沙坡头铁路防护体系内风沙沉积的粒度特征

包兰铁路沙坡头段铁路防护体系内,由于下垫面性质发生变化,流沙区至人工植被带地表沉积物中表层土壤的黏粒和粉沙含量显著增大,平均粒径减小,颗粒分选性显著变差。防护体系内表层沉积物中的粉沙含量与地表相对高程反相关,黏粒含量与地形起伏没有直接关系,颗粒平均粒径、分选性与地表相对高程正相关。在土层垂直方向上,表层0~5cm内土壤粉沙含量较高,颗粒分选性差;5cm以下深度内土壤粉沙含量减少,颗粒分选性变好。在防护体系内沙丘地貌的不同部位,沙尘沉积速率不同。据此估算表明防护体系内固定沙丘迎风坡顶部沉积速率为0.147 cm/a左右;背风坡和丘间地平均堆积速率大于0.588cm/a。     

石林地区土壤性质与喀斯特洼地发育

对石林地区洼地边坡和底部红壤的物理、化学性质差异进行了研究 ,结果表明土壤的化学成分、水分含量和粒度组成都和所处的地貌部位有关。洼地底部的土壤细粘粒含量、水分含量、Al2 O3和Fe2 O3含量低于洼地边坡 ,而粗粉粒含量、SiO2 含量则高于洼地边坡。土壤SiO2 含量随粒径变细而减少 ,Al2 O3和Fe2 O3则随粒径变细而增加 ,土壤中水分含量与细粘粒含量正相关 ,与粗粉粒含量负相关。因此 ,不同地貌部位土壤的粒度组成差异决定了洼地底部和边坡的水分含量及化学组成的差异     

沙米（Agriophyllum squarrosum）种子库空间分布和影响因素

土壤种子库是潜在的植被,对植物种群的繁衍及未来植被的结构具有重要影响。选择内蒙古奈曼、宁夏沙坡头、甘肃民勤和敦煌,研究了沙丘部位、沙丘固定程度、植被类型、土层深度对沙米(Agriophyllum squarrosum)土壤种子库的影响。结果表明:流动沙丘沙米土壤种子库密度以民勤最大,达到51粒·m-2,分别是奈曼、沙坡头、敦煌的2、4、3倍;流动沙丘不同部位沙米种子库差异显著,沙米种子集中分布于沙丘迎风坡、背风坡脚,零星分布于沙丘顶部和背风坡,沙丘顶部种子库只占迎风坡的28%,背风坡只占背风坡脚的30%;沙米土壤种子库主要分布于60 cm以上的土层中,近地表0～20 cm种子数量占种子总量的50%以上;随着沙丘流动程度的降低,土壤种子库密度呈减小趋势,流动沙丘土壤种子密度可达到401粒·m-2,而到固定沙丘急剧减少甚至完全消失;沙米与沙拐枣组建的群落0～15 cm土壤种子库总密度达800粒·m-2,是沙米群落土壤种子库密度的2倍、白刺+沙米群落的3倍、梭梭+沙米群落的6倍;沙米土壤种子库与地上种群密度间存在显著的线性关系,沙米地上种群密度随土壤种子库密度增加而增加。显然,土壤种子库及其分布是沙米适应恶劣风沙环境和自我繁衍的重要保障,受区域环境、地上植被、土地类型、土壤深度等多种因素的影响。在沙化土地封禁保护与防沙治沙中,要禁止对沙米地上资源的采收活动,以补充沙米土壤种子库。     

岷江上游河谷土壤发生的空间分异及环境意义

分析了岷江上游河谷沿岸及九顶山西北坡表层土壤粒度、氧化铁、有机质、碳酸盐、pH、有机碳同位素、阳离子交换性、粘土矿物等理化性质。结果表明,三江至映秀段土壤具有较高的粘粉比、铁游离度及粘粒和有机质含量,而碳酸盐含量、pH和有机质δ¹³C值相对偏低,说明土壤发育较好、淋溶作用较强,反映了气候湿润和植被以乔木为主的环境特征;草坡至凤仪段土壤颗粒较粗、碳酸盐含量和pH较高,而铁游度和有机质含量较低,有机质δ¹³C值偏重,反映出干旱的气候和以C₄植被为主的环境特征。九顶山西北坡土壤随海拔的增加粘粉比、有机质含量增大,出现纤铁矿而方解石缺失,反映干旱河谷区高海拔气候湿润;而海拔低于2 000 m的土壤粘粉比和粘粒、有机质含量较低,方解石含量和pH值较高,指示了干旱的气候特征。     

