南海东岛湖泊沉积物中的生态环境记录

东岛牛塘为目前在西沙群岛少见的淡水湖泊,发育保存完好的沉积物。文章通过对一根长126cm的沉积柱开展多方面的沉积学分析,包括沉积物的岩性特征,反映碳酸盐含量的白度、CaO和LOI950℃以及反映有机质含量的TOC,TN,TS和LOI550℃等地球化学指标随深度的变化特征,沉积物和环境介质的碳、氮同位素的对比分析,沉积物的稀土元素和Sr,F,P,Se等元素地球化学特征。结果认为:该湖泊沉积剖面自上而下可分成3个具有明显不同沉积学特征的沉积单元,其中25～96cm的沉积层明显地受到了海鸟粪的影响。识别出的海鸟粪土沉积层,为进一步研究历史时期岛屿鸟类生态系统和气候演化提供了良好的信息载体。     

新疆干旱区柴窝堡湖沉积记录的150年来气候环境特征

通过乌鲁木齐附近柴窝堡湖钻孔岩芯的粒度、有机质含量、化学元素以及同位素等多项分析,开展了研究区近150年来的气候环境演化研究.通过沉积记录与器测气象资料比较,认为沉积物的有机质含量反映了流域降水的变化,而有机质碳同位素的变化则与温度相关.在运用有序样品最优聚类分析对沉积物地球化学元素序列进行阶段划分的基础上,综合粒度、有机质含量以及同位素等多环境代用指标的分析,恢复了不同阶段的气候环境信息.结果表明,1860～1910A.D.,各环境指标显示当时湖泊水位较高,湖水较深,显示偏冷、偏湿的气候环境特征.1910～1950A.D.,粒度、地球化学元素、有机质、磁化率等指标波动明显,虽然有机碳同位素值有所升高,但仍然总体偏负,显示该阶段湖泊环境总体上波动强烈,气候不稳定.其中约1920A.D.左右,粒度显示突然变化,有机碳同位索、烧失量、元素含量等也均发生了显著的波动,指示明显气候环境事件的存在.1950A.D.以来,钻孔岩芯的磁化率升高,重金属元素含量以及总磷含量呈现明显富集,而有机质及其碳同位素变化却与器测温度和降水变化一致,指示了近期气候和人类活动对湖泊环境的影响.     

江汉平原江陵剖面有机碳含量、碳同位素和磁化率的古气候意义

湖泊中的有机碳及其同位素与磁化率指标广泛应用于古气候的重建,但由于各地自然条件的差异,其气候意义具有一定的区域性.对江汉平原江陵剖面沉积物中磁化率参数、总有机碳(TOC)、总氮(TN)及其碳同位素δ(13C)值影响因素与环境气候关系的研究结果表明:沉积物总有机碳(TOC)的变化与总氮(TN)呈正相关关系,而总有机碳(TOC)与同位素δ(13C)、磁化率值则呈负相关关系,其组合可以很好地反映江汉平原地区的环境演变.在暖湿期,沉积物中总有机碳、总氮较高,有机质的δ(13C)值偏负,磁化率偏低;反之,在凉干期,沉积物中总有机碳、总氮较低,有机质的δ(13C)值偏正,磁化率偏高.江汉平原地区6 000 a PB以来的古气候演化经历了3个阶段:即冷干-暖湿-凉干的变化过程.     

苏北盆地兴化1#钻孔沉积物磁化率特征及其古气候环境意义

对苏北盆地兴化1#钻孔岩芯沉积物进行了质量磁化率的测试与分析,并对质量磁化率的变化特征和古气候环境意义进行了初步研究.研究结果表明,质量磁化率的大小变化与沉积物一定粒级组分之间有着很好的关联性;东部典型季风区域中,质量磁化率的大小波动能很好地指示气候的波动,是恢复古气候环境演化过程的一个重要指标;以磁化率变化为主导指标的多环境代用指标指示出苏北盆地近3.20 Ma来的气候环境演化过程,且在沉积速率较高的上部的质量磁化率气候环境记录与深海DSDP607孔氧同位素之间吻合较好,指示苏北盆地的气候环境演化过程与全球气候环境的变化具有一致性.     

