东天山一个多相带高铷氟花岗岩的地球化学及成岩作用

东天山星星峡白石头泉含黄玉花岗岩岩体在露头上显示很好的岩性分带，从下至上依次为：淡色花岗岩(a带)，含天河石花岗岩(b带)，天河石花岗岩(c带)，含黄玉天河石花岗岩(d带)以及黄玉钠长花岗岩(e带)。在岩体中存在众多的天河石伟晶岩脉和透镜体，在岩体围岩中还可见到黄玉钠长石脉。岩体的结晶和固结是由下往上进行的。石英和黄玉是最早从熔体中晶出的矿物相，而天河石是由富含流体的残余熔体填隙结晶或与先存矿物反应而成。从a带到e带总的趋势是：(1)随着石英斑晶粒径渐大和晶形渐好，岩石结构从等粒状变为似斑状；(2)天河石和黄玉富集于最上部的三个带；(3)随着Li和(Al Ti)含量的增加，白色云母成份从a，b，c带的铁叶云母演化到d带的铁锂云母；(4)F、H2O、AJ2O3和Na2O含量增加，而SiO，FeO、KO含量和Fe^2 ／Fe^3 比值降低，且在标准矿物Qz-Ab-Or图解上，成分投影向Ab顶角移动；(5)Co、M、Cr、W、Nb、Zr、U、Th、Y、含量和K／Rb、Zr／Hf比值降低，而F、Li、Rb、Ga、V、Sn含量和Rb／Cs、Ga／Al、LaCN／LuCN比值加大；(6)δ^18O从9．25‰-9．75‰下降到7．32‰；(7)石英熔体包裹体均-法温度从860℃-810℃下降到680℃-660℃。上述岩性和地球化学分带是由于岩浆中较高的F和H：O含量，促进了分离结晶和流体搬运的结果。     

中天山白石头泉岩体年代学、岩石成因及构造意义

白石头泉岩体位于中天山北缘边界断裂(沙泉子断裂)南侧。该岩体从下至上可分为五个连续过渡的岩相带,即淡色花岗岩(a带),含天河石花岗岩(b带),天河石花岗岩(c带),含黄玉天河石花岗岩(d带)以及黄玉钠长花岗岩(e带),其中,b、c、d和e带均为a带分异的产物。白石头泉岩体的LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年结果表明,该岩体侵位于早二叠世早期(295.6±1.3Ma),并于印支期(~214Ma)经历了一次热事件的改造。淡色花岗岩在主量元素上富硅(SiO₂= 74.93%~76.18%)、富碱(K₂O + Na₂O=8.07%~8.80%)、富钠(K₂O / Na₂O=0.82~0.89),贫钙、镁,而在微量元素上富Rb、F和Ga(Al/Ga比值为2217~3134),贫Ba、Sr和Eu并具强烈的铕负异常(δEu=0.0020~0.0091),反映出其源区为富含白云母的片岩(或片麻岩),成岩压力较低,温度大于860℃。结合区域地质特征,作者等认为白石头泉岩体形成于相对拉张的构造背景,是中-上地壳源岩经历高温贫水熔融的产物,其形成与幔源岩浆内侵作用有关。     