基于高光谱的河套灌区农田表层土壤质地反演研究

以河套灌区解放闸灌域农田表层0～10 cm土壤为研究对象,研究风干土样的不同粒级含量与光谱特性关系,遴选出反映土壤粘粒、粉粒、砂粒含量各自敏感的光谱波段,分别建立土壤粘粒、粉粒、砂粒含量与敏感波段的一元线性回归模型和BP神经网络模型,模型验证结果表明:土壤粘粒、粉粒、砂粒含量的一元回归模型与BP神经网络模型精度基本一致,且都在85％以上.该研究结果可为应用高光谱遥感图像大范围识别河套灌区的土壤质地提供理论依据.     

巴丹吉林典型高大沙山粒度分布规律研究

选巴丹吉林沙漠典型高大沙山(1 605 m)为研究对象,对沙山沉积物进行系统采样分析。结果表明,巴丹吉林沙漠典型高大沙山(1 605 m)粒度组成中细砂含量最高,中砂次之;粗砂、极细砂和粗粉砂含量均较少,胶粒、粘粒、细粉砂未出现。迎风坡沉积物粒度比背风坡细。迎风坡砂粒大小均匀、分选好,迎风坡沉积物颗粒较背风坡总体要均匀。沙山迎风坡和背风坡沉积物由坡脚至顶部粒径总体变细,砂粒大小趋于均匀,分选变好,偏度和峰态由波动趋于稳定。大沙山迎风坡下部侵蚀作用为主,背风坡中上部以风力堆积为主,下部以重力堆积为主。     

巴丹吉林沙漠高大沙山沉积物粒度特征及其与植被、地貌关系

沙丘形成演变是风-沉积物-其他地理因子相互反馈作用的一个动态系统过程,粒度可以揭示其中包含的部分环境信息并被广泛应用于风沙地貌研究。本文分析了巴丹吉林沙漠伊和吉格德湖高大沙山区沉积物粒度特征及其与植被、地貌形态的关系。结果表明:迎风坡中上部及中部剖面各层沉积物主粒径均一,分别为中沙、细沙;迎风坡中下部及底部剖面细沙、中沙及粗沙等不同主粒径层交替,粒配复杂,其成因与粗沙粒保护作用、风向季节变化及地质时期气候变迁等因素有关;背风坡表层沉积物以细沙为主,趋向底部粗沙、中沙及极细砂增多,说明不同粒径对风及重力作用的响应存在差异;粒度参数散点图可以区分不同部位样品,趋向迎风坡底部剖面,沙粒分选性变差,正偏、负偏及近对称沙层交替,说明风力分选作用在不同部位差异明显及存在其他外力作用;沙层粒配影响植被多样性,迎风坡中上部中沙含量高,背风坡表层中部偏上极细沙及大于2.65 Φ细沙含量突然增加,是植被影响粒配的反映;迎风坡沉积环境的差异,说明随地质时期气候变迁,沙山形成可能经历了两个重要阶段,一是早期风力和水动力交替影响、具有风成与非风成环境交替特征的基底形成时期,二是以风力作用为主的现代沙山形成时期。     

古尔班通古特沙漠南部风沙土粒度分布的空间异质性

系统采集古尔班通古特沙漠南部典型地段纵向沙垄和垄间地浅层风沙土(0～30 cm)样184件,运用常规粒度分析和地统计分析方法研究了古尔班通古特沙漠南部沙垄不同部位风沙土粒度组成、分布特征及空间变异。结果显示:风沙土机械组成的优势粒级是细沙和极细沙,不同地貌部位粒级组成差异明显。粘土和粉沙的含量为垄间地高于沙垄,背风坡高于迎风坡和垄顶。极细沙和细沙的含量是迎风坡最高,垄顶最低。中沙、粗沙和极粗沙的含量则是垄间地低于沙垄,垄顶最高。风沙土粗物质粒径φ1和平均粒径Mz从垄间地→背风坡→迎风坡→垄顶均由细变粗,分选系数σ则由差变好。同时,φ1、Mz和σ具有中等-强空间自相关性,其空间相关范围(变程)大小顺序为φ1<σ相似文献   