鹤庆钻孔沉积物总有机碳、氮含量测定的前处理方法及其环境意义

湖泊沉积物中的总有机碳含量(TOC)、总有机氮含量(TN)和碳氮比值(C/N)已被广泛应用于第四纪湖泊古环境研究中。对湖泊沉积物样品进行TOC和TN测定前, 首先要有效去除沉积物中的无机碳酸盐, 同时较好地保留有机质组分, 才能使实验结果较准确地反映古气候环境的变化。选取鹤庆钻孔不同深度的不同岩性样品, 分别进行粒度、盐酸浓度、洗除残留酸方法等对去除碳酸盐和总有机碳测定结果影响的前处理条件实验, 根据测得的TOC、TN和C/N, 结合总无机碳酸盐含量(TIC), 确定了鹤庆钻孔沉积物有机碳含量测定的前处理方法:室温条件下, 将磨得足够细(无需过筛处理)的样品与足量浓度为2mol/L盐酸充分反应24小时, 期间超声震荡3次, 采用离心加速沉淀的方法清洗酸处理样品至中性, 烘干, 研磨均匀上机测定。结果显示, 该流程可有效去除沉积物中的无机碳酸盐, 测得的TOC、TN数值具有很好的稳定性和可重复性。在此基础上测定了鹤庆钻孔沉积物样品的TOC、C/N和TIC, 它们间存在很好的正相关关系, 指示了西南季风强度的变化。      

苏北盆地XH-1钻孔晚新生代沉积记录特征及其与长江贯通时间的关联

对XH-1钻孔沉积物、长江和淮河下游现代沉积物的磁化率与粒度组分相关性进行了对比研究,结果表明,整个XH-1钻孔沉积物磁化率与粒度组分的相关性出现了4次显著变化,其中的第Ⅰ深度段(350—247m)和第Ⅲ深度段(234—57m)的相关性变化分别与淮河下游和长江下游现代沉积物的记录相一致;第Ⅱ深度段(247—234m)的相关性变化处于上下相邻两段的过渡变化之中;而第Ⅳ深度段(57—0m)的相关性变化处于一种不定式的波动之中。从影响磁化率变化的主要因素和苏北盆地自身的地质背景来看,XH-1钻孔沉积物磁化率与粒度组分相关性的变化情况在很大程度上反映了沉积物物质来源的不同,而造成物源差异的主要原因为长江三峡的贯通,及其贯通后对钻孔所在区域水系调整、变迁的影响。古地磁测试结果表明,XH-1钻孔沉积物磁化率与粒度组分相关性变化特征所揭示出的长江三峡贯通时间约在2.32MaBP。     

河北省阳原盆地井儿洼钻孔磁化率、粒度反映的环境意义

根据河北省阳原盆地井儿洼钻孔岩芯湖相沉积物的粒度特征,划分出大约0.2Ma以来,井儿洼地区经历了湖沼-浅湖-滨浅湖-滨湖的演化过程,其中至少存在8个高-低水位变化旋回。湖泊不同的演化阶段应用不同的粒级颗粒含量来作为环境指标。在滨湖环境下,50~100μm,>50μm及中值粒径具有良好的环境指示意义;浅湖环境中,<5μm或2~50μm的细颗粒是较好的指标。不同的沉积相中,磁化率的强度与分粒级颗粒含量的相关性不同:滨-浅湖相中磁化率强度与粗粒沉积物呈正相关;湖滨沼泽相中磁化率强度与细粒含量呈正相关;咸化滨湖中磁化率与粒度基本不相关。      