东疆白石头泉含黄玉天河石花岗岩体的地球化学：分带和岩浆演化

白石头泉含黄玉的天河石花岗岩体Rb-Sr等时线年龄209.6±9.6 Ma，从下至上可分为5个连续过渡的岩相带，即淡色花岗岩（a带），含天河石花岗岩（b带），天河石花岗岩（c带），含黄玉天河石花岗岩（d带）以及黄玉钠长花岗岩（e带）。岩体的岩石地球化学特征是高F（> 2 %）、高 Rb (500×10-6～1 087×10-6)，低 P2O5 (≤0.06%)，Na2O>K2O，弱过铝 (A/NKC=1.00~1.11)、翼型稀土元素配分曲线 (ΣREE=28.6×10-6~231.9×10-6)、低(La/Lu)N值 (0.11~0.68)、强烈Eu负异常(Eu/Eu* = 0.0005~0.0110)、Nd同位素富集（εNd (t )= -4.4~-4.9）。该岩体的岩浆是中地壳云母片麻岩部分熔融的产物。从a带到e带的地球化学变化是：（1）F，A2O3和Na2O含量逐渐增加，而SiO2，（Fe2O3+FeO+MgO+MnO）、FeO和K2O含量逐渐减少，在标准矿物的Qz-Ab-Or图上总体向Ab角顶移动；（2）总体而言，Cr，Ni，Co，V，W，Nb，Zr，U，Th和Y含量逐渐减少，而F，Li，Rb，Hf，Ta，Sn，Sc，Ga和Zn含量逐渐增加，但d带到e带间存在Li，Rb，Sn，Sc和Zn含量的突降；（3）K/Rb，Al/Ga，Nb/Ta和Zr/Hf值下降， 但K/Cs，Th/U，(La/Lu)N值上升；（4）全岩的δ18O 值从a带的9.25 ‰~9.75 ‰降低到e带的7.32 ‰，d带与e带间存在2.1‰的δ18O值突降。岩浆从a带到e带的垂向分带是分离结晶和流体输运的共同结果。岩体的d带与e带存在明显的成分间断。在矿物成分上表现为黄玉、钠长石和白云母的剧增，钾长石和天河石的剧减。在主量元素上表现为 Na2O和CaO含量的剧增，SiO2和K2O含量的剧减。在微量元素上表现为F，Ga，Sr和Ba含量的剧增，Li，Rb，Sc，Zn和Sn含量的剧减。在稀土元素上，Eu/Eu*和(La/Lu)N值增加，而ΣREE值降低。在氧同位素特征上，δ18O值显著降低。这种间断不仅受分离结晶和流体输运的制约，也与天水加入、围岩混染和亚固相线淋滤有关。     

东疆星星峡地区白石头泉高铷氟花岗岩的特征和成因

新疆哈密白石头泉高铷氟花岗岩体自中心往顶部可分为：淡色花岗岩、天河石花岗岩、黄玉天河石花岗岩和黄玉石英钠长岩等岩相。各岩相之间在矿物成分和结构构造上有着系统的变化。岩体的岩浆可能来自于挤压背景下富含泥质的地槽沉积物的超变质和部分熔融。其成岩作用包括了熔体中的直接结晶和岩浆晚期－期后热液的交代两个过程。高含量的氟对于岩浆的演化起着重要作用。     

新疆哈密新发现的铷矿床成因：来自矿床地质和地球化学的证据

新疆哈密新发现的张宝山铷矿床是近年东天山地区典型的超大型稀有金属矿床。为研究花岗岩成矿作用、指导东天山地区稀有金属找矿工作,在详实的野外地质调查的基础上,开展了岩相学、矿物学和岩石地球化学研究,揭示矿床成因。地球化学研究表明,岩体高硅、富碱,且Na₂O>K₂O、高F(>2%)、高Rb,∑REE含量介于21.4×10^-6～190.4×10^-6之间,具强烈的负Eu异常特征。稀土元素配分模式具“M”型四分组效应。微量元素以富含Li、Rb、Cs、W、Sn、Nb、Hf、Th、Ga等稀有、稀散元素为特征,为稀有金属矿化提供了物质基础。岩浆演化不同相带中F含量高,且寄主于云母中,F与稀有金属元素形成络合物迁移到岩体中。电子探针分析表明,铷主要以类质同象赋存在造岩矿物钾长石及白云母中,且矿脉中Rb的品位与这2种矿物含量呈正比,含铷岩体先后侵入淡色花岗岩、含天河石花岗岩、天河石花岗岩、含黄玉天河石花岗岩、黄玉钠长石花岗岩、含天河石花岗伟晶岩脉。越演化到晚期,Rb品位越高。综合分析认为,张宝山铷矿经历了多阶...     

