蛇绿岩鉴别的关键问题探讨

蛇绿岩的鉴别是蛇绿岩与地球动力学研究的基本问题之一,不同时代,不同成因及不同构造背景下形成的蛇绿岩,它们的端员缚分大多不太完整,并且各不相同,但堆积杂岩是必不可少的,蛇绿岩鉴别的关键问题就是堆积杂岩的判别研究,应加强对典型蛇绿岩中堆积杂岩的系统研究,以期总结出一套有效的判别标志用于蛇绿岩的鉴别。     

青海省通天河发现蛇绿岩套

1983年6—7月,我们在青海省玉树地区进行地质考察时,在直门达西通天河边的尕拉发现了一个较好的蛇绿岩套剖面。蛇绿岩套虽已被强烈肢解、破碎、片理化,但其各组成部分基本具备,在通天河构造带上可作为一个代表性剖面。通天河—金沙江作为一个构造带在国内已得到了普遍承认和应用,近年来研究板块构造的学者甚至把它作为分隔南、北两大古陆的界线——板块缝合线;然而在这条带上除了张之孟等曾报导过得荣附近的蛇绿岩套外,特别在西部通天河一带至今还无正式的蛇绿岩套报导。因此,尕拉蛇绿岩套剖面的新发现,对通天河—金沙江带的蛇绿岩套特征、古特提斯海的演化历史、青藏高原的地质结构及形成模式的研究提供了新资料     

塞浦路斯地壳研究计划

塞浦路斯地壳研究计划是国际地壳研究计划钻探组织(ICRDG)与塞浦路斯政府通过其地质调查部的一项联合探索研究。此计划的目的在于应用高速钻探与广泛的地表地质和地球物理研究相结合的方法,对于塞浦路斯特罗多斯(Troodos)地区的蛇绿岩再次进行详细研究。由8个国家的约100位地学家组成 ICRDG 的小组,包括许多熟悉蛇绿岩和通过“格洛马尔挑战者”(Glomar Challenger)工作而熟悉实地的海洋地壳情况的专家参加,这样就可以从一种新的角度来评价蛇绿岩。目前正集中研究阿格罗基皮亚(Agroki-pia)和帕勒霍里(Palekhori)两地之间蛇绿岩的北缘,在此地段的研究钻探和相应的标图工作     

雅鲁藏布江蛇绿岩带的新观察资料

作者一九七九年六月份在西藏日喀则地区着重对雅鲁藏布江蛇绿岩带进行了补充观察,发现雅鲁藏布江蛇绿岩层序与理想的洋底的蛇绿岩层序非常相似,由下而上的顺序为:橄榄岩(主要是方辉橄榄岩和纯橄榄岩)、辉长岩或辉长岩脉群、基性火山岩、枕状熔岩和含有孔虫硅质岩等,属于少数保存较完整的蛇绿岩套之一。在空间分布上硅质岩系多出露在蛇绿岩带的南侧,并常与三叠系复理石呈断层接触;在北面则与晚白垩世日喀则群呈断层接触     

胶东半岛发现元古宙蛇绿岩套

胶东半岛发现元古宙蛇绿岩套王仁民（北京大学地质学系，北京１００８７１）近年来在原胶东群内部，新发现一条ＮＮＥ走向的蛇绿岩套。层序基本齐全，出露宽约１５ｋｍ，从北海岸到南海岸延长在１００ｋｍ以上，大约在东经１２２°附近将胶东半岛分割为东西两半。蛇绿岩套     

国内外地震科学钻探与测井技术应用

大地震发生后, 在断裂带开展科学钻探是研究地震发震机理的快速反应和科学计划手段。 测井技术是重要的井中地球物理探测方法。 本文结合日本Nojima断层科学钻探、 美国San Andreas科学深钻、 台湾车笼埔钻探和中国汶川地震科学钻探研究成果, 综述了国内外地震科学钻探计划实施和研究进展, 对比和分析了测井技术在其中发挥的作用和取得的成果。 最后, 对地震科学钻探井中观测研究提出了建议, 并展望了测井技术在地震科学钻探中的应用。     

大陆科学钻探—固体地球科学新发展的突破口

本文从当代固体地球科学发展所面临的若干关键问题──板块大地构造学说的崛起、地震预测研究、大型隐伏矿床预测和科学钻探结果产生的冲击等出发，提出了大陆科学钻探是固体地球科学新发展的突破口的观点．本文对大陆科学钻探的进展情况做了综述。特别是对在这一领域中有代表性的前苏联、美国、德国大陆科学钻探计划和做法进行了详细分析，并结合我国具体情况，对在我国实施大陆科学钻探计划提出了几点建议。     