泥河湾盆地沉积物粒度组分与磁化率变化相关性研究

以泥河湾盆地郝家台剖面为例,分析沉积物粒级组分与磁化率大小变化的相关性。从厚约 12 2m的剖面选取 80 0多个样品,分别测试从 0.2～ 5 0 0 μm各个粒度区间颗粒的百分含量和质量磁化率。通过计算它们之间的相关关系,认为湖相沉积物磁化率的变化与 0.2～ 35 μm间细粒物质的含量,特别是与 0.2～ 7.5 μm区间悬浮物质的含量反相关,而与 35～ 5 0 0 μm间较粗粒物质的含量正相关。这种相关性与顶部的黄土堆积刚好相反,反映了二者之间磁化率不同的变化机制。据此可认为以外源碎屑输入为主的湖泊中,沉积物磁化率的变化主要受控于外源铁磁性矿物,它反映了湖水面的升降,蕴涵着一定的古气候信息。     

末次盛冰期以来兴凯湖的古环境演变——基于地磁场长期变化的年龄框架

对小兴凯湖内一根长6m的钻孔(XKH1)进行了沉积物颜色、粒度、古地磁和总有机碳、总氮分析。通过与贝加尔湖和琵琶湖沉积岩芯磁倾角记录的对比,建立了该岩芯的时间序列;基于多指标综合分析,重建了24ka以来兴凯湖区域古环境和古气候演化历史,讨论了湖区环境对东亚季风和北半球温度变化的响应;通过粒级-标准偏差方法获得的环境敏感粒级组分9.29~63.00μm能作为降水量的指标。末次盛冰期时(24.0~19.5ka B.P.),东亚冬季风盛行,XKH1岩芯沉积物平均粒径相对较粗,亮度(L~*)和磁化率(x)值高,有机质含量低,反映湖区气候冷湿,湖泊缓慢扩张,湖面比现在低。19.5~18.4ka B.P.,东亚夏季风逐渐减弱,使流域降雨量减少,湖泊收缩,沉积物有机质含量显著增加,可能在湖滨区域发育了沼泽沉积。18.4~15.1ka B.P.沉积物中植物茎碎片含量高,砂含量波动频繁,指示了湖面进一步降低。冰消期(15.1~11.4ka B.P.),沉积物磁化率(x)升高,色度值(a~*)减小,反映东亚夏季风逐渐增强,湖区降雨量增加,湖泊扩张,为高湖面时期,沉积层底部和顶部砂含量增加明显,环境敏感粒级组分9.29~63.00μm的含量呈现减小-增大-减小的变化规律,可很好的对应于OD/B-A/YD气候波动事件。进入全新世,夏季风进一步增强,11.2~10.6ka B.P.时,XKH1沉积物平均粒径增加,指示降雨量的增加为湖区带来大量沉积物,开始在近岸发育砂坝,大、小兴凯湖被隔开;3.80~0.58ka B.P.时,色度值(a~*)剧烈升高,发育虫穴构造并被黄褐色结核充填,指示湖面变浅,气候干旱。     

南黄海北部DLC70-3孔沉积物磁化率特征及其对古冷水团的指示

对长71.2m的南黄海北部DLC70-3孔沉积物粒度、磁化率和总有机碳(TOC)进行了实验分析。结果显示,DLC70-3孔沉积物的磁化率值与平均粒径呈正相关关系,与w(TOC)呈负相关关系,表明以陆源碎屑输入为主的陆架海区沉积物中的磁性矿物以粗颗粒为主;由于w(TOC)均值非常低,因此不能将磁化率低值全部归结为有机质稀释作用的结果,主要可能是沉积速率大所致。此外,磁化率值受到沉积物所处氧化还原环境的控制,氧化环境下磁化率值高,还原条件下磁化率值低。冷水团沉积层位的沉积物是在较强的还原条件下形成的,因此,磁化率指标可以指示古黄海冷水团的形成演化,将磁化率指标与同一钻孔中微体古生物指标指示的古冷水团层位进行对比,得出了完全一致的结果,从而为今后研究区的古冷水团演化研究提供了新的指标。     

