洞庭湖区浅层地下水水质指标空间分异及其控制因素研究北大核心CSCD

利用1258个地下水水样的水质指标数据,对洞庭湖区浅层地下水水质指标空间分异及其控制因素开展了研究。从地下水系统、氧化还原环境和第四纪沉积物物源角度,剖析了浅层地下水水质指标空间分布的内在影响因素。研究结果表明,洞庭湖区浅层地下水7个水质指标的空间分布都呈现出一定的规律性,自洞庭湖区外围至湖盆腹地,浅层地下水中的氨氮、铁元素、溶解性总固体和化学需氧量含量逐渐增大,硝酸盐氮含量的空间分布规律则与之相反,锰元素含量的空间分布独具特点,水体pH的分布呈现出西北—东南单向减小特征;洞庭湖区大范围浅层地下水中的氨氮、铁元素和锰元素含量超过Ⅲ类地下水该指标的限值,在洞庭湖区外围的零星区域,浅层地下水中的硝酸盐氮含量小幅度超标,其溶解性总固体和化学需氧量含量仅在大通湖附近的局部区域略超标;洞庭湖区的基底构造对浅层地下水系统的整体空间格局有重要影响,主要体现在对“四口”水系地下水系统、澧县盆地地下水系统、赤山隆起-大通湖地下水滞留区等的控制作用;独特的受构造格局控制的地下水系统格局宏观上决定了地下水化学场的空间分布;受地下水系统格局控制的浅层地下水水体的氧化还原电位对硝酸盐氮、氨氮、铁元素、锰元素和化学需氧量含量的空间分布有重要影响,平原区浅层地下水水体的氧化还原电位较低是氨氮、铁元素和锰元素含量大范围超标的主要原因;洞庭湖区浅层地下水的pH“西北—东南单向递减”的分布特征主要受湖区第四纪沉积物物源的空间差异的影响。     

霍景涅里辛沙漠地下水化学和同位素特征

在综合分析地质条件基础上,运用水化学及同位素技术,并结合现场调查及室内分析的方法,对霍景涅里辛沙漠地下水进行研究,分析了研究区地下水化学及稳定同位素特征,讨论了地下水的矿化过程及影响因素,确定了沙漠区地下水的补给来源。结果表明：沙漠区潜水中各离子组分平均值均大于承压水,潜水的溶解性总固体（TDS）平均值远大于承压水,说明潜水的蒸发作用大于承压水;控制潜水中主要离子成分的作用主要为溶解作用、交替吸附作用以及蒸发作用,控制承压水中主要离子成分的作用主要为溶解作用;沙漠区潜水与承压水具有一定的水力联系;地下水的补给来源主要为山区冰雪融水及降水,潜水的补给高程为1 370m,承压水的补给高程为1 650m。     

西藏地区天然水的水化学性质和元素特征

为了调查西藏的水质和水资源特色,2013 年在西藏拉萨、那曲地区、阿里地区、日喀则地区36 个县乡镇采集了60 个水样（地下水35 个,地表水22 个,温泉水3 个）,对其水化学性质与元素含量进行分析测定,并与周边的青海西南部、新疆南部、四川西部与西藏东部等地水的水化学类型进行了对比,讨论了不同地区内水化学类型的差异。总体上看西藏大部地区水质较好,能够满足国家生活饮用水卫生标准。水样pH 处于6.75~8.21 范围内;总溶解性固体（TDS） 均值为225.54 mg/L;阿里地区水中砷元素含量超标（超过10 μg/L）,双湖地区水中氟含量超标（超过1 mg/L）;水化学类型主要为Ca-HCO₃型;由南向北水中阳离子由以Ca²⁺ 为主逐渐过渡到以Na⁺ 为主,阴离子HCO₃^- 逐渐减少,Cl^- 与SO₄^2- 逐渐增多;河流水与冰川融水的成因类型主要为岩石风化型,地下水成因受多种因素控制;构造分区控制水中主要元素进而影响水化学类型。     