古特提斯蛇绿岩的综合对比及其动力学意义--以德尔尼蛇绿岩为例

获得的德尔尼蛇绿岩变基性火山岩的Nd-Pb同位素特征表明地幔源区由混合了第2类富集地幔(EMII)的亏损地幔(DMM)组成, 同位素组成与印度洋和南太平洋MORB类似, 具备DUPAL异常. 在此基础上进行的综合对比显示德尔尼蛇绿岩在物质组成、形成时代和源区特征方面均与三江地区的古特提斯蛇绿岩一致, 阿尼玛卿古特提斯洋盆的演化也与三江和秦岭地区的多个古特提斯洋盆在裂解、扩张、萎缩和碰撞的时代上基本保持同步. 结合前人工作及区域资料, 这为东古特提斯域洋盆的演化受控于下地幔组分积极参与的深部过程提供了进一步证据, 这一过程影响了中生代的东亚大地构造格局.     

秦岭地区丹风群蛇绿岩古地磁研究及其大地构造意义

本文对秦岭造山带内丹风群蛇绿岩进行了较为详尽的古地磁研究,通过对剩磁分量成因形成时代及变质变形作用对特征分量的影响的讨论,初步确定了丹风群古地磁极位置和古纬度值,并对丹风群的形成演化作了初步探讨     

喜马拉雅造山带西部拉昂错蛇绿岩带区域地壳深部结构及其可能构造归属研究

前人研究表明喜马拉雅造山带西部出露的拉昂错蛇绿混杂岩为新特提斯洋壳岩石圈的一部分,代表了新特提斯洋的关闭及其随后大洋岩石圈物质的仰冲.鉴于拉昂错蛇绿岩的构造演化历史尚不明确,前期对于拉昂错蛇绿岩带构造归属的研究主要基于岩石学研究和地表地质调查等,缺少精细的深部地壳结构进行运动学指示,因此证明拉昂错蛇绿混杂岩体的构造归属并非易事.本次研究中,我们对前期获得的一条南北向延伸穿过雅鲁藏布江缝合带和喜马拉雅造山带西部拉昂错蛇绿岩体的112 km长的深反射地震剖面进行了构造解释.高分辨率的深反射地震剖面清晰地显示了喜马拉雅山脉西部造山带内发育良好的地壳双冲构造几何结构,该地壳尺度双冲构造将印度俯冲地壳物质从底部运移到上部.同时,地震剖面还显示拉昂错蛇绿岩体和雅鲁藏布江蛇绿岩体在上地壳深处呈倾向相反但底部相通的结构构造.结合前人的岩石学/地球化学/地表地质研究成果,我们认为拉昂错蛇绿岩体为雅鲁藏布江缝合带蛇绿岩体的一部分.印度俯冲前缘的双冲构造折返将深部物质带到地表过程的同时,还将部分雅鲁藏布江蛇绿混杂岩携带至南侧距主缝合带位置大约20 km的拉昂错蛇绿岩区域.     

Oceanic versus island arc origin of ophiolites

The silica content of basaltic rocks is an unreliable variable with which to distinguish ultramafic-mafic complexes developed at ocean ridges from those potentially formed beneath volcanic island arcs. Data from Appalachian ophiolites supports the view that silica metasomatism is responsible for the high silica content of supposed calc-alkaline basaltic rocks found in ophiolites such as Troodos, and that the high-silica (70 wt.%) leucocratic rocks associated with ophiolites are of tholeiitic rather than calc-alkaline parentage. The use of titanium as a discriminant of tectonic environment is also suspect because the titanium content of basalts associated with Appalachian ophiolites as well as those recently recovered from the Atlantic ocean floor ranges from values even lower than those typical of island arc tholeiites to values typical of abyssal tholeiites. However, the internal stratigraphy of ophiolites in both the Appalachian and Tethyan systems can only be explained on the basis of the postulate that ophiolites originate at oceanic spreading centres rather than beneath island arcs.     

新疆色日克牙依拉克蛇绿岩特征及成矿远景

论文讨论了色日克牙依拉克蛇绿岩的岩石类型组合及岩石地球化学特征,结合区域地质情况分析认为：该蛇绿岩形成于裂谷一小洋盆环境,代表了塔里木板块和伊犁中天山微板块的最后缝合线位置。蛇绿岩出露地带,二辉橄榄岩和纯橄榄岩内均见有铬铁矿、磁铁矿等,局部地表见有镍华。因此,该地对于寻找铬、镍等矿床,有较大的潜力。     