江西雅山富氟高磷花岗岩中的磷酸盐矿物及其成因意义

江西雅山黄玉锂云母花岗岩属典型的华南[富氟高磷花岗岩（P2O5＝0．15％－0．55％），表现为富氟（F＝1．07％－2．04％），强过铝性（A／NKC＝1．26－1．60），具有很高的Li,Rb,Cs,Be,Nb,Ta含量和很低的Y、REE含量.磷锂铝石是雅山黄玉锂云母花岗岩中的主要磷酸盐矿物，其产出与否同体的Li,Rb,Cs含量密切相关；磷锂铝石和长石矿物都是雅山黄玉锂云母花岗岩中磷的主要贮体，并且相互之间呈互补关系，当出现磷锂铝石时，磷锂铝石为全岩磷的主要贡献者，当无磷锂铝石晶出时，长石矿物为全岩磷的主要贡献者，体系的强过铝性以及很低的REE，Y，Ca含量使得磷灰石，独居石，磷钇矿都难以达到饱和结晶，磷灰石为少量出现，并且大部分为晚期形成；独居石和磷钇矿都为极少出现，反映出雅山岩体演化过程中具有独居石，磷钇矿等稀土磷酸盐矿物的结晶分离，铍磷酸盐矿物－羟磷铍钙石的出现反映了雅山黄玉锂云母花岗岩存在岩浆期后的含Be,Ca热液流体的作用。     

新疆可可托海矿区小虎斯特91号脉中云母类矿物学特征与地质意义

以小虎斯特91号伟晶岩脉中的不同结构带及蚀变围岩、交代岩、锂云母细脉中云母矿物为研究对象,通过电子探针(EMPA)和激光剥蚀等离子体质谱(LA-ICP-MS)对各结构带不同产状的云母进行主微量成分分析.研究表明,91号脉从围岩蚀变带、伟晶岩边缘带、外侧带、中间带到核部带,依次发育黑云母、白云母、富锂白云母和锂云母,伟晶岩中云母类矿物显示由白云母向锂云母演化趋势.Li在白云母和富锂云母(锂白云母和锂云母)中的置换机制不同,分别可能为2SiⅣ+ LiⅥ(←→)3A1Tot和Si+Li(←→)AlTot+Fe (Zn,Mn,Mg)(白云母)和3LiⅥ(←→)AlⅥ+ 2□Ⅵ(富锂云母,□代表空位).小虎斯特91号伟晶岩脉经历了岩浆-热液的演化过程,随着演化进行,云母中K/Rb、Mg/Li比值显著降低,Li、Rb、Cs、F含量显著增大,指示分离结晶作用是晚期熔体相Li、Rb、Cs、F富集的主要机制.但云母类矿物的主、微量元素特征显示小虎斯特91号脉岩浆-热液过渡阶段特征不明显,伟晶岩演化很快由正岩浆阶段转化为热液阶段.     

江西雅山花岗岩岩浆演化及其Ta-Nb富集机制

雅山岩体是华南地区著名的富含钽铌矿的稀有金属花岗岩。从早阶段到晚阶段花岗岩中的云母的Li、F和Rb₂O含量逐渐升高,其类型变化为“黑鳞云母→Li-云母→锂云母”。锆石的Zr元素被Hf、U、Th、Y和P等元素的置换比例随着岩浆演化程度升高而增大。云母和锆石矿物成分变化特征与全岩体系的Zr/Hf、Nb/Ta比值不断下降而F、Li和P₂O₅含量逐渐升高的趋势一致,将可以用于指示岩浆演化程度。在岩浆演化过程中不断富集的P、F、Li元素增加了熔体中非桥氧数（NBO）,促使钽-铌元素在岩浆中的溶解度加大而逐渐富集,在最晚阶段的黄玉锂云母花岗岩具有最高的Ta、Nb元素含量。因此,雅山花岗岩具有较高的F、Li、P₂O₅含量是其岩浆演化及其Ta-Nb富集的重要机制。西华山花岗岩中的云母与雅山花岗岩中的锂云母相比,具有明显较低的F、Li、Rb₂O含量,表明西华山花岗岩的岩浆演化程度相对低于雅山花岗岩。西华山花岗岩中的钨富集与流体作用密切相关,体系氧逸度的降低促使了钨成矿。因此,岩浆演化程度的不同可能是造成华南稀有金属花岗岩发生不同成矿作用（如Ta-Nb矿和W矿）的重要原因。     