基于稳定同位素的海河源区地下水与地表水相互关系分析

对海河流域源区的丰、枯水期降水、地下水、河水进行取样测试,分析了海河源区不同水体氢氧稳定同位素组成及水化学的时空分布特征,同时运用同位素二元混合模型对典型采样点地表水地下水间的相互作用进行了定量分析。结果表明：① 丰水期地下水及地表水δD和δ¹⁸O及总溶解性固体(TDS）表现出显著的空间差异性,而枯水期只有地下水的同位素组成及水化学特性表现出空间差异。②研究区的地下水水化学类型以Ca-HCO₃·SO₄、Ca-HCO₃型为主,丰水期河水与地下水化学类型较为相似,枯水期地下水化学类型与同时期的河水及大气降水的水化学类型存在显著的差异,说明枯水期地表水与地下水之间的转化关系不明显。Gibbs分析结果表明,控制海河源区水体化学性质的主要影响为岩石风化作用。③枯水期地下水受其他水体影响较弱,而丰水期河水及大气降水对地下水具有显著的补给作用,3个源流区中西源的地表河水对地下水影响最显著。     

天山哈密榆树沟流域地下水化学特征及其来源

根据天山哈密榆树沟流域地下水的pH 值、总可溶性固体（TDS）、电导率（EC）和主要化学离子的测定,运用综合特征描述法、三角图示法、相关性分析和主要离子比值法,探讨了流域地下水的水化学特征及其形成原因。分析结果表明：地下水的pH 值为中性略偏碱性;阳离子中Ca²⁺ 质量浓度含量最高,阴离子中HCO₃^-浓度最高,阳离子质量浓度序列为Ca²⁺ >Na⁺ >Mg²⁺ >K⁺,阴离子质量浓度序列为HCO₃^->SO₄^2- >Cl^- >NO₃^-;该流域地下水主要离子类型为HCO₃^--Ca²⁺ ;TDS 含量分别为104.33 mg·L^-1和99 mg·L^-1,属于弱矿化度水;地下水中离子组成主要受碳酸盐风化作用的影响。     

内蒙古呼伦湖流域地表水与地下水氢氧同位素特征及湖水来源分析

以内蒙古呼伦湖流域为研究对象,对其湖水、河水和井水样品中的氢氧同位素特征、地下水中的总溶解性固体含量与氘盈余值的关系,进行了研究,并分析了呼伦湖湖水的来源。结果表明,呼伦湖流域的蒸发趋势线方程为δD=5.53δ18O-27.39(n=31,R2=0.98),蒸发线明显偏离全球大气降水线(GMWL),表明呼伦湖流域干旱的气候特征。湖水中的氘盈余值偏负程度最大,表明湖水的蒸发最强烈。除采样点W9和W15外,其它各采样点地下水中总溶解性固体含量与氘盈余值负相关,说明呼伦湖流域的地下水也存在蒸发作用。在蒸发强烈的夏季,呼伦湖的湖水来源为大气降水、河流水和地下水。     

基于HJ-1号卫星数据的太湖悬浮物浓度空间分布和变异研究

以太湖为研究区,利用环境1号卫星第4波段建立的线性模型反演了太湖悬浮物浓度,得到2009年全年太湖悬浮物质量浓度空间分布特征。通过等间距的布点和地统计学的相关原理,揭示太湖悬浮物浓度的空间变异特征。结果表明:2009年太湖悬浮物浓度值比较高,大都集中在30~50mg/L和50~70mg/L,高值区从西北太湖或西南太湖区域逐渐向湖心扩散,最终在湖心形成大面积区域。通过地统计学分析发现,太湖悬浮物具有块金效应和强烈的空间相关性,其中6月份的变程最小,为9.2km,而2009年其他月份的变程都大于20km。     