Tethyan ophiolites and Pangea break-up

Abstract The break‐up of Pangea began during the Triassic and was preceded by a generalized Permo‐Triassic formation of continental rifts along the future margins between Africa and Europe, between Africa and North America, and between North and South America. During the Middle–Late Triassic, an ocean basin cutting the eastern equatorial portion of the Pangea opened as a prograding branch of the Paleotethys or as a new ocean (the Eastern Tethys); westwards, continental rift basins developed. The Western Tethys and Central Atlantic began to open only during the Middle Jurassic. The timing of the break‐up can be hypothesized from data from the oceanic remnants of the peri‐Mediterranean and peri‐Caribbean regions (the Mesozoic ophiolites) and from the Atlantic ocean crust. In the Eastern Tethys, Middle–Late Triassic mid‐oceanic ridge basalt (MORB) ophiolites, Middle–Upper Jurassic MORB, island arc tholeiite (IAT) supra‐subduction ophiolites and Middle–Upper Jurassic metamorphic soles occur, suggesting that the ocean drifting was active from the Triassic to the Middle Jurassic. The compressive phases, as early as during the Middle Jurassic, were when the drifting was still active and caused the ocean closure at the Jurassic–Cretaceous boundary and, successively, the formation of the orogenic belts. The present scattering of the ophiolites is a consequence of the orogenesis: once the tectonic disturbances are removed, the Eastern Tethys ophiolites constitute a single alignment. In the Western Tethys only Middle–Upper Jurassic MORB ophiolites are present – this was the drifting time. The closure began during the Late Cretaceous and was completed during the Eocene. Along the area linking the Western Tethys to the Central Atlantic, the break‐up was realized through left lateral wrench movements. In the Central Atlantic – the link between the Western Tethys and the Caribbean Tethys – the drifting began at the same time and is still continuing. The Caribbean Tethys opened probably during the Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous. The general picture rising from the previous data suggest a Pangea break‐up rejuvenating from east to west, from the Middle–Late Triassic to the Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous.     

A new model for chromitite formation in ophiolites: Fluid immiscibility

Although the involvement of hydrous fluids has been widely invoked in formation of podiform chromitites in ophiolites, there is lack of natural evidence to signify the role and mechanism of fluids. In this study, a new model for the genesis of podiform chromitite is proposed on basis of revisits of comprehensive petrological, mineralogical and geochemical results of the well-preserved K?z?lda? ophiolite and the well-characterized Luobusa chromite deposit. In this model, ascending magmas intruding oceanic lithospheric mantle would presumably form a series of small magma chambers continuously connected by conduits. Tiny chromite nuclei would collect fluids dispersed in such magmas to form nascent droplets. They tend to float upward in the magma chamber and would be easily transported upward by flowing magmas. Chromite-rich droplets would be enlarged via coalescence of dispersed droplets during mingling and circulation in the magma chamber and/or transport in magma conduits. Crystallization of the chromite-rich liquid droplets would proceed from the margin of the droplet inward, leaving liquid entrapped within grains as precursor of mineral inclusions. With preferential upward transportation, immiscible chromite-rich liquids would coalesce to a large pool in a magma chamber. Large volumes of chromite would crystallize in situ, forming podiform chromitite and resulting in fluid enrichment in the chamber. The fluids would penetrate and compositionally modify ambient dunite and harzburgite, leading to significant fractionations of elemental and isotopic compositions between melts and fluids from which dunite and chromitite respectively formed. Therefore, fluid immiscibility during basaltic magma ascent plays a vital role in chromitite formation.     

Uranium as an indicator of the origin of the Tethyan ophiolites

The distribution of uranium in minerals and rocks of the ophiolitic sequences from the Northern Apennines (Italy) and the Hellenides (Greece) of the Tethyan mountain belt has been investigated by fission-track mapping. Whole-rock U abundances, ranging from 11 to 74 ppb in ultramafic rocks, from 13 to 54 ppb in gabbroic rocks, from 73 to 281 ppb in basalts and from 279 to 900 ppb in spilites, partially reflect the post-crystallization history of the rocks. Among the fresh relics of primary rock-forming minerals, clinopyroxene has the highest U content. The estimated original U concentration of ultramafic rocks is about 1 – 10 ppb. These rocks do not appear to represent the primary undepleted mantle material. U distribution in the analyzed suites of ophiolites is consistent with a model for alpine-type ophiolites, where harzburgites and lherzolites of the basal ultramafic zone represent the residuum after extraction of oceanic tholeiitic magma. The segregated basaltic liquid either extruded rapidly as basalts or underwent magmatic differentiation in a quiet environment producing mineral accumulates as troctolites and gabbros.     