九岭式狮子岭岩体型稀有金属成矿作用研究进展及其找矿意义

赣西北是我国重要的稀有金属成矿区,成矿作用主要集中于武功山隆起和九岭隆起,其中的武功山隆起产有我国最大的岩体型稀有金属矿床414矿,在九岭隆起是否也能找到类似于414的大型稀有金属矿床成为业界关注的焦点。本文在华南稀有稀散和稀土矿产调查评价项目开展过程中,查明了赣西北九岭地区的狮子岭岩体也存在类似的稀有金属矿化,矿化主要赋存于黑磷云母—含锂白云母碱长花岗岩、锂(白)云母碱长花岗岩和黄玉锂云母碱长花岗岩三类岩石中,三类岩石的分带特点与武功山隆起雅山含矿岩体从Ⅴ带的二云母碱长花岗岩到Ⅱ带的黄玉—锂云母—钠长石花岗岩演变趋势有非常明显的相似性。同时,详细的矿物学研究表明,狮子岭岩体稀有金属矿化特征与414矿也存在一定差异,如狮子岭黄玉—锂云母碱长花岗岩中磷锂铝石超常富集,含量可到4%～5%,已成为矿石中锂的主要载体之一;岩体中绿柱石、富钽锡石、铌钽铁矿、钽铌铁矿等工业稀有金属矿物也普遍存在,这些发现为该地区Li、Be、Ta及Sn的找矿工作部署提供了直接依据。同时,文章对九岭地区锂矿资源的成矿潜力、成矿机制以及华南地区岩体型锂矿找矿方向进行了探讨,深化了稀有元素在花岗岩类中成矿作用的认识,对华南地区稀有金属的找矿工作可能也将产生积极的影响。     

英格兰西南部黄玉花岗岩的岩石成因及成矿意义

晚期富挥发分的黄玉花岗岩广泛而零星地产于英格兰西南部含Sn-Cu多金属矿化的S型黑云母花岗岩岩基中。St.Austell地区的最新观察资料查明了其野外关系，并论证了影响花岗质容矿主岩和沉积岩容矿主岩的电气石化晕的意义。黄玉花岗岩接触带通常以显示出无定向固结结构、具有石英－电气石晶洞的伟晶岩带为标志，较小的侵入黄玉花岗岩岩席在其围岩中具有对称状电气石化晕。黄玉花岗岩矿物组成复杂，除钠长石、正长石和石英外，还含原生黄玉、铁锂云母或锂云母、磷铝锂石以及各种富Nb-Ta的副矿物。在化学成分上，它们与黑云母花岗岩截然不同，特别富Li、F、P、Nb、Ta、Ga、Rb。黑云母花岗岩的晚期分异产物包括电气石花岗岩，但这部分异趋势主要涉及到B的增高，Li、F或P的变化较小我们认为，黄玉花岗岩可能不是由英格兰西南部的黑云母花岗岩浆（被属于黑云母花岗岩岩套的流纹斑岩岩脉所侵入）经结晶分异所派生，而是在钾质基性岩浆作用期间由岩基之下的熔融残留物经有限部分熔融而形成。与其它富挥发分的花岗质岩石的对比表明，英格兰西南部的黄玉花岗岩与锂伟晶岩（如Tanco)、火山玻璃(如Macusani)和其它的黄玉花岗岩（如Seward半岛）具有一些共同的重要特征。这些岩石可能代表一类基本相似的富挥发分花岗岩浆。我们认为它们的形成可能受以前曾产生过更为“正常”花岗岩浆的下地壳熔融残留物的有限部分熔融所控制，尽管目前仍有争议。     

Geochemistry of the Baishitouquan Amazonite—and Topaz—bearing Granite in the Mid—Tianshan Belt,Xinjiang,China