环青海湖地下水溶解性碳的时空变化特征

区域地下水溶解性碳的时空变化特征研究对于认识区域物质循环和能量传递及推动区域生态可持续发展具有重要意义。本研究在青海湖流域冻结期和融化期分别收集了地下水、河水和湖水样品,研究了环青海湖地下水在冻结期和融化期的溶解性碳特征,并探究了不同类型地下水的溶解性碳特征及其对不同冻融时期的响应,最后揭示了环湖区域不同水体的溶解性碳的差异特征及影响因素。结果表明：冻结期地下水、河水和湖水的溶解性无机碳（DIC）均相对高于融化期,溶解性有机碳（DOC）均相对低于融化期。地下水、河水和湖水的溶解性碳均主要以DIC为主,DIC在溶解性碳的占比高达92%。地下水的DIC平均含量在基岩裂隙水、水量中等和浅埋藏的水文地质条件下相对较高,DOC平均含量在基岩裂隙水、水量丰富和浅埋藏的水文地质条件下相对较高。地下水的DIC在湖滨平原砂砾石层、淤泥质砂层潜水和水量中等的水文地质条件下受冻融期影响较大,DOC在基岩裂隙水和水量贫乏的水文地质条件下受冻融期影响较大。湖水的DIC和DOC均远高于河水和地下水。河水的DIC在融化期和冻结期均低于地下水,DOC在融化期高于地下水,在冻结期低于地下水。     

石羊河下游民勤绿洲地下水矿化度的时空变异

结合地理信息系统,运用地统计学方法研究石羊河下游民勤绿洲近15年来的地下水矿化度的时空变异规律及其与土地利用变化的关系。结果表明:(1)在1987年和2001年的两个时期地下水矿化度的实验变异函数值与理论变异函数拟合较好,F检验达到极显著水平;(2)地下水矿化度在4km以下小尺度上的随机变异SHR特别小,而在4～40km的中尺度上的结构性变异SHA达99.9%,可以认为研究区域内地下水矿化度在整个尺度上具有恒定的变异;(3)Kriging插值及其与同期的绿洲景观类型图进行叠加运算表明,在变化趋势上,除坝区东南部略有下降外,整个绿洲地下水矿化度都增大,北部湖区最显著;在变化面积上,地下水矿化度在3.0g/L以下的面积从1987年的75.26%降到了2001年的58.54%;而其>4.5g/L的绿洲主要集中在湖区。地下水矿化度较低区域的耕地面积减少,而地下水矿化度3.0g/L以上的耕地面积从7.03%增加到了14.32%,特别是湖区,地下水的矿化已严重威胁到了耕地的存在。     

甘肃石油河流域地下水补给来源与演化特征分析

针对石油河流域所包含的赤金盆地与花海盆地,综合利用地下水水化学指标与稳定同位素技术系统地研究了地下水的补给来源与演化规律。其中赤金盆地地下水化学演化受控于溶滤作用,方解石、白云石、石膏等不断地溶解进入低矿化度的地下水中导致Mg²⁺+Ca²⁺与HCO₃^-+SO₄^2-沿1∶1等量线分布;而花海盆地高矿化度地下水中的Na⁺与SO₄^2-、Na⁺与Cl^-均有较好线性关系且多数矿物饱和指数>1,表明芒硝溶解控制了地下水中主要离子成分且地下水演化过程转由蒸发浓缩作用主导。赤金、花海盆地地下水氢氧同位素沿祁连山大气降水线分布或于右下方,二者特征相似,但后者更为富集重同位素,反映研究区地下水主要补给来源为祁连山大气降水或石油河河水;此外,两盆地间水力联系紧密,前者补给后者,因此在水资源开发利用时应将两盆地作为整体进行统筹管理,避免不合理开采造成环境地质问题。     

Risk of Fluoride-Rich Groundwater on Human Health: Remediation Through Managed Aquifer Recharge in a Hard Rock Terrain,South India

