阿勒泰市克什喀拉苏沟泥石流形成条件及易发性评价

新疆地区是泥石流灾害的多发区和重灾区,本文以阿尔泰山南麓的克什喀拉苏沟为研究对象,在实地调查阿勒泰市克什喀拉苏沟泥石流灾害的基础上,根据泥石流地质灾害的地质环境条件,对泥石流灾害的类型、形成原因及流域特征进行分析,并对泥石流易发性进行评价,结果显示:该研究区泥石流灾害属易发程度,其形成主要受强降雨影响较大,详细论述了泥石流地质灾害类型、形成原因及易发性评价,且为防治工程设计、施工提供依据。     

甘肃陇南燕儿沟泥石流条件及其危险度评价

通过对燕儿沟流域的地质灾害调查,详细分析了该沟谷泥石流形成的地形条件、物源条件、水源条件,并对泥石流的运动学和动力学参数进行了分析计算,以便为后期的工程治理提供参考依据;结合该泥石流的发生规模和发生频率,对泥石流的危险度进行了评价,结果表示该泥石流属高度危险等级,计算结果与燕儿沟泥石流实际发生的灾情基本相符。     

青河县县城北侧泥石流灾害形成条件及动力学特征研究

泥石流形成条件和动力学特征是泥石流灾害风险管理的重要内容。本文在对研究区自然地理概况和区域地质环境条件分析的基础上,结合对青河县城北泥石流研究区的野外实地调查,对研究区内发育的四条泥石流的形成条件以及动力学特征进行分析和研究。通过对研究区泥石流灾害的形成条件以及动力学特征值的计算和分析,可以为该市开展泥石流地质灾害的危险性评价工作提供理论依据。     

澜沧江结义坡沟泥石流灾害评价

为查明坝址区是否存在泥石流地质灾害,分析其对建坝的影响,现场对结义坡泥石流沟进行了追踪调查,以充分认识沟谷的地形地貌条件、地质条件、植被发育情况以及泥石流的活动痕迹、冲淤特征等。并对泥石流沟谷、堆积扇等进行了有关的试验及量测工作。用国内外常用的计算稀性泥石流参数的公式对泥石流的流速、流量及冲击力等参数进行了计算,为正确评价泥石流地质灾害奠定基础。调查研究表明,结义坡沟泥石流活动正处于停歇期,但应注意加强集水区内水土保持工作,尤其是对结义坡沟入口段裸露坡体要引起重视。     

吉隆口岸美多当千泥石流基本特征及形成条件

受尼泊尔4.25地震的影响,西藏自治区吉隆口岸地区新增了大量的泥石流物源,成为该区严重的地质灾害隐患,。美多当千泥石流即为发育于该区的一条较为典型的泥石流。对美多当千泥石流的沟域平面特征、纵坡降特征进行研究,对其形成条件进行分析,发现该泥石流的发与当地地形地貌、物源条件和水源条件关系密切。这一研究成果对该地区泥石流防治具有一定的理论指导意义和实用价值。     

河南鲁山县泥石流灾害特征及防治建议

鲁山县位于河南省中部偏西,为河南省地质灾害多发县市之一,随着人类工程活动、旅游业的发展．人类活动已成为诱发地质灾害的主要因素,由于该地区特殊地质条件、地形条件、水文条件．使得泥石流灾害尤为严重．本文论述了该县泥石流发育特征、形成因素、活动特征、灾害特征,并对该县泥石流灾害治理提出了防治建议。     

吉隆口岸美多当千泥石流基本特征及形成条件

受尼泊尔4.25地震的影响,西藏自治区吉隆口岸地区新增了大量的泥石流物源,成为该区严重的地质灾害隐患,。美多当千泥石流即为发育于该区的一条较为典型的泥石流。对美多当千泥石流的沟域平面特征、纵坡降特征进行研究,对其形成条件进行分析,发现该泥石流的发与当地地形地貌、物源条件和水源条件关系密切。这一研究成果对该地区泥石流防治具有一定的理论指导意义和实用价值。     

辽宁省岫岩地区地质灾害特征与防治措施

本文概述了辽宁省岫岩地区地质灾害状况与危害、山地灾害形成条件及影响因素,主要灾害种类泥石流、崩（滑）塌灾害特征。对该地区地质灾害发育成因进行了分析,论述了对该地区地质灾害综合防治原则、规划及措施。     

层次分析法在平凉市崆峒区城市地质灾害易发性评价中的应用

本文通过对平凉市崆峒区城市地质灾害调查数据的综合分析,采用层次分析法构建崆峒区城区地质灾害易发性评价指标体系,根据城区地质灾害分布发育特征,建立崩塌、滑坡、泥石流地质灾害易发性层次结构模型,确定其影响因素权重,对崆峒区城市范围的地质灾害易发性进行了分区评价,其评价结果与实际条件比较吻合。其区划成果对崆峒区城市发展规划、减灾防灾以及灾害治理提供了可靠的依据,为开展黄土高原河谷阶地型城市地质灾害易发性评价工作具有一定的指导意义。     

安徽太湖县地质灾害特征及其危险性评价

太湖县地处安徽省西南部、大别山区南缘,地质条件复杂,地形切割较大,山体陡峭,岩石风化强烈,加上人类工程活动活跃,降雨集中,在很大程度上改变了原有的地质环境条件,在内外动力作用下,导致该地区存在或者发育多种地质环境问题,如水土流失、矿山环境问题和滑坡、崩塌、泥石流等.其中滑坡、崩塌和泥石流等是这一地区较为严重的地质环境问题,因地质灾害而造成的经济损失较为严重.本文分析了县域内地质灾害发育特征、分布规律及地质灾害形成条件,对该区地质灾害危险性进行了分区评价,并就如何加强地质灾害防治提出了建议.     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

Mountains,nations, parks,and conservation

Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km² and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world.     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).     

NEW SET OF LOW CONCENTRATION STANDARDS FOR LA, CE, SM, YB, LU, Y, SC, V, NB AND TA IN SILICATES

We have developed a set of four synthetic standards for the rare earth and high field strength elements designed for use in the determination of those elements in silicates. The base material is a glass nominally at the eutectic of the MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ ternary system. The nominal doping level was 2 wt% of the elements as oxides. To avoid problems associated with peak interference, the elements were doped in four separate glasses.