The Baishitouquan amazonite and topaz-bearing granite is one of the typical high-rubidium and high-fluorine granites in the eastern part of the Mid-Tianshan belt. This intrusion is in sharp contact with Mid-Proterozoic schists, gneisses and marbles, and is composed of four zones transitional from the bottom upwards: leucogranite, amazonite granite, topaz-bearing amazonite granite and topaz quartz albitite. The Baishitouquan granite contains highly ordered K-feldspar, Li-rich mica, Mn-rich garnet, α-quartz and low temperature zircon and is chemically high in Si, K, Na, Al, Li, Rb, Cs and F, and low in Ti, Fe, Ca, Mg, P, Co, Ni, Cr, V, Sr and Ba, with Na₂O<K₂O. Amazonite from the amazonite granite zone contains 1867 ppm Rb. The F contents of bulk rocks are 3040 and 4597 for the amazonite granite and topaz-bearing amazonite granite zones, respectively. These two zones have δ¹⁸O values of 8.97–9.85‰ (SMOW) and show flat REE distribution patterns with strong Eu depletion. K-Ar and Rb-Sr ages of this intrusion are 226. 6 Ma and 209. 6 Ma respectively, with an initial⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratio of 0.987±0.213. The Baishitouquan granite is the product of crystallization of a low temperature, and water, rubidium and fluorine-rich magma, which may have been derived from partial melting of muscovite-rich crustal rocks. Consolidation of this granite involved two contrasting and successive stages: melt crystallization and hydrothermal metasomatism and precipitation. Various geological features of this granite were formed during the transition from the magmatic to the hydrothermal stage.     

In situ analyses of micas in the Yashan granite,South China: Constraints on magmatic and hydrothermal evolutions of W and Ta–Nb bearing granites

Most rare-metal granites in South China host major W deposits with few or without Ta–Nb mineralization. However, the Yashan granitic pluton, located in the Yichun area of western Jiangxi province, South China, hosts a major Nb–Ta deposit with minor W mineralization. It is thus important for understanding the diversity of W and Nb–Ta mineralization associated with rare-metal granites. The Yashan pluton consists of multi-stage intrusive units, including the protolithionite (-muscovite) granite, Li-mica granite and topaz–lepidolite granite from the early to late stages. Bulk-rock REE contents and La/Yb ratios decrease from protolithionite granite to Li-mica granite to topaz–lepidolite granite, suggesting the dominant plagioclase fractionation. This variation, together with increasing Li, Rb, Cs and Ta but decreasing Nb/Ta and Zr/Hf ratios, is consistent with the magmatic evolution. In the Yashan pluton, micas are protolithionite, muscovite, Li-mica and lepidolite, and zircons show wide concentration ranges of ZrO₂, HfO₂, UO₂, ThO₂, Y₂O₃ and P₂O₅. Compositional variations of minerals, such as increasing F, Rb and Li in mica and increasing Hf, U and P in zircon are also in concert with the magmatic evolution from protolithionite granite to Li-mica granite to topaz–lepidolite granite. The most evolved topaz–lepidolite granite has the highest bulk-rock Li, Rb, Cs, F and P contents, consistent with the highest contents of these elements and the lowest Nb/Ta ratio in mica and the lowest Zr/Hf ratio in zircon. Ta–Nb enrichment was closely related to the enrichment of volatile elements (i.e. Li, F and P) in the melt during magmatic evolution, which raised the proportion of non-bridging oxygens (NBOs) in the melt. The rims of zoned micas in the Li-mica and topaz–lepidolite granites contain lower Rb, Cs, Nb and Ta and much lower F and W than the cores and/or mantles, indicating an exotic aqueous fluid during hydrothermal evolution. Some columbite-group minerals may have formed from exotic aqueous fluids which were originally depleted in F, Rb, Cs, Nb, Ta and W, but such fluids were not responsible for Ta–Nb enrichment in the Yashan granite. The interaction of hydrothermal fluids with previously existing micas may have played an important role in leaching, concentrating and transporting W, Fe and Ti. Ta–Nb enrichment was associated with highly evolved magmas, but W mineralization is closely related to hydrothermal fluid. Thus these magmatic and hydrothermal processes explain the diversity of W and Ta–Nb mineralizations in the rare-metal granites.     

