四种定量降水预报客观订正方法对比研究

基于2019年全年、不同季节、不同预报时效的欧洲中期天气预报中心模式的定量降水预报,检验评估了频率匹配、最优TS评分、最优百分位、概率匹配4种定量降水预报客观订正法的综合性能.利用理想模型研究了不同雨带位移偏差和干湿偏差情形下频率匹配法与最优TS评分的表现,并通过个例订正展示了4种定量降水预报订正法的基本特征.结果表明...     

最优TS评分方法在逐时降水订正中的初步应用及评估

使用2020年3—9月逐时更新的CMA广东短临3 km数值模式(CMA-GD(R3)模式)1~12 h逐小时降水量资料,利用最优TS评分订正方法(OTS)对逐小时降水量进行分级订正,并分别从整体和分类型降水过程预报订正效果进行了检验和对比评估。结果表明:从整体预报订正性能来看,通过OTS方法对CMA-GD(R3)模式订正后,对于≥1 mm/h及以上量级的降水,OTS均有较好的订正能力,并且随着雨强的增加,其TS评分的改善比率越大;同时,OTS可有效减少各个预报时效的漏报率和空报率,其中漏报率减小更加明显,表现出明显的湿偏差(空报偏多)。从三类暴雨过程逐时降水预报订正效果来看,通过OTS订正之后,对于≥1 mm/h的降水,OTS对三类暴雨类型均有正的订正能力。其中在0.1 mm、1 mm、10 mm、20 mm、35 mm、50 mm 6个量级上,季风型的逐时降水预报表现最好,6个量级的TS评分值分别为0.403、0.232、0.053、0.023、0.009和0.004;在5 mm量级上锋面型的逐时降水预报表现最优,其TS值为0.102。从改善效果来看,经过OTS订正后,在1 mm量级上台风型改善率最大,在5 mm和10 mm量级上锋面型改善率最大,在20 mm、35 mm和50 mm量级上季风型改善率最大。      

基于格点实况的海南岛网格晴雨预报检验

采用高分辨率的格点降水实况资料,对2019年5月1日—9月30日中国气象局广东快速更新同化数值预报系统(CMA-GD)、中国气象局上海数值预报模式系统(CMA-SH9)和欧洲中期天气预报中心全球模式(ECMWF)的降水预报产品作海南岛晴雨预报的检验评估,结果表明:(1) CMA-SH9具有较高的晴雨准确率及较小的雨区面积偏差。CMA-GD(ECMWF)评分偏低与较高漏(空)报比例有关,漏(空)报易出现在五指山以南和东部沿海一带。三个模式在海南岛东部沿海一带的晴雨准确率随预报时效减小而提高;(2) CMA-GD多漏报,CMA-SH9和ECMWF多空报。CMA-GD和CMA-SH9比ECMWF具有较快速的调整能力,预报时效缩短,雨区面积偏差减小,晴雨评分提高;(3) 降水面积百分比为0~20%、20%~40%、40%~60% 的局地降水事件中,CMAGD和CMA-SH9预报雨区面积偏大,预报时效增加,面积偏差由偏多转偏少;降水面积百分比为60%~80%、80%~100%的降水事件中,雨区面积随时效增加呈增加趋势。(4) CMA-GD对海南岛北部高频降水中心具有较强的预报能力,但易漏报南部高频降水中心。CMA-SH9在海南岛北部易出现高频降水面积偏大,质心偏东的误差,但对南部的高频降水预报能力优于CMA-GD。通过最优面积阈值择优方案迭代集成CMA-GD、CMASH9和ECMWF的降水预报,可有效提高海南岛高分辨率网格晴雨预报准确率。      

