纤维状、胶状有机质.同时,在棱柱状和片状文石晶体的截面上,含有大量纳米级的圆形、椭圆形等形状的有机质、气液包裹体或孔洞.其中许多部位的有机基质中不同程度地显现出晶格条纹像,均为纳米矿物所致.以上结果均表明珍珠层具有有序、精细、多层次、整体性好等优良的结构特点.这一结论对于探讨珍珠的成因、机械强度及医药保健性能等方面均具有重要的意义.     

青蛤贝壳韧带的结构色及微结构

采用XRD、热失重分析、反射光谱及高分辨FE-SEM对青蛤贝壳韧带的矿物组成,结构色及微结构进行系统研究,结果表明:1)青蛤韧带由78%文石矿物,18%的蛋白质及少量的水组成,文石矿物呈纤维状,纤维的直径约138 nm,相邻纤维中心的间距约164 nm;2)韧带可呈现蓝,黄色结构色;3)韧带具有明显的层状结构特征,生长层的厚20μm~40μm,同一生长层中文石纤维长轴定向排列,而相邻层纤维长轴的定向不一致,并呈现一种新的结构类型“-交叉棱柱层”结构。再者,青蛤韧带中的文石纤维构成了一类特殊的2D准周期光子晶体。     

断裂剪切带中的纳米结构与成矿作用

纳米科学已涉及从信息学到地学的各个领域,成为这个时代一个标志性的关键词。近十多年来,国内外的纳米地学 研究,在实践、理论和实验等诸方面都取得了迅速的进展。该文运用4F (Fact, Formation, Function and Formulation,即事实观 察、形成机理、功效作用和计算模拟)研究方法,利用扫描电子显微镜（SEM） 和透射电子显微镜（TEM） 对断裂剪切带中 的纳米结构与成矿作用进行了样品观察和综合分析。首先,作者表述了岩石剪切面上广泛分布的剪切薄壳（膜） 的形成、 发育和组成,一般脆性剪切的薄壳厚度（h,毫米-厘米级） 要比韧性的剪切薄膜（忽米-毫米级） 厚,前者是由动态摩擦 粘滑滑移引起的,而后者则是由静态蠕滑滑移造成的,且两者均是由纳米矿物和纳米结构组成的。随之,作者集中探讨了 作为研究主体的剪切薄壳（膜） 中纳米结构的应变变形和生成演化,它们既具有弹性又有粘性的变形特征而不是单一的力 学属性。纳米结构的生成-发育-演化,可依剪切变形过程划分为强化(硬化)-弱化（软化） -脆化(退化)三个变形应变阶 段,和相应的纳米涂层-纳米弱化-纳米层裂三种类型纳米作用：（1） 纳米涂层是一种最基本的纳米作用,在成熟的断裂 剪切(带)中,只要有滑移摩擦存在,就会有纳米结构。这种作用能引起有序的纳米结构和定向结构,包括单体纳米颗粒 （通常直径d= 40~80 nm） -复体纳米颗粒-多重复体纳米颗粒;纳米粒-纳米线-纳米层;纳米颗粒粒化-异化-再生 等。（2） 纳米弱化作用是由颗粒粒度减小,瞬时温热,叶理发育和弱势矿物等所致,并可细分为滑动纳米弱化、流变纳米 弱化和动力纳米弱化三种类别。（3） 纳米层裂作用是一种由动力热作用到静力冷作用诱发的剥离作用,通常沿着纳米结构 的劈理面、解理和滑移面开裂。进而,以江西省的金山金矿和广丰滑石矿为例讨论了纳米结构与成矿关系：（1） 含金糜棱 岩发育过程中的纳米涂层作用成岩,纳米弱化作用成矿和纳米层裂作用形成面理的三个阶段。其重要的是纳米弱化作用期 间超糜棱岩的温度能够达到纳米金物质的熔点327 ℃,并在流变滑移过程中产生集中颗粒型（d=15~35 nm） 和分散颗粒型 （d=4~8 nm） 的金颗粒;（2） 滑石矿中高应变反映的纳米结构和纳米作用尤为强烈,具有局部熔融流变,纳米弱化作用阶段 的纳米次分层作用非常发育,沿（001） 面滑移的叶理厚度仅10~15 nm,且纳米层裂作用更是造成开放性的剥离、裂理作 用。上述的研讨,揭示了实质上至少一维的“纳米小疙瘩（nano-orange） 在地球物质中无处不在”。这场地学变革-- “纳 米科学与技术是地球科学的下一次革命（Hochell, 2000）”--大幕才刚刚开启,就促使科研工作者对一些地质现象重新认 识,也激发大家去开发“纳米小疙瘩”在地球物质中的“新奇”功效。     