A sedimentary facies model for glacial-age sediments in Baldwin Lake, Southern California

A combined sedimentological and high-resolution petrographic analysis was conducted on a glacial-age (20,000–65,000 cal yr BP) sediment core from Baldwin Lake, Southern California. The results of this research represent the most complete glacial-age, terrestrial climate record from Southern California to date. These results are used to characterize the different sediment types and to investigate the difference in depositional processes and environments between the core's three predominant sediment types: massive, semi-laminated, and laminated sediments. Massive sediments are commonly associated with a blocky texture and/or desiccation cracks, are organic-poor, have high magnetic susceptibility values, and are coarser-grained. Thin-sections from massive sediments reveal a homogenous sediment fabric. Sub-centimeter-scale laminated and centimeter-scale semi-laminated sediments are generally organic-rich, have low magnetic susceptibility values, and are finer grained. Thin-sections from laminated and semi-laminated sediments reveal diffuse sub-millimeter- to millimeter-scale laminae. This combination of sedimentological and high-resolution petrographic data enabled us to characterize four sediment facies, each related to specific depositional processes and environments: (1) a playa lake; (2) a perennial shallow lake; (3) an intermediate lake with variable lake level; and, (4) a perennial deep lake. At centennial-to millennial-timescales, lower lake levels are represented by deposition of massive to semi-laminated sediments in a playa to a perennial shallow lake environment. At similar timescales, higher lake levels are recorded by semi-laminated to laminated sediments deposited in an intermediate lake to a perennial deep lake environment. These results provide an additional sedimentological study for comparison to similar arid environment basins, and for comparison to existing regional paleoclimatic reconstructions.     

北京市昌平区钻孔岩芯的磁化率与粒度组份变化的相关性研究

以昌平区钻孔岩芯为例,分析沉积物粒级组分与磁化率大小变化的相关性。从厚约150 m的剖面选取590多个样品,分别测试从0.5~500 μm各个粒度区间颗粒的百分含量和磁化率。通过计算它们之间的相关关系,认为湖相沉积物磁化率的变化与0.5~30 μm间细粒物质的含量,特别是与0.5~10 μm区间悬浮物质的含量反相关,而与65~500 μm间较粗粒物质的含量正相关。这种相关性与黄土沉积刚好相反,反映了二者之间磁化率不同的变化机制, 蕴涵着一定的古气候信息。     

A multi‐proxy sediment record of late Holocene and recent climate change from a lake near Ny‐Ålesund,Svalbard

Jiang, S., Liu, X., Sun, J., Yuan, L., Sun, L. & Wang, Y. 2011: A multi‐proxy sediment record of late Holocene and recent climate change from a lake near Ny‐Ålesund, Svalbard. Boreas, Vol. 40, pp. 468–480. 10.1111/j.1502‐3885.2010.00198.x. ISSN 0300‐9483 The Arctic constitutes a unique and important environment with a significant role in the dynamics and evolution of the earth system. Arctic lake sediments, which accumulate slowly over time, contain abundant information about the biological communities that lived within the water body, as well as in the surrounding catchment. In this study, we collected a sediment core from Ny‐Ålesund, Svalbard, performed multi‐proxy analyses on sediment pigments, mineral magnetic susceptibility, various sediment quality (i. e. organic matter content, CaCO₃ content, carbon and nitrogen isotope), and diatom composition, and reconstructed the history of ecosystem responses to environmental variations, especially regarding aquatic productivity and lake catchment surface processes. Ny‐Ålesund has undergone distinct ecological and climatic changes. During the Little Ice Age, the cold climate was unfavourable for the growth of lake algae, and therefore the lake primary productivity declined. After about AD 1890 and during the 20th century, the warming climate and reduced ice cover led to rapid lithological change and growth of lake algae, enhanced lake primary productivity, and increased input of nutrients derived from increased chemical weathering into the lake. The lake ecosystem on Ny‐Ålesund has had rapid responses to climatic and environmental changes in the Arctic.     