OTS、MOS和OMOS方法及其优化组合应用于72 h内逐3 h降水预报的试验分析研究

开展了夏半年72 h内逐3 h降水预报试验,针对ECMWF模式预报、基于ECMWF的模式输出统计(MOS)预报、纳入超前空间实况信息的OMOS预报,以及三种预报的最优TS评分订正(OTS)预报,对比分析预报效果,探讨一种多方法结合能够提供良好预报性能的3 h定量降水预报技术方案。结果表明:在短期预报中,MOS预报与OTS订正相结合的MOSOTS综合预报方法的预报性能最好,而且MOS-OTS方法的3 h强降水预报与业务运行的城镇指导预报中融合主客观预报的降水预报相比,也具有一定优势;而在临近3 h预报中,则OMOS预报与OTS订正相结合的OMOS-OTS综合预报方法最优,3 h内0.1、3和10 mm以上降水的TS评分最高,比原始模式预报分别提高73%、198%和483%,Bias评分接近于1,在夏半年的逐日晴雨预报中,OMOS-OTS方法在大部分日期都稳定优于MOS-OTS预报和城镇指导预报。     

Assimilation of NCEP multi-sensor hourly rainfall data using 4D-Var approach: A case study of the squall line on April 5, 1999

Summary ?NCEP multi-sensor hourly rainfall data were used for data assimilation and evaluation of quantitative precipitation forecasts (QPFs) through a case study of a squall line on April 5, 1999. Improvements in QPFs were obtained through direct assimilation of these rainfall observations using 4-dimensional variational assimilation (4D-Var). Inclusion of the observed no-rain information was shown to be beneficial to QPFs. While the penalty constraint applying a digital filter was effective in removing high frequency oscillations introduced by rainfall assimilation and produced a smoother “optimal” initial condition, its impact on QPFs is mixed. Sensitivity studies indicated that the adjustments in the moisture and temperature fields resulted from precipitation assimilation played a more important role than those of other state variables for improving QPFs. Received October 27, 2001; accepted January 30, 2002     

ON THE SENSITIVITY OF PRECIPITATION FORECASTS TO THE MOIST PHYSICS AND THE HORIZONTAL RESOLUTION OF NUMERICAL MODEL*

The impacts of the enhanced model's moist physics and horizontal resolution upon the QPFs(quantitative precipitation forecasts) are investigated by applying the HIRLAM(high resolution limited area model) to the summer heavy-rain cases in China.The performance of the control run,for which a 0.5°×0.5°grid spacing and a traditional "grid-box supersaturation removal+Kuo type convective paramerization" are used as the moist physics,is compared with that of the sensitivity runs with an enhanced model's moist physics(Sundqvist scheme) and an increased horizontal resolution(0.25°×0.25°),respectively.The results show:(1) The enhanced moist physics scheme(Sundqvist scheme),by introducing the cloud water content as an additional prognostic variable and taking into account briefly of the microphysics involved in the cloud-rain conversion,does bring improvements in the model's QPFs.Although the deteriorated QPFs also occur occasionally,the improvements are found in the majority of the cases,indicating the great potential for the improvement of QPFs by enhancing the model's moist physics.(2) By increasing the model's horizontal resolution from 0.5°×0.5°,which is already quite high compared with that of the conventional atmospheric soundings,to 0.25°×0.25°without the simultaneous enhancement in model physics and objective analysis,the improvements in QPFs are very limited.With higher resolution,although slight amelioration in locating the rainfall centers and in resolving some finer structures of precipitation pattern are made,the number of the mis-predicted fine structures in rainfall field increases with the enhanced model resolution as well.     