The main objective of the present research was to examine the risk of fluoride-rich groundwater in the Shanmuganadhi River basin, south India on human health. The non-carcinogenic risks were estimated into two classes: (1) risks associated with oral intake of water and (2) risks associated with dermal contact. Hazard Quotient for oral intake and dermal contact was separately calculated for adult men, adult women and children from the geochemical results of 61 representative samples collected from the wells constructed in hard rock aquifers during the post- (January-2018) and pre-monsoon (May-2018) seasons. The collected samples were analyzed immediately after the field work for all the major ions and fluoride. Finally, total hazard index was calculated for adults (men and women) and children to evaluate the risk. It directed that 41%, 49% and 74% of post-monsoon samples and 30%, 43% and 62% of pre-monsoon samples possessed a non-carcinogenic risk for men, women and children, respectively. Because the basin falls in the drought-prone region, the water supply for drinking and cultivation are commonly based on groundwater resources. The study revealed that the minerals such as apatite, fluorite, biotite and pyroxene in the hornblende–biotite gneiss formation contribute fluoride ions to the groundwater system due to water–rock interaction mechanism. The Durov diagram depicted that dissolution of silicate minerals and cation exchange are the foremost hydrogeochemical activities, which decide the overall chemical composition of groundwater in this region. The ionic concentrations including fluoride increased with respect to depth of occurrence of groundwater. Escalation of the water table due to monsoon recharge and artificial recharge through a check dam decreased the total dissolved solids and fluoride ion concentration. The investigation conducted around the existing check dam at Kaldurai village highlighted that the fluoride concentration is below the allowable limit of 1.5 mg/l (WHO in World health statistics 2017: monitoring health for the SDGs, Sustainable Development Goals. World Health Organization, Geneva, 2017) in the wells closer to the check dam toward the downstream side. The concentration increased with distance, which lead the groundwater unsuitable for consumption. Therefore, it is recommended to implement the managed aquifer recharge using check dams in the other parts of the basin to enrich the quantity and applicability of groundwater.

     

塔里木河下游地下水化学特征对生态输水的响应

结合2000~2002年塔里木河下游5次生态输水过程,通过对沿河40眼地下水监测井采集的水化学资料的分析表明：塔里木河下游地下水化学特征随五次间歇性生态输水发生明显变化。地下水化学对输水的响应表现为初期、中期和后期三个阶段：初期,地下水化学成分中的主要离子含量和矿化度都明显上升;中期逐步下降;输水后期又逐步上升。通过对地下水盐运移机理以及生态输水后地下水化学变化特征的分析得出,单一河道输水方式不如双河道,甚至多河道输水更有利于生态的恢复,另外,生态输水只是对地下水中盐分浓度起到了稀释作用,只有采取一系列工程和管理措施才能使下游水质真正好转。     

塔里木河下游地下水化学特征对生态输水的动态响应

1IntroductionAs an indispensable part of water resource, groundwater plays an important role in ecological environment. Especially in arid and semi-arid area, the changes of groundwater chemistry even determine the ecological process (Ji, 2001; Murgai, 20…     

Dynamical variations in groundwater chemistry influenced by intermittent water delivery at the lower reaches of the Tarim River

The water of Bosten Lake was released to lower reaches of the Tarim River for 5 times from 2000 to 2002. The changes of total dissolved solid (TDS) and the major ions (SO2-4, Cl-, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+ and HCO-3) were analyzed during this period. It was found out that TDS and the concentrations of the major ions initially and quickly increased and then decreased, but finally increased again. These changes were different at different distances from the river, which indicated that the groundwater changes relied on the distance from the river. In addition, the salt in groundwater was only diluted but not removed by the water. It was suggested that ecological measures should be sought to really promote the quality of the groundwater at the lower reaches of the Tarim River.     