中国台湾大鬼湖沉积物所保留之降尘记录

本文以中国台湾大鬼湖沉积物岩芯回推此区过去1600年以来PM10与空飘重金属之变化情形.湖区沉积物主要来自集水区冲刷来的岩屑及植物碎屑,一般为黑色,平均粒径30～50μm,PM10约10%～20%.但在干冷时期,由空飘来的祖国大陆北方沙尘较多,形成相对亮度指数较高的白层,其磁化率较高、平均粒径约10μm,且PM10可达60%;而从1350年以来,无机元素沉积累积速率较前期有所增加,且白层中大部分无机元素皆有较高的累积速率,可能导因于空飘物质输入量增加.较暖湿时期,则以亲有机质元素之沉积累积速率较高.     

鹤庆盆地湖相岩心磁化率记录及其古环境意义

鹤庆盆地位于受印度季风影响的中国西南地区, 沉积连续, 厚度大, 是古环境研究的理想场所。本文主要通过对鹤庆湖相岩心磁化率记录的分析研究, 并结合碳酸盐、烧失量和粒度特征对古环境变化的响应机理, 探讨了沉积物中磁化率的古环境指示意义。本研究发现, 磁化率与碳酸盐和烧失量具有显著的相反变化; 而与粒度的关系较为复杂。磁化率与指示粗颗粒变化的中值粒径在含砂(砾)层具有较好的正相关关系; 与指示细颗粒变化的 < 4μm颗粒的相对含量, 在湖相粘土沉积中具有较为明显的正相关关系, 表明湖相沉积物中的亚铁磁性矿物主要来自于外源带入的粘土粒级碎屑物中。通过分析磁化率对古环境变化的响应机制, 并结合碳酸盐含量、烧失量和粒度变化特征, 本研究认为鹤庆盆地湖相岩心的磁化率记录可以用来反映水动力对物源区地表的侵蚀强度和搬运状况, 与流域内植被覆盖和降雨量密切相关。在干旱的冰期, 植被覆盖度较低, 地表侵蚀加剧, 带入湖泊的粘土粒级碎屑含量增加, 磁化率增高; 在湿润的间冰期, 植被覆盖度较高, 地表侵蚀减弱, 粘土粒级碎屑物的带入量减少, 磁化率降低。      

末次间冰期以来新疆巴里坤湖蒸发盐的沉积环境记录

沉积物岩芯的碳酸盐、石膏等蒸发盐含量和矿物组成的证据显示了新疆巴里坤湖末次间冰期以来一直是一个水位变化频繁的浅水盐湖,有时甚至为间歇式的湖泊,约在34000aB.P.前后巴里坤湖沉积相发生了显著的变化,34000aB.P.之前为泥坪-湖滨相沉积,34000aB．P．之后为成湖相沉积。尽管我们对巴里坤湖34000aB．P．前后的沉积相变难以理解,但是长期处于浅水状态的巴里坤湖沉积物中蒸发盐的含量和矿物组成仍然与气候变化密切相关。在泥坪-湖滨相形成的碳酸盐中白云石相对的增加是地表强烈蒸发的结果。以石膏为主的蒸发盐含量增加是温度和降水增加所致,而其含量减少则是冰川前进致使补给水矿化度降低造成的。这使我们获得了该区古气候变化并不服从于冰期与雨期同步模式的信息。     

Testing commonly used X‐ray fluorescence core scanning‐based proxies for organic‐rich lake sediments and peat