基于评分最优化的模式降水预报订正算法对比

使用2013年1月1日-2016年1月7日全国气象站观测资料,应用准对称混合滑动训练期,不改变雨带预报位置和形态,基于模式降水预报订正结果的TS评分最优化及ETS评分最优化,分别设计最优TS评分订正法（OTS）和最优ETS评分订正法（OETS）确定预报日各级降水订正系数,对2014-2015年降水数值预报进行分级订正,并与频率匹配法（FM）对比。结果表明:在24 h累积降水的多个预报时效订正中,无论是对欧洲中期天气预报中心、日本气象厅、美国国家环境预报中心和中国气象局的全球模式降水预报,还是对4个模式的简单多模式平均,OTS和OETS较FM在TS评分和ETS评分等传统降水检验指标上均更优秀,其中OTS在所有时效均能提高模式降水预报质量,为三者最优。在概率空间的稳定公平误差评分方面,OTS在各时效、各单模式及多模式平均等方面优势明显。在预报员对应参考时效上,OTS在24~168 h的24 h累积降水预报中的TS评分也优于主观预报。     

一种Bayes降水概率预报的最优子集算法

MOS预报最优子集模型,通过消除数值模式系统性误差,可最大程度地提高其预报技巧。为了建立Na?ve Bayes降水最优模型,利用2008—2011年T511数值预报产品和单站观测资料,对介休、运城、丰宁3个站Na?ve Bayes降水概率分级预报模型进行研究。通过设计恰当的适应度函数,提出了一种用遗传算法搜寻Na?ve Bayes模型最优子集的计算方案,得到了3个站的最优子集模型。结果表明:最优子集的拟合效果明显高于普通初始子集,能够显著提升数值模式在单站的预报技巧。最优子集模型主要通过降低数值模式空报率提高单站晴雨、小雨预报效果,通过小幅提高正确次数和降低空报次数改善对中雨预报效果。     

基于三种机器学习方法的降水相态高分辨率格点预报模型的构建及对比分析

冬季降水相态及其转变时间的精细化客观预报对提高气象预报和服务质量具有重要的现实意义。利用京津冀地区国家级自动气象站观测资料及网格化快速更新精细集成产品,统计分析了京津冀地区复杂地形下各类降水相态温度和湿球温度平均气候概率的分布差异及不同降水相态时网格化快速更新精细集成产品中可能影响降水相态判断的特征信息。然后将地面观测天气现象资料、复杂地形下降水相态气候特征及高分辨率模式输出产品作为特征向量,分别基于梯度提升（XGBoost）、支持向量机（SVM）、深度神经网络（DNN）3种机器学习方法建立了降水相态的高分辨率客观分类模型,并对同样条件下3种机器学习方法对雨、雨夹雪和雪3种京津冀主要降水相态的预报效果进行了对比检验,进一步提升了雨夹雪复杂降水相态的客观分类预报技巧。      

基于邻域最优概率的GRAPES快速更新循环同化预报系统逐时降水订正方法

针对高分辨率数值天气预报的时空不确定性, 利用邻域最优概率方法对华南区域GRAPES快速更新循环同化预报系统的24 h预报进行逐时降水订正和检验评估。结果表明: (1)邻域法能改善模式降水预报的空间不确定性, 最优邻域半径随降水等级增加而减小, 强降水的最优邻域半径约为60 km; (2)通过引入时间滞后因子, 可进一步改善模式不同时间起报的不确定性, 结合Brier评分确定了时间滞后窗为4 h; (3)提出基于邻域最优概率阈值的降雨进行分级订正方法, 有效提升了降水客观预报能力, 晴雨预报较模式全部为正技巧, TS评分达到0.89以上, 总体提升幅度约5.3%;强降水预报同样均为正技巧, TS评分呈先降后升趋势, 在12 h时效前后预报效果最优, 进一步提升了GRAPES快速更新循环同化预报系统的业务预报水平。      

