基于PCM改进算法的遥感混合像元模拟分析

混合像元的存在是影响遥感图像分类精度的主要原因,模糊分类是进行混合像元分解的重要方法,其效果的好坏取决于各像元分类后对各类别的隶属度值能否准确地反映像元的类别组成。当非监督分类中的聚类数目与实际类别数目不符,或者监督分类中训练样本存在未训练类别时,常用的模糊c-均值(FCM)方法的效果将大大降低,而可能性c-均值(PCM)方法则可以解决这个问题。该文提出了基于PCM算法的遥感图像混合像元分解方法,并用监督分类方法实例说明PCM方法的优越性。     

基于SVM的高光谱遥感图像亚像元定位

提出了基于支持向量机（support vector machine,SVM）的高光谱遥感图像亚像元定位方法。全变分（total variation,TV）模型是经典的保边缘平滑滤波器,本文将其引入作为预处理,来提高混合像元分解及亚像元定位的精度;本文方法在训练和检验样本的构建过程中,依据空间相关性理论,同时考虑了中心像元及其邻近像元丰度值对亚像元类别归属的影响;在监督分类训练和检验过程中,通过剔除纯净像元来缩