一种特殊类型的云英岩:湘南香花岭地区癞子岭云英岩成岩成矿特征

癞子岭岩体具有极好的垂向分带性,从下部到顶部包括了花岗岩、云英岩和伟晶岩,其中云英岩以其厚度巨大,云母类型属于铁锂云母,黄玉含量高,W-Sn-Nb-Ta含量高,而区别于其他地区云英岩。通过对癞子岭云英岩进行岩石学、地球化学和矿物学的研究,本文得出:癞子岭云英岩是高硅的强过铝质岩石类型,全碱含量低(3~4.3 wt%),富集挥发组分,全岩Zr/Hf(~8)和Nb/Ta(~1.7)比值低。造岩矿物铁锂云母中Nb(~74×10~(-6))、Ta(~66×10~(-6))、W(~23×10~(-6))、Sn(~75×10~(-6))等成矿元素含量较高。副矿物锆石自形且成分均一,含有HfO_2约10 wt%,Zr/Hf比值最低为5,与云英岩下部的癞子岭钠长花岗岩中的锆石成分有连续过渡的关系。这些特征与南岭地区高演化稀有金属花岗岩或伟晶岩相当,体现了相近的演化程度。癞子岭云英岩中有明显的Nb-Ta-W-Sn成矿作用发生,主要形成铌铁矿族矿物、锡石和黑钨矿,成分和结构均具有岩浆成因特征。花岗质熔体中含有大量挥发组分Li和F,结晶出黄玉和Li-F云母,F在稀有金属的成矿作用和云英岩的成岩过程中发挥了非常重要的作用,成矿作用发生在岩浆演化的晚期并伴随有流体作用。因此,云英岩可能是钠长花岗岩高度分异演化之后的特殊产物,这为研究花岗岩岩浆-热液体系成岩成矿过程提供了新的窗口。     

Chemistry of Micas in Rare-Metal Granitoids and Associated Rocks,Eastern Desert,Egypt

Paragenetic, textural, and chemical characteristics of micas from 10 rare-metal granitic stocks and the associated greisens were examined in order to identify the metallogenetic processes of the host granitoids. The investigated granitoids and type occurrences can be categorized as: (1) metaluminous, Nb + Zr + Y-enriched alkali granite (e.g., Hawashia, Ineigi, and a stock northwest of Um Naggat); (2) peraluminous, Ta > Nb + Sn ± W + Be-enriched Li-albite granites (e.g., Nuweibi, Igla, and Abu Dabbab); and (3) metasomatized, Nb » Ta + Sn + Zr + Y + U ± Be ± W-enriched apogranites (e.g., Um Ara, Abu Rusheid, Mueilha, and Homr Akarem).

Mica of the alkali granite is of the annite-siderophyllite series, and is characterized by an average FeO? of 28.14, low MgO of 0.05, a mean Fe?/(Fe? + Mg)_atom. value of 0.996, TiO₂ of 0.69, enhanced Al₂O₃ of 14.91, MnO of 0.58, Li₂O of 0.26, and moderate to low F of 0.86. These characteristics are representative of the relatively highly evolved nature of the annite-siderophyllite-bearing magmas. The micas closely resemble those of the anorogenic pegmatites and A-type granites.

Primary mica of the Li-albite granites is compositionally constrained between zinnwaldite in the lower zones, and white mica in the apical, more evolved zone, and is associated with columbite-tantalite, topaz, and fluorite. The occurrence of zinnwaldite with high contents of Mn and F indicates its stabilization at rather low temperatures in Li- and F-rich sodic melts. The restriction of white mica with lower Mn, F, and Li contents to the apical zones can be attributed to either volatile degassing or to the beginning of topaz crystallization. These two factors brought about an evolutionary trend for micas, which contrasts with the documented trends of Li-micas in other Li-granites (i.e., from Li-siderophyllite or Li-muscovite to lepidolite).

Micas range in composition between white mica in the lower unaltered zones of the apogranites and Li-siderophyllite-zinnwaldite in the apical microclinized and albitized zones; this systematic compositional change appears to reflect roofward increasing in μ_KF and μ_LiF of the exsolved fluids. Columbite, cassiterite, zircon, xenotime, beryl, and fluorite are common associates of the zinnwaldites. However, white micas from the greisenized apogranite and endogreisen veins have diminishing Li contents. The subsolidus formation of zinnwaldite and Li-siderophyllite in the apogranites, and white mica in the associated greisens, represent transitions from magmatic to hydrothermal environments under the influence of decreasing P, T, salinity, and alkalinity of the exsolved fluids.     