古尔班通古特沙漠地区短命植物土壤种子库研究

采用野外定点取样和室内萌发相结合的试验方法,研究了短命植物在沙丘不同部位的空间分布、萌发状况、密度、物种多样性及土壤种子库生物多样性与地上植物多样性的关系。结果表明:短命植物种子主要集中分布于地表0~5 cm土壤中,5 cm以下土壤中极少存在有活力的种子;沙丘间及沙丘不同部位的种子库密度大小不同,密度自坡底随高度增加逐渐减少,坡底、坡中部及坡顶部密度分别为124粒/m2、91粒/m2、66粒/m2。迎风坡种子库密度比背风坡面少,迎风坡种子库平均密度为81粒/m2,而背风坡种子库平均密度为100粒/m2;短命植物种子在4月上旬达到萌发高峰,沙丘不同部位物种多样性存在差异,土壤种子库和地上植被存在较高的相似性,此外短命植物在沙丘不同部位的分布存在较高的空间异质性。     

南昌厚田沙地沉积物的粒度特征及其影响因素

厚田沙地是亚热带湿润地区的典型风沙化土地,分析不同地貌部位沉积物的粒度特征,有助于探讨其分布规律与影响因素。结果表明：厚田沙地沉积物主要由中沙和粗沙组成,平均粒径为1.28 Ф,分选性较差,呈正偏和窄峰态分布,整体表现为距赣江越远,细颗粒含量增多,粗颗粒含量减少,平均粒径逐渐变细。不同地貌部位沉积物的粒度特征存在较大差异：迎风坡风力作用强劲,侵蚀强烈,导致细颗粒较少、平均粒径较粗,表层相对20 cm深度更粗;背风坡由于风力涡旋而沉积较多细颗粒,平均粒径较细,表层相对20 cm深度更细;前丘顶与平沙地不仅受到风力侵蚀,也是人工活动强烈区,导致平均粒径变化较大,但大部分表层比20 cm深度更粗。     

黄土丘陵区坡面柠条(Caragana korshinskii)林地草本植物分布特征

人工植被恢复会显著影响林下草本的分布及多样性,而人工植被恢复耦合坡面微地形变化对草本群落分布及其多样性响应尚缺乏系统的认识。以位于半干旱黄土丘陵区的甘肃定西龙滩小流域为研究区,系统调查和监测了不同坡向上、中和下坡位人工柠条(Caragana korshinskii)林地草本群落组成、生物量与柠条生长状况、凋落物量及土壤水分含量,分析草本群落的分布特征及其影响因素。结果表明:(1)不同坡向草本群落组成明显不同,阴坡人工柠条林地草本物种丰富度、优势度和多样性指数显著高于半阳坡和阳坡,而均匀度指数各坡向间差异不显著;(2)不同坡向间草本地上生物量为阴坡>半阳坡>阳坡,但差异不显著;阴坡上、中坡位草本生物量显著高于下坡位,半阳坡和阳坡各坡位间草本生物量差异不显著;(3)pRDA分析结果表明,坡向影响了坡面水热条件,对草本分布的影响最大,解释了15.2%的草本群落变异;(4)柠条种植密度和坡向与草本物种丰富度呈显著负相关;阿尔泰狗娃花(Heteropappus altaicus)和长芒草(Stipa bungeana)与坡向呈显著正相关,主要分布在阴坡,茵陈蒿(Artemisia capillaris)和赖草(Leymus secalinus)等与坡向呈显著负相关,主要分布在阳坡。半干旱黄土丘陵区坡向通过影响水热条件从而影响了植被生长,坡面微地形调整可以在一定程度上削弱坡位对草本植物生长的影响,但坡向及人工植被种植密度决定了草本的分布格局。     

Topography-Controlled Soil Water Content and the Coexistence of Forest and Steppe in Northern China

The semi-arid forest-steppe ecotone in China is characterized by a patchy pattern of forest and steppe, with forest patches restricted to shady slopes. To address the effect of topography on forest distribution through regulation of available water, we calculated evaporation as a function of slope aspect and inclination. Field vegetation records from randomly selected sites with minimum slope inclination were used to test the simulated forest distribution. Seasonal and diurnal changes of surface soil temperature and moisture of shady and sunny slopes were recorded. Soil water content was measured during two growing seasons on both sunny and shady slopes with the same forest type at three sites located along the mean annual precipitation (MAP) gradient. Evaporation decreases with slope inclination on shady slopes, but increases with inclination on sunny slopes. The shady slope received 35% of the annual direct solar radiation received by the sunny slope when the slope inclination was 25°, and the contrast in annual direct solar radiation between the shady and sunny slopes further widens as slope inclination increases. Steeper shady slopes can support forests in dryer climates, with log-linear regression revealing a minimum slope inclination for forest distribution along the MAP gradient. The simulated minimum slope inclination for forest growth was larger than the observed minimum inclination, and the difference was greater in wetter conditions. A larger forest area fraction was considered to lead to a reduction in soil temperature and evaporation, as verified by soil temperature and moisture records and soil water content measurements. The slope-specific forest distribution in the semi-arid region of China can be explained by a topography-controlled soil water supply. Lower evaporation, resulting from lower direct solar radiation on shady slopes, allows shady slopes to retain a water supply sufficient for sustaining forests, and the existence of forests on shady slopes further reduces evaporation. Different tree species coexist at the xeric timberline due to regulation by slope inclination and aspect.     