中元古代微指状叠层石: 超微组构和有机矿化过程

微指状叠层石(microdigitate stromatolites,以下简称MDS)是新太古代—中元古代一种重要的沉积构造。由于其内部以纤维状组构为重要特征,而缺乏直接的微生物化石证据,被认为代表特定海洋化学条件下形成的一种海底碳酸盐沉淀,属无机成因。本文对华北中元古代雾迷山组硅化MDS的显微组构研究发现,其柱体由亚毫米级浅色微亮晶纹层(平均厚约65μm)和暗色微晶纹层(平均厚约680μm)交互叠加而成。前者含较少细菌残余,重结晶显著;后者富含细菌残余、微晶多面体及微球粒,并进一步分为具密集连续次级微纹层的(平均厚约380μm)和具稀疏断续微纹层的(平均厚约300μm)两种暗纹层。这三种纹层在纵向上的规律性交互可能反映了季节性变化。毛发状垂向纤维贯穿于整个柱体,但在亮纹层内稀疏。这种纤维可能由垂向生长的丝状菌束(宽<10μm)矿化而成,有些由微球粒(粒径为10～30μm)定向富集构成。微球粒富含细菌残余、胞外聚合物(EPS)以及与之密切共生的纳米颗粒(粒径<45nm)。纳米颗粒可粘结形成亚μm级多面体,构成碳酸盐晶体生长的基点。包围微球粒的微亮晶环边和纤维组构间的微亮晶条带内少细菌残余,可能属微生物影响的矿化成因,而纤维体和微球粒则是微生物诱发矿化的结果。故中元古代MDS属微生物成因,它所展现的有机矿化过程可能也适用于更古老的叠层石。此外,MDS内有机矿物从纳米颗粒到微球粒的有序聚合可能代表了有机矿化的普遍过程,并可用作判定微生物成因碳酸盐岩的重要标识。     

海南岛小妹韧性剪切带纳米颗粒发育阶段及形成机制

为了探讨韧性剪切带中纳米颗粒的发育过程和形成机制,进而厘定纳米颗粒对韧性剪切带形成过程和应力机制的指示作用,选取了在小妹韧性剪切带里发育的3种岩石样品（花岗岩、花岗质片麻岩和石英片岩）,在扫描电镜下观察其中的纳米颗粒结构及纳米颗粒的聚集形态.观察结果表明:存在2种基本形态——球形的粒状和长条形的柱状,粒状纳米粒子（纳米粒）在3种岩石中都广泛发育,而柱状纳米颗粒（纳米棒）则在花岗质片麻岩中最发育.对纳米颗粒聚集形态研究,可将发育阶段分为:粒化阶段-异化阶段-成层堆积阶段.再次活动时,首先是经过活化阶段,形成复体颗粒,然后再重复上述阶段.结合纳米颗粒形态变化过程,其形成机制可能为脆-韧性变形.      

Zn_3(PhCH=CHCOO)_6(phen)_2·H_2O的纳米晶结构计算及环境属性

Zn3(PhCH=CHCOO)6(phen)2.H2O晶体具有与锰氧化物及锰氢氧化物类似的微结构,在生成环境与晶体化学微结构方面有明显的环境属性,是一种新生环境矿物.为研究其纳米晶结构、最佳纳米尺度和环境矿物属性,在溶液法合成该配合物晶体的基础上,采用纳米晶参数计算方法,对该配合物纳米级微粒的晶胞数、原子数、表面原子数和表面活性随微粒在纳米尺度范围内的变化进行了计算,对比锰氢氧化物结构,发现该配合物晶体活性、表面效应与颗粒尺度有密切关系,内部结构具有鲜明的环境属性.结合晶体颗粒的比表面积与总原子数相对颗粒尺度的变化关系,理论上确定了该颗粒最佳纳米化尺度为138nm,为此类物质纳米晶在环境方面的研究应用奠定了基础.     