X‐ray fluorescence (XRF) core scanning has become widely available for geological studies during the last decade. The data obtained from XRF core scanning, however, may be strongly influenced by the amount of organic matter, water content, density and porosity of the sediment matrix. In this study we discuss the usefulness of XRF core scanning to distinguish different kinds of organic‐rich sediments and peat based on examples from tropical Lakes Kumphawapi and Nong Leng Sai in Thailand. We examined how sedimentary factors influence XRF core scanning analyses by comparing elemental and scattering ratios to lithological changes and quantitative LOI, TOC, biogenic silica (BSi) and grain‐size values. Our comparison suggests that the (inc/coh) scattering ratio is of limited use as an indicator for variations in LOI and TOC in peaty gyttja or peat. In Lake Kumphawapi's sediments, Si/Ti ratios reflect clastic input associated with grain‐size variations rather than BSi contents. The Ti‐normalized ratios of Si, Zr, Sr, K and Rb are linked to mineral input and associated grain‐size variations. We conclude that XRF core scanning of organic‐rich tropical lake sediments and peat is useful to infer palaeoenvironmental conditions. However, XRF core scanning data does not stand‐alone and needs to be underpinned by additional proxies.     

The effect of geomorphological setting on Holocene lake sediment variability,northern Swedish Lapland

Comparison of catchment geomorphology and lithostratigraphical analysis of sediments in two small neighbouring alpine lakes show that the minerogenic influx into the lakes has varied significantly during the Holocene, despite similarities in environmental setting. One lake contains a homogeneous organic‐rich sediment sequence whereas the sediment of the other lake is laminated and has a higher minerogenic content. X‐ray radiographs are used to visualise lithostratigraphical structures and provide high‐resolution density data. We find that moderate differences in geomorphology and process activity in the lakeshore region around alpine lakes can significantly affect the lake sediment composition. Minerogenic sediment accumulation rates vary strongly over time, owing to different depositional processes, which complicate temporal reconstructions. We also find that non‐glacial processes deposit minerogenic sediment layers with similar characteristics (high density, low organic content) as layers interpreted as having a glaciofluvial origin. This has implications for palaeoclimate studies based on proglacial lacustrine sediment. Our results indicate that erosion of surface sediments in the catchments characterised the early Holocene. A low and constant minerogenic inflow indicates that stable environmental conditions (with little fluvial erosion) were established in the catchments during the middle Holocene. The variability in sediment composition increased again in the late Holocene, possibly as a result of short‐term climate fluctuations superimposed on a general climate deterioration trend. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

腾格里沙漠西北缘青土湖中更新世晚期以来沉积环境变迁

以腾格里沙漠西北缘青土湖钻孔ZK1为研究对象,通过对钻孔沉积物的光释光年代、粒度、磁化率等研究,揭示了该湖泊自中更新世晚期以来的环境变迁。研究结果表明：该地区中更新世晚期经历了干冷→暖湿两个阶段,晚更新世经历了湿暖→干冷两个阶段,与深海氧同位素的末次间冰期、末次冰期气候旋回特征吻合,全新世主要经历了干冷→暖湿的气候波动。反映了腾格里沙漠西北缘晚第四纪的气候波动变化特征,特别是为本区中更新世晚期以来的气候环境变化的研究提供了依据。     

Geochemical control of magnetite dissolution in subarctic lake sediments and the implications for environmental magnetism

Geochemical and mineral magnetic studies of lake sediments from the Kårsa valley in north Sweden demonstrate that down-core variations in magnetic properties have been determined by post-depositional magnetite dissolution rather than by sediment source changes. A low sediment accumulation rate during times of climatic amelioration combined with a higher organic carbon content produced intense reducing conditions with almost complete magnetite loss. An increase in the sedimentation rate and a reduction in the organic carbon content, primarily due to glacier reformation, allowed magnetite preservation. Thus the mineral magnetic profiles record lake sediment palaeoredox conditions brought about by climate change. This new interpretation of mineral magnetic transformations in freshwater sediments may have far reaching implications for other mineral magnetic studies concerned with the alternation between glacial (stadial) and interglacial (interstadial) episodes during the Quaternary period.