Remote sensing: the use of polarized visible light (PVL) to estimate surface soil moisture

Sunlight is unpolarized; if it is reflected from a soil surface it will become partially polarized. The degree of polarization will be dependent upon the soil surface roughness and moisture content. The study of polarized visible light (PVL) reflectance has developed in the past two decades, from the use of a non-imaging photometer-polarimeter to record the surface roughness of laboratory samples, to the use of a camera and polarizing filter to estimate surface soil moisture in the field. It is demonstrated that PVL recorded at a high phase angle, from up to light aircraft altitudes, can successfully estimate surface soil moisture. This is possible regardless of solar angle, soil albedo or soil slope, over a wide but not umlimited range of surface soil moisture states, but only if surface disturbance and cloud cover are minimized.While PVL cannot, in general, rival currently available techniques for the remote sensing of surface soil moisture it is eminently suitable where an estimate of surface soil moisture is required at low cost for a small area.     

不同坡向梭梭幼苗的生长状况和适应特征

以古尔班通古特沙漠南缘一年生梭梭移栽苗为研究对象,对梭梭幼苗的地上部分生长状况、蒸腾速率日变化趋势以及根系形态进行了调查,探讨不同坡向梭梭幼苗的生长和适应特征。结果表明,平地、阴坡和阳坡表层0~30 cm土壤含水量无显著差异,40~100 cm土壤含水量阳坡<阴坡<平地。梭梭幼苗同化枝生长速率和含水量均表现为阳坡<阴坡<平地,其生长速率和含水量可能与根层土壤含水量高低有关。不同坡向梭梭幼苗蒸腾速率日变化均呈“单峰型”,12:00-16:00阳坡梭梭幼苗蒸腾速率显著高于阴坡与平地。 阳坡梭梭幼苗主根不发达,侧根较多但较短;平地和阴坡梭梭幼苗根系主根发达,以单根为主。这反映出根系对相应生境下土壤水分的适应特征。     

不同地形条件对沙漠植物生长和沙地土壤水分的影响

对沙坡头地区人工植被固定沙地内不同地形条件下土壤水分和植物生长的变化进行了研究。结果表明,沙地土壤水分的变化以及植物生长的变化依照不同的地形条件表现出一定的规律性。沙地土壤水分含量由高至低的变化趋势根据地形条件依次表现为:丘间低地>迎风坡>坡顶>背风坡;灌木植物密度和盖度与土壤水分变化密切相关,由大到小的变化趋势同样为:丘间低地>迎风坡>坡顶>背风坡;而草本植物密度和盖度可能还受结皮等其它环境因素的影响,由大到小的变化趋势为:背风坡>坡顶>迎风坡>丘间低地。     

黄土高原西部人工灌木生长季土壤水分变异特征

以兰州干旱地区生态植被恢复技术研究与示范基地灌木品种研究小区为试验点,研究了黄土高原西部丘陵区坡面不同灌木下0～200 cm土层土壤水分特征,采用Brown-Forsythe检验方法和变异系数比较不同灌木覆盖下土壤水分含量的差异。结果表明:土壤水分的变化受到坡位、坡向、灌木种类的影响较大。相同土层的土壤水分变异系数基本为阴坡>半阴坡>半阳坡>阳坡。坡上部的土壤水分变化较大,坡中部和坡下部相对较稳定。多数灌木的土壤水分变异系数随着土壤深度的增加而减小,变异系数较大值相对集中在20～80 cm土层。从土壤水分的亏缺量、植物水分亏缺度来看,在植被恢复的过程中,选择荒漠锦鸡儿(Caragana roborovskyi)、甘蒙锦鸡儿(Caragana opulens)、枸杞(Lycium chinense)等耗水量相对较低的植被更加合理。     

Factors influencing the formation of shallow landslides in the Boston Mountains of northwest Arkansas,USA