Origin of the troodos and other ophiolites: A reply to moores

Advocates of the hypothesis of mid-oceanic ridge origin for ophiolites endeavored to show similarities between ophiolites and mid-oceanic ridges as evidence for their hypothesis. Some of the similarities claimed to exist appear to be true. However, this does not prove their hypothesis, because analogous similarities exist between ophiolites and some island arcs as well. Such advocates claim that rocks of the Troodos ophiolitic complex were subjected to such intense metasomatic changes that my hypothesis of island-arc origin for Troodos based on the bulk chemical analyses of rocks is not justified. However, a detailed examination of compositional variation in Troodos volcanic rocks has revealed that, though some components (e.g., K) were strongly mobile during secondary processes, other components were not, and the presently observed compositional variation resulted mainly from crystallization differentiation. Their assumption of large-scale silica metasomatism for Troodos cannot explain the compositional features of rocks and is contradictory to the hypothesis of mid-oceanic ridge origin, because such metasomatism does not appear to take place in mid-oceanic ridges.     

Mesozoic to Tertiary tectonic history of the Mirdita ophiolites, northern Albania

Abstract In this paper, a summary of the tectonic history of the Mirdita ophiolitic nappe, northern Albania, is proposed by geological and structural data. The Mirdita ophiolitic nappe includes a subophiolite mélange, the Rubik complex, overlain by two ophiolite units, referred to as the Western and Eastern units. Its history started in the Early Triassic with a rifting stage followed by a Middle to Late Triassic oceanic opening between the Adria and Eurasia continental margins. Subsequently, in Early Jurassic time, the oceanic basin was affected by convergence with the development of a subduction zone. The existence of this subduction zone is provided by the occurrence of the supra‐subduction‐zone‐related magmatic sequences found in both the Western and Eastern units of the Mirdita ophiolitic nappe. During the Middle Jurassic, continuous convergence resulted in the obduction of the oceanic lithosphere, in two different stages – the intraoceanic and marginal stages. The intraoceanic stage is characterized by the westward thrusting of a young and still hot section of oceanic lithosphere leading to the development of a metamorphic sole. In the Late Jurassic, the marginal stage developed by the emplacement of the ophiolitic nappe onto the continental margin. During this second stage, the emplacement of the ophiolites resulted in the development of the Rubik complex. In the Early Cretaceous, the final emplacement of the ophiolites was followed by the unconformable sedimentation of the Barremian–Senonian platform carbonate. From the Late Cretaceous to the Middle Miocene, the Mirdita ophiolitic nappe was translated westward during the progressive migration of the deformation front toward the Adria Plate. In the Middle to Late Miocene, a thinning of the whole nappe pile was achieved by extensional tectonics, while the compression was still active in the westernmost areas of the Adria Plate. On the whole, the Miocene deformations resulted in the uplift and exposition of the Mirdita ophiolites as observed today.     

澳门土壤剪切波速的相关性分析

土壤的剪切波速(VS),是抗震设计的一个重要参数,但有关澳门土层的相关资料则十分稀少。研究的主要目的是根据近期野外测试的结果,探讨澳门土层的VS与标准贯入试验的打击锤数(N)的关系,并以简单之幂函数建立VS与N值的关系式。作为澳门轻轨交通系统之勘察计划,研究进行了五组下孔法(DH),地震波圆锥触探试验(S-CPT)以及标准贯入试验(SPT)的测试。根据试验结果所得的关系式估算剪切波速高于较澳门轻轨设计大纲的建议值,而使用另一有关澳门土层的数据库来验证新的关系式,亦可获得合理的决定系数。     

Is the Vourinos Complex an island arc ophiolite?

A geochemical study has been undertaken on the Vourinos ophiolites, northern Greece, a complex long known for its unusual characteristics such as an environment of acidic rocks and a calc-alkaline chemical affinity. The Nd-Sr isotopic ratios and the Hf/Th and Ta/Th ratios are indicative of an island arc origin for Vourinos as opposed to the mid-oceanic ridge origin inferred for other ophiolites such as Inzecca, Corsica. Other data on trace elements confirm that the cumulative suite and the lavas originated from the same magma through a simple fractional crystallization process and show that this magma would have formed through partial melting of an already highly-depleted material. It is thus possible to distinguish ophiolites with MORB characteristics from island arc ophiolites such as the Vourinos Complex, the existence of the latter type imposing new constraints on the possible tectonic processes for emplacement.     

Comparison of eastern paleo-Tethyan ophiolites and its geodynamic significance--Evidence from Dur''ngoi ophiolite

Nd-Pb isotopic geochemistry of metabasalt from Dur'ngoi ophiolite, Qinghai Province, NW China reveals the presence of DMM mixing with EMIl components in its upper mantle source, which is comparable with present Indian MORB. Comparisons indicate that the geochemistry, chronology and source characteristics of Dur'ngoi ophiolite coincide with Paleo-tethyan ophiolites from "Sanjiang" area. Together with evidences from regional geology in adjacent areas, this study proves that independent paleo-tethyan basins evolved contemporarily,the dynamics of which is attributed to the interaction of mantle plume with over-riding lithosphere.