生物纳米FeS包覆层对灰岩中和能力的影响

本文采用硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)和嗜酸铁还原菌(JF-5)合成纳米FeS,并将其包覆在灰岩表面,采用溶解动力学实验研究了不同纳米FeS包覆层对灰岩溶解和中和能力的影响。结果表明,X射线衍射表面包覆层矿物为纳米的四方硫铁矿,光电子能谱(XPS)结果进一步显示包覆层中Fe的价态为+2,S的价态为-2;包覆层对灰岩的溶解有明显的钝化影响,中和能力随厚度的增加而降低,最厚包覆层的存在能够使最终中和p H值降低1.5个单位。利用Frick第一定律推导了包覆层存在下灰岩的溶解过程公式,建立了包覆层溶解动态模型。     

ZnS柱撑高岭石-蒙脱石混层矿物纳米复合材料的制备及其光降解伊红-B的研究

以硫尿和乙酸锌为前驱物,通过离子交换和溶液热反应的方法在有机高岭石蒙脱石混层矿物(高蒙混层矿物)层间原位合成了ZnS纳米粒子,得到ZnS柱撑高岭石蒙脱石混层矿物纳米复合材料。X射线粉末衍射分析(XRD)表明高蒙混层矿物的d001从原来的0.98nm被柱撑到1.95nm,表明层间被插入了直径小于1nm的ZnS纳米颗粒。扫描电镜(SEM)观察发现,原高蒙混层矿物的有序片层结构部分被破坏,在被剥离的片层上面均匀覆盖了ZnS颗粒聚集体,粒径在25nm左右。透射电镜(TEM)显示,ZnS颗粒聚集体是由3～5nm的颗粒堆积而成,夹杂在被剥离的高蒙混层矿物层中。选区电子衍射(SAED)和能量散射谱(EDS)测定表明形成的ZnS属于六方晶系,结晶度较低。光降解伊红_B(eosion_B)实验表明该纳米复合物具有极高的反应活性,紫外可见吸收光谱(UV_Vis)跟踪反应历程,表明降解过程中没有其他中间产物生成,20min之内降解率达到99.1%。本方法制备的ZnS柱撑高蒙混层矿物纳米复合材料与前人制备的ZnS纳米粒子相比具有更高的催化活性,方法更简单,原料较便宜,可重复利用。     

蒙脱石负载型零价铁纳米颗粒吸附水体中Cr(Ⅵ)污染物实验研究

零价铁纳米颗粒具有许多异于本体物质的独特性质,在废水处理方面应用潜力巨大。以蒙脱石为载体和分散剂,通过硼氢化钠液相还原法制备了零价铁纳米颗粒。采用电镜及多种谱学技术手段对所得铁纳米颗粒进行了表征。结果表明,铁纳米颗粒大致呈球状形貌,平均粒径约为55 nm,在蒙脱石表面分散良好,具有零价铁内核-铁氧化物外壳结构,提高了纳米铁在空气氛中的稳定性。通过批次实验考察了负载型铁纳米颗粒净化Cr(Ⅵ)的效率、过程及机理。净化效果受p H值影响显著,在最优p H值为1.0条件下,零价铁内核因其表面氧化膜酸溶而出露,可作为有效成分快速高效去除水体中Cr(Ⅵ)污染物,机理为零价铁将吸附至其表面的Cr(Ⅵ)异相还原为Cr(Ⅲ)而去除。属自发放热吸附过程,动力学行为符合准二级模型,吸附等温线可用Langmuir方程较好拟合。研究成果为新型纳米零价铁材料的制备及其铬污染治理提供了理论支撑。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.     

Causes of the famine among the rural population of the Sahelian zone of the Sudan

Taking the example of W Sudan, an analysis of the climatic incidents leading to the two recent famine disasters is made. On this natural background, the human side is investigated. Focus is directed towards the fragile economic structure of the famine-prone population groups. An early-warning system for famine in the Sahelian Zone is proposed taking grain production and storage, livestock development and the relationship between the prices of livestock and grain as major indicators.     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.