基于ECMWF集合预报产品的降水相态客观预报方法

基于欧洲中期天气预报中心（European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts,ECMWF）集合预报系统的降水相态产品（precipitation type,PTYPE）,分别以HSS评分最优、TS评分最优和频率偏差最优为标准,运用最优概率阈值法,生成雨、雨夹雪、雪和冻雨4类降水相态的确定性预报产品,并与ECMWF集合预报系统控制成员及细网格模式确定性预报进行对比。最优概率阈值显示:3种最优标准下,不同相态降水最优概率阈值不同,但冻雨和降雪最优概率阈值均最大,为40%~80%,雨夹雪最优概率阈值最小,约为10%,三者最优概率阈值均随预报时效延长而减小;降雨最优概率阈值为7%~25%,随预报时效延长而增大。对比检验结果显示:最优概率阈值法明显提高了降水相态预报能力,且以HSS评分最优时预报效果最佳;最优概率阈值法有效减小冻雨空报,同时显著改善降雨和降雪预报的频率偏差和TS评分,对雨夹雪预报改进效果有限。     

晨昏轨道微波温度计资料同化对降水定量预报的影响及其对三轨卫星系统的意义

极轨卫星的高级微波温度计(Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit-A,简称AMSU-A)辐射资料对提高降水定量预报的水平有重要作用.但是极轨卫星的轨道特征导致乘载其上的微波温度计资料在区域同化系统中存在严重缺测.本研究重点分析了晨昏轨道卫星上微波温度计资料同化对墨西哥湾沿岸定量降水预报的重要影响.研究选取了早晨星NOAA-15、上午星MetOp-A和下午星NOAA-18,利用美国NCEP(National Centers for Environmental Prediction)的业务同化系GSI(Gridpoint Statistical Interpolation)资料同化系统,进行了加和不加NOAA-15 AMSU-A资料的两组资料同化和预报试验,来阐明晨昏轨道卫星上微波温度计资料同化对墨西哥湾沿岸降水预报的重要影响.试验结果分析表明如果仅同化NOAA-18和MetOp-A资料,在协调世界时00:00和12:00的同化时间,在墨西哥湾和美国西部大陆就是卫星观测资料缺测区,而早晨星NOAA-15资料正好可以填补这个资料空缺.模式预报也表明,同化NOAA-15的AMSU-A资料可以对墨西哥湾降水有持续的正影响.这一研究证明了保持有搭载着AMSU-A或者相似仪器的早晨星,对区域降水预报的重要性.由于目前NOAA-15是唯一的一颗正在运行的、已远超过其正常运行期的早晨星,通过技术手段维持NOAA-15的AMSU-A仪器更超长期运行也就特别重要.     

基于快速更新同化数值预报的小时降水量时间滞后集合订正技术

由中小尺度对流系统造成短时强降水天气的发生发展十分迅速,对其落区和时效的预报预警一直都是预报业务中的难点。本文基于快速更新同化的中尺度数值预报系统GRAPES-RAFS 0. 1°×0. 1°分辨率逐小时降水预报,首先通过时间滞后集合预报方法构建了多个集合成员,使用平均TS评分值计算相应预报成员权重系数建立预报方程,然后采用频率匹配订正法进行降水量级订正,从而得到集合订正的逐小时降水量预报。2017年8-9月的逐日试验和典型个例预报结果评估表明效果良好。(1)GRAPES-RAFS最新时次的预报场并不完全代表最好的预报效果,通过时间滞后集合订正方法自动识别优选预报成员,显著提高了预报能力;(2)GRAPES-RAFS预报存在降水量级偏弱的系统性误差,经过频率匹配方法订正后,在量级预报上更接近实况;(3)时间滞后集合预报对我国中东部(包括黄淮、江淮、江南地区)的小时降水量订正效果最好;(4)进一步使用的频率匹配订正方法显著提升了逐时降水量的预报效果,其在降水频率更高、强度更大的江南南部、华南、西南地区效果更为显著;(5)对于中小尺度的强降水过程,经过上述方法订正后,显著提高了模式对强降水系统位置、形态及降水量级的预报水平。     