Analysis of groundwater quality for irrigation purposes in shallow aquifers: A case study from West Aceh,Indonesia

The aim of this study is to evaluate the groundwater quality in shallow aquifers from West Aceh, Sumatra, for irrigation uses. Groundwater samples have been collected from 32 stations for pH, electrical conductivity (EC), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), total dissolved solids (TDS), sodium percentage (per cent Na) and residual sodium carbonate (RSC) analysis. Evaluation of water quality for irrigation using the United States Salinity Laboratory classifications suggests that the majority of the groundwater samples are good for irrigation. The crop tolerance of irrigation water salinity, as based on EC value, showed that paddy (rice), soybeans and sweet tomatoes are suitable for agricultural cultivation, but that corn and field beans are not suitable. Results indicate that, if used for agricultural irrigation, the groundwater quality ranges from excellent to good, except for a few locations (e.g. Meureubo sub‐district) which indicate signs of deterioration.     

巴丹吉林沙漠湖泊与地下水化学参数初步研究

通过分析巴丹吉林沙漠内部8个泉水、12个井水、51个湖水的化学参数,初步探讨了湖泊与地下水化学参数的空间分布规律,比较近10 a来湖水矿化度值的变化情况,并对地下水与湖水各水化学参数值进行了对比分析。结果表明,沙漠腹地湖水TDS值从西北向东南逐渐降低,Na-Cl-CO3-(SO4)型湖水向东南过渡成Na-CO3-Cl-(SO4)型湖水,推测这种分布状况主要受当地气候的影响,同时受制于局部环境条件;沙漠东南边缘湖水矿化度值长期维持低值,SO2-4离子含量较CO2-3高,气候条件相对腹地湿润,可能存在大量的淡水资源补给;湖水TDS值的年际变化主要受气候变化的控制;沙漠地下水矿化度值并未出现和湖水类似的空间趋势性,并且地下水和湖水的TDS值线性相关不显著。     

黑河流域中游绿洲边缘地表水和地下水水化学特征分析

以黑河流域中游典型绿洲边缘地表水（水库水、河流水）和地下水为研究对象,选取2005—2013年地下水和地表水水化学离子连续监测数据,综合运用描述性统计、Piper图、Gibbs图、离子相关性等方法,对水化学类型及其控制因素进行系统分析。结果表明：① 在2005—2013年地下水总溶解固体（TDS）呈上升趋势,而地表水（河流水和水库水）TDS呈下降趋势,同时,地下水TDS显著高于地表水;② 在年际尺度,地下水离子浓度均随时间增加而显著升高,而河流水和水库水离子整体呈下降趋势;在年内尺度,地下水NO₃^?离子浓度呈现8月显著高于5月的特征,河流水Ca²⁺、SO₄^2?离子浓度8月高于5月,而水库水所有离子含量5月高于8月;③ 在2005—2013年,地表水和地下水水化学类型变化：地表水水化学类型在2005—2009年由HCO₃^?-SO₄^2?-Ca²⁺-Mg²⁺ 转变为HCO₃^?-Ca²⁺-Na⁺,而2009—2013年水库水转变为HCO₃^?-SO₄^2?-Ca²⁺-Mg²⁺,河水转变为HCO₃^?-SO₄^2?-Ca²⁺-Na⁺;地下水水化学类型由HCO₃^?-SO₄^2?-Ca²⁺-Mg²⁺ 型转变为SO₄^2?-HCO₃^?-Ca²⁺-Na⁺-Mg²⁺ 型;地表水和地下水中SO₄^2?、NO₃^?变异系数最大,是随环境因素变化的最主要敏感离子;④ Gibbs图表明,地表水和地下水中离子主要来源于岩石风化作用,方解石、白云岩等碳酸盐岩或硅酸盐岩矿物的风化溶解是该地区离子主要来源。     