Slope failures cause billions of dollars of damage annually and put human lives at risk. This study employed field measurements and observations to provide the framework for laboratory simulations to investigate the effects of environmental characteristics on slope stability in the highly fractured bedrock region of the Boston Mountains, northwest Arkansas. Field measurements, to determine characteristics and possible controls of 10 shallow slope failures along an interstate highway, revealed that slope failures occurred within a relatively narrow range of slope angles (17–36°) and in loamy soils. Based on field observations, flume experiments were conducted to investigate the relationships between soil texture, slope angle, bedrock fractures, soil compaction, and slope instability. Time to failure differed (p < 0.05) among treatment combinations. Generally, slopes composed of loam were more stable than slopes composed of sand. Time to failure decreased more on slopes of 15–20° than on slopes of 20–25°. Flume slopes with sod cover never failed. This study provided a methodology for using field analyses of slope failures to guide laboratory experiments and demonstrated that complex interactions among environmental factors work to stabilize or compromise steep (>20°) slopes.     

阿拉尔灌区棉田蒸散量计算模型

根据2000年阿克苏水平衡站有底测坑试验资料，分析了土壤水分有效性函数与土壤相对有效含水率，作物生物学特性函数，与群体叶面积指数的关系，结果表明：（1）土壤水分有效性函数与土壤相对有效含水率呈直线函数关系；（2）作物生物学特性函数与群体叶面积指数呈指数函数关系。选用20cm蒸发器水面蒸发量、作物生物学特性函数和土壤水分有效性函数，应用数理统计方法建立了阿拉尔灌区棉田蒸散量计算模型。该模式仅需常规气象与土壤湿度资料，计算简便，精度较高，便于在缺乏实测资料的地区使用。     

Effects of Poplar Plantations on the Physical and Chemical Properties of Soils: A Case Study in the North China Plain

In recent years, large areas of farmland in the North China Plain have been converted into short-rotation poplar plantations. To analyze the impacts of poplar plantations on soil, 22 soil samples were collected and assayed from the soil profiles of a corn field and a poplar plantation. The results showed that the average soil moisture content of the soil profile in the poplar field was 2.6 percent lower than that of the arable land. The maximum difference in soil moisture content was found in the upper 0-10 cm of topsoil. Soil organic matter and nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the cornfield were significantly higher than in the poplar field. Higher nutrient content in the corn field may result from higher fertilizer inputs and the practice of returning straw to the cropped field. The analysis also showed no significant increase in soil organic matter content in deeper soil layers of the poplar field, which means that the conditions are not favorable for the formation of soil organic matter, or that soil organic matter needs a longer time to develop. Elements such as magnesium, iron, manganese and copper in both the corn field and the poplar field had a tendency to accumulate with increasing soil depth. Magnesium, iron, manganese and copper in the 0-80 cm soil layer of the poplar field were higher than those of the cornfield, but the situation was reversed at depths greater than 80 cm. It is concluded that poplar trees consume a large amount of soil moisture and soil nutrients. Local governments should prevent the development of new plantations of fast-growing trees in farmland and help farmers to recover their farmland from forestry plantations.     

大柴旦盐湖采卤区地层剖面盐渍土基本类型及其抗剪强度试验研究

选取柴达木盆地大柴旦盐湖采卤区作为试验区,对区内地层剖面盐渍土的基本类型进行划分,即通过测定Na+、Mg2+、Cl-等易溶盐离子的方法,得出区内采卤区地层剖面盐渍土的主要类型是以亚氯盐渍土为主。在此基础上,对盐渍土进行扰动试样的室内直剪试验研究,以获取抗剪强度指标粘聚力c值与内摩擦角φ值。试验结果表明,该区盐渍土的含盐量由地表开始向下呈逐渐降低趋势,即由地表的6.89%降到地下4.5 m处的1.11%。粘聚力c值主要受试样含水量大小的影响,表现出随着含水量的增加,粘聚力c值呈降低现象,即当含水量由19.8%上升至23.3%时,粘聚力c值由35.4 k Pa下降至24.9 k Pa,下降率约为29.7%;而当含水量由23.3%下降至17.4%时,粘聚力c值则由24.9 k Pa上升至34.1 k Pa,上升率约为36.9%。内摩擦角φ值则受试样粒径影响相对较为明显,随着试样中粘粒含量的增多,粗粒含量相对减少,内摩擦角呈逐渐增大的趋势,即由24.1°上升至33.3°,增加率约为37.3%。随着试样中含盐量的增加,粘聚力c值和内摩擦角φ值均呈线性增加趋势。该研究成果将有助于进一步探讨含水量、颗粒大小以及含盐量对盐渍土试样抗剪强度变化的影响,且对区内盐田及其相应的基础设施建设有一定的理论指导意义。