Petrological and geochemical evolution of the Kymi stock, a topaz granite cupola within the Wiborg rapakivi batholith, Finland

The 6×3 km Kymi monzogranite stock represents the apical part of an epizonal late-stage pluton that was emplaced within the 1.65 to 1.63 Ga Wiborg rapakivi batholith. The stock has a well-developed zonal structure, from the rim to the center: stockscheider pegmatite, equigranular topaz granite, porphyritic topaz granite. The contact between the two granites is usually gradational within a few centimeters, but local inclusions of the porphyritic granite in the equigranular granite indicate that the latter solidified later. Hydrothermal greisen and quartz veins, some of which contain genthelvite, beryl, wolframite, cassiterite, and sulfides, cut the granites of the stock and the surrounding country rocks. The equigranular granite contains 1 to 4 vol.% topaz, and its biotite is lithian siderophyllite; the porphyritic granite has 0 to 3 vol.% topaz, and the mica is siderophyllite. The equigranular granite is geochemically highly evolved with elevated Li, Rb, Ga, Ta, and F, and very low Ba, Sr, Ti, and Zr. The REE patterns show deep negative Eu anomalies and tetrad effects indicating extreme magmatic fractionation and aqueous fluid–rock interaction. The zonal structure of the stock is interpreted as a result of differentiation within the magma chamber. Internal convection in the crystallizing magma chamber and upward flow of residual melt as a boundary layer along sloping contacts resulted in accumulation of a layer of highly evolved, volatile-rich magma in the apical part of the chamber. Crystallization of this apical magma produced the stockscheider pegmatite and the equigranular granite; the underlying crystal mush solidified as the porphyritic granite. Much of the crystallization took place from volatile-saturated melt, and episodic voluminous degassing expelled fluids into opened fractures where they or their derivatives reacted with country rocks and caused alteration and mineralization.     

内蒙古维拉斯托稀有金属-锡多金属矿床的成矿作用:来自花岗质岩浆结晶分异的启示

内蒙古维拉斯托稀有金属-锡多金属矿床位于大兴安岭南段西坡,是一个以锡为主,共伴生锌、钨、铜、钼、铌、钽、锂和铷的大型矿床。该矿床以发育铌、钽、铷、锂矿化有别于大兴安岭南段的其他锡多金属矿床。本文对维拉斯托地区的北大山岩体和维拉斯托岩体开展了LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年、全岩地球化学研究和锆石Lu-Hf同位素分析。北大山岩体和维拉斯托岩体的结晶年龄分别为140±2Ma和137±1Ma~138±1Ma。2个岩体均具有高硅、富碱、贫铁镁钙特征,主体为高钾钙碱性的弱过铝质碱长花岗岩,轻重稀土分馏不明显,呈现出显著的负铕异常。2个岩体均富集Rb、Th、U、K、Ta、Hf和轻稀土元素,强烈亏损Ba、Sr、P、Eu和Ti等元素。与北大山岩体相比,维拉斯托岩体有更低的稀土总量,更明显的Eu负异常,展示了明显的稀土元素四分组效应;Ba、Sr、Eu、Ti和Y亏损更强烈。二者的时空关系和地球化学特征表明2个岩体为同一期岩浆活动不同演化阶段的产物,岩浆演化过程经历了钾长石、斜长石、黑云母、独居石、榍石、褐帘石、磷灰石、磷钇矿、锆石和钛铁矿的分离结晶,维拉斯托岩体还发生了熔体-流体相互作用。北大山岩体和维拉斯托岩体锆石的εHf(t)值分别为5.4~8.6和4.2~9.9,两阶段Hf同位素模式年龄分别为643~847Ma和556~921Ma,表明它们的岩浆源区为起源于亏损地幔的新元古代新生地壳物质。北大山岩体属于高分异I型花岗岩,维拉斯托岩体发育钠长石、天河石、黄玉、锂云母和萤石,属于超分异的Li-F花岗岩。花岗质岩浆的高程度分离结晶和熔体-流体相互作用是形成维拉斯托超分异花岗岩并发生稀有金属-锡多金属成矿作用的重要控制因素。维拉斯托稀有金属-锡多金属矿床属于岩浆-热液矿床。维拉斯托地区的早白垩世花岗质岩石形成于伸展环境。     