贵州西部一次秋季暴雨预报偏差分析

2021年9月16日预报夜间贵州西部将出现暴雨-大暴雨天气,实况以小到中雨、分散暴雨为主,本文利用常规及加密观测资料、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料、ECMWF、CMA-GD、CMA-SH9等模式预报产品,对这次暴雨空报的原因进行探讨,结果如下：(1)本次暴雨-大暴雨空报的主要原因：副高夜间略北推增强,有利下沉气流增强,阻止切变线南下且消弱低层切变的强度;整体动力条件较差,低层辐合厚度、强度不够,且迅速转为辐散,涡度平流由正转负、上升运动较弱。(2)模式出现较明显误差：ECMWF错误预报副高夜间位置,切变线位置预报也有偏差,CMA-GD模式错误预报切变线位置;5家数值模式预报量级均偏大,其中CMA-GD、CMA-SH9及贵州WRF偏大明显,ECMWF的量级及落区预报和实况更为接近。(3)预报员过度相信ECMWF对切变线的位置预报、过度相信CMA-GD对极端降水的把握,忽视副高略北推增强、动力条件差导致的触发难度迅速加大,主观预报的优势没有发挥出来。     

Application of a Neural Network to Store and Compute the Optical Properties of Non-Spherical Particles

Radiative transfer simulations and remote sensing studies fundamentally require accurate and efficient computation of the optical properties of non-spherical particles. This paper proposes a deep learning (DL) scheme in conjunction with an optical property database to achieve this goal. Deep neural network (DNN) architectures were obtained from a dataset of the optical properties of super-spheroids with extensive shape parameters, size parameters, and refractive indices. The dataset was computed through the invariant imbedding T-matrix method. Four separate DNN architectures were created to compute the extinction efficiency factor, single-scattering albedo, asymmetry factor, and phase matrix. The criterion for designing these neural networks was the achievement of the highest prediction accuracy with minimal DNN parameters. The numerical results demonstrate that the determination coefficients are greater than 0.999 between the prediction values from the neural networks and the truth values from the database, which indicates that the DNN can reproduce the optical properties in the dataset with high accuracy. In addition, the DNN model can robustly predict the optical properties of particles with high accuracy for shape parameters or refractive indices that are unavailable in the database. Importantly, the ratio of the database size (~127 GB) to that of the DNN parameters (~20 MB) is approximately 6810, implying that the DNN model can be treated as a highly compressed database that can be used as an alternative to the original database for real-time computing of the optical properties of non-spherical particles in radiative transfer and atmospheric models.     

Improvement of 6–15 Day Precipitation Forecasts Using a Time-Lagged Ensemble Method简

A time-lagged ensemble method is used to improve 6-15 day precipitation forecasts from the Beijing Climate Center Atmospheric General Circulation Model,version 2.0.1.The approach averages the deterministic predictions of precipitation from the most recent model run and from earlier runs,all at the same forecast valid time.This lagged average forecast （LAF） method assigns equal weight to each ensemble member and produces a forecast by taking the ensemble mean.Our analyses of the Equitable Threat Score,the Hanssen and Kuipers Score,and the frequency bias indicate that the LAF using five members at time-lagged intervals of 6 h improves 6-15 day forecasts of precipitation frequency above 1 mm d-1 and 5 mm d-1 in many regions of China,and is more effective than the LAF method with selection of the time-lagged interval of 12 or 24 h between ensemble members.In particular,significant improvements are seen over regions where the frequencies of rainfall days are higher than about 40％-50％ in the summer season; these regions include northeastern and central to southern China,and the southeastem Tibetan Plateau.     

Seasonal Predictions of Summer Precipitation in the Middle-lower Reaches of the Yangtze River with Global and Regional Models Based on NUIST-CFS1.0

Accurate prediction of the summer precipitation over the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River(MLYR) is of urgent demand for the local economic and societal development. This study assesses the seasonal forecast skill in predicting summer precipitation over the MLYR region based on the global Climate Forecast System of Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology(NUIST-CFS1.0, previously SINTEX-F). The results show that the model can provide moderate skill in predicting the i...     