北大河流域地下水化学演化与补给特征

综合运用水文地球化学与同位素技术研究北大河流域地下水演化规律,研究区地下水水化学类型从上游到下游由HCO-3型向SO2-4-HCO-3型变化,再过渡到SO2-4型;随着矿化度增大,各离子出现不同的增减速度,白云石和硬石膏的溶解引起Mg2+、SO2-4增加,阳离子交换作用对Na+影响较大,Ca2+则受矿物溶解沉淀及离子交换等的共同影响,另外,蒸发浓缩也是影响研究区水化学的一个重要因素。地下水稳定同位素分布范围较广,δ18O为-10.28～-7.85‰,δD为-65.07～-53.85‰,总体上,南盆地山前地带比细土平原同位素贫乏,南北两盆地地下水同位素差别不大,两盆地同位素氘盈余,反映了酒泉山前及浅层水是由现代河流渠系迅速补给,深层水是现代水和古水混合的,金塔地下水受人类活动影响较大,开发利用过程中一定要慎重。     

WATER RESOURCES OF THE CHUNCHUCMIL MAYA*

ABSTRACT. Chunchucmil, on the Yucatán Peninsula, was densely populated in the Maya Late Classic period (ca. a.d. 550–830), even though it depends principally on groundwater. In the 1990s, hydrologic investigations were conducted to determine whether groundwater could have met domestic and agricultural needs. The region's groundwater is near the surface and is influenced by sea‐level fluctuations; however, geochemical analysis revealed that groundwater quality is not affected by mixing with seawater. The potential exists for high and spatially extensive nitrate contamination in this karstic area, yet water‐quality analyses revealed only moderate levels of nitrate in the groundwater. Agricultural limitations are imposed by chloride, total dissolved solids, and salinity, as indicated by electrical conductivity; domestic water use is limited by the presence of nitrate, sulfate, and chloride. Throughflow in the ring of cenotes (sinkholes) around the Chicxulub impact crater may explain the movement and spatial distribution of water‐quality constituents in Chunchucmil's groundwater.     

Characterization of groundwater in the Ejina Basin, northwest China: hydrochemical and environmental isotopes approaches

To characterize the groundwater in the Ejina Basin,surface and groundwater samples were collected in May and October of 2002.On-site analyses included temperature,electrical conductance(EC),total alkalinity(as HCO 3) by titration,and pH.Chemical analyses were undertaken at the Geochemistry Laboratory of the Cold and Arid Region Environmental and Engineering Institute,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Lanzhou,China.The pH of the groundwater ranged from 7.18 to 8.90 with an average value of 7.72,indicating an alkaline nature.The total dissolved solids(TDS) of the groundwater ranged from 567.5 to 5,954.4 mg/L with an average of 1,543.1 mg/L and a standard deviation of 1,471.8 mg/L.According to the groundwater salinity classification of Robinove et al.(1958),47.4 percent of the samples were brackish and the remainder were fresh water.The ion concentration of the groundwater along the riverbed and near the southern margin of the basin were lower than those farther away from the riverbed.The groundwater in the study area was of Na +-HCO 3 type near the bank of the Heihe River and in the southern margin of the basin,while Na +-SO 4 2-Cl type samples were observed in the terminal lake region.In the desert area the groundwater reached a TDS of 3,000-6,000 mg/L and was predominantly by a Na +-Cl chemistry.Br/Cl for the water of Ejina Basin indicates an evaporite origin for the groundwater with a strongly depleted Br/Cl ratio(average 0.000484).The surface water was slightly enriched in Br/Cl(average 0.000711) compared with groundwater.The calculated saturation index(SI) for calcite and dolomite of the groundwater samples range from 0.89 to 1.31 and 1.67 to 2.67 with averaged 0.24 and 0.61,respectively.About 97 percent of the groundwater samples were kinetically oversaturated with respect to calcite and dolomite,and all the samples were below the equilibrium state with gypsum.Using isotope and hydrochemical analyses,this study investigated the groundwater evolution and its residence time.The groundwater content was mainly determi