西藏北喜马拉雅拉隆穹隆含Be、Nb、Ta钠长石花岗岩的识别及意义

拉隆穹隆出露于西藏北喜马拉雅带的东段,位于康马穹隆和错那洞穹隆之间。通过1∶5万矿产地质填图和精细剖面测量,在拉隆穹隆核部和围绕穹隆核部呈环状发育的滑脱系中发现一套含Be、Nb、Ta等稀有金属的钠长石花岗岩。拉隆花岗岩由内向外呈现出规律性的岩性变化,依次为二云母花岗岩、白云母花岗岩、伟晶质花岗岩、钠长石花岗岩、伟晶岩及石英壳,表明其是一套岩浆分异程度极高的花岗岩。岩相学研究显示,拉隆钠长石花岗岩的矿物成分以钠长石、石英、钾长石和白云母为主,含少量石榴石,可见少量绿柱石和铌钽族矿物。岩石化学分析表明,该钠长石花岗岩以富含Be、Nb、Ta、Li、Rb、Cs等稀有金属元素及富含H_2O、P、F和B等挥发分为典型特征,其中稀有金属Be、Nb、Ta的含量均已达到工业品位,构成了Be-Nb-Ta稀有金属矿体。本文对拉隆穹隆核部的钠长石花岗岩进行独居石U-Pb测年分析,获得21.3 Ma的独居石结晶年龄,与区域上的淡色花岗岩的侵位年龄基本一致。拉隆含Be-Nb-Ta稀有金属钠长石花岗岩的发现,丰富了北喜马拉雅带稀有金属成矿作用类型,对在北喜马拉雅地区寻找钠长石花岗岩型Be-Nb-Ta稀有金属矿具有重要意义。     

Lithium-mica composition as pathfinder and recorder of Grenvillian-age greisenization,Rondonia Tin Province,Brazil

The tin-greisens of the Rondonia Tin Province, Brazil, are related with the intrusion of a 995−975 Ma evolved rapakivi granite suite interpreted as post-collisional with respect to the Grenvillian orogeny during assembly of Rodinia. Lithium-iron mica (‘zinnwaldite’) is the main mineral in late- to post-magmatic and ore stages of such greisens, and has the potential of being a recorder of the mineralization processes. We provide bulk rock geochemistry of granite, greisen, and greisenized granite, coupled with in-situ major and trace element analyses in mica. Trace element and Li contents in mica were assessed via LA-ICP-MS analysis to avoid interference from ore-mineral inclusions. There is a large-scale zoning (hundreds of meters) of the composition of magmatic mica within the massif. Within 200 m of greisen zones, the mica composition in granite becomes similar to hydrothermal greisen mica, i.e. mica composition is suggested as a proximity indicator for greisen. Mica records the evolution of the system from magmatic to hydrothermal. Early-magmatic mica is Li, Rb and F poor and Mg, Ti and Fe rich, as opposed to greisen mica. Rare metals (e.g. Sn, Ta, W) display complex behavior, as their content in mica increases from magmatic to transitional stages, but decreases from transitional to ore (greisen and vein) stages. This can be explained by a complex interaction between enrichment of metals in the fluid, crystallization order of HFSE-bearing minerals, a decrease in the acceptance of HFSE in mica due to Ti depletion, and a change in the system from melt-dominated to fluid-dominated. Depletion of rare metals in mica can be an important factor for mineralization, since binding these metals to silicates reduces the amount of ore minerals. In granite, up to 86 % of Sn is bound to mica, while in greisen, up to 95 % of it is available to form cassiterite. Niobium behaves differently than other rare metals, likely due to its very high initial partition coefficient in mica and its lower solubility in fluids when compared to Sn and Ta. As such, changes in the Nb/Sn ratio in mica can be used as a proxy for the rock/fluid ratios. Mica pseudomorphs after feldspar in greisenized granite have anomalously high Sr contents inherited from their albite precursor.