A strategy for merging objective estimates of global daily precipitation from gauge observations,satellite estimates,and numerical predictions

This paper describes a strategy for merging daily precipitation information from gauge observations, satellite estimates(SEs), and numerical predictions at the global scale. The strategy is designed to remove systemic bias and random error from each individual daily precipitation source to produce a better gridded global daily precipitation product through three steps.First, a cumulative distribution function matching procedure is performed to remove systemic bias over gauge-located land areas. Then, the overall biases in SEs and model predictions(MPs) over ocean areas are corrected using a rescaled strategy based on monthly precipitation. Third, an optimal interpolation(OI)–based merging scheme(referred as the HL-OI scheme)is used to combine unbiased gauge observations, SEs, and MPs to reduce random error from each source and to produce a gauge—satellite–model merged daily precipitation analysis, called BMEP-d(Beijing Climate Center Merged Estimation of Precipitation with daily resolution), with complete global coverage. The BMEP-d data from a four-year period(2011–14) demonstrate the ability of the merging strategy to provide global daily precipitation of substantially improved quality.Benefiting from the advantages of the HL-OI scheme for quantitative error estimates, the better source data can obtain more weights during the merging processes. The BMEP-d data exhibit higher consistency with satellite and gauge source data at middle and low latitudes, and with model source data at high latitudes. Overall, independent validations against GPCP-1DD(GPCP one-degree daily) show that the consistencies between BMEP-d and GPCP-1DD are higher than those of each source dataset in terms of spatial pattern, temporal variability, probability distribution, and statistical precipitation events.     

利用深度神经网络和先兆信号的江苏夏季降水客观预测方法

利用1961—2019年江苏省67个站降水量和气候指数数据集等资料,选取大气环流、海温和积雪等先兆信号的不同组合作为预测因子方案,通过对比不同机器学习方法对江苏省夏季降水开展预测试验。结果表明,深度神经网络（Deep Neural Network,DNN）较传统统计方法和其他机器学习方法有一定优势,深度神经网络结合动态权重集合因子方案对江苏省夏季降水的预测技巧最高,其独立样本检验结果稳定,2015—2019年的平均PS评分为76.0,距平符号一致率为0.62,距平相关系数达0.35,尤其对江苏省中南部的预测技巧更高,具有业务应用价值。不同预测因子方案对比分析表明,大气环流因子在江苏省夏季降水预测中做主要贡献,而海温因子和积雪等其他因子也有正贡献,说明使用综合性预测因子以及集合方案有助于提升季节预测准确率。      

广东“18.8”季风槽极端降水事件对流尺度集合预报分析

受季风槽影响,2018年8月30—31日华南地区出现一次极端暴雨过程,单日站点累计降水量达1?056.7 mm,刷新了广东有历史纪录以来新的极值。对于此次极端降水事件,常用的业务模式包括欧洲中期天气预报中心全球模式（ECMWF）、日本气象厅谱模式（JMA）和中国气象局广东快速更新同化数值预报系统（CMA-GD）,都低估了降水强度。利用深圳市气象局业务对流尺度集合预报系统分析了此次特大暴雨过程,结果表明：对流尺度集合预报系统对本次特大暴雨过程具有比较好的预报能力,概率匹配平均最大雨量达348.7 mm·(24 h)-1,集合平均的强降水中心和观测基本一致,观测极值附近区域发生大暴雨（≥150 mm）概率最大值达到80%。选取了较“好”和较“差”集合成员预报进行对比分析,发现较“好”成员预报的强降水中心位置和观测基本一致,而较“差”成员预报的降水中心位置则偏向福建地区。较 “好”成员预报出莲花山南侧地面中尺度辐合线较长时间的维持和缓慢移动,导致强降水雨团在莲花山脉附近不断地触发和维持,同时地形的阻挡作用使得对流系统在地形附近区域持续维持,造成了罕见的特大暴雨;而较“差”成员辐合区位于莲花山以北,对流形成后向东、向北移动,最终导致强降水预报位置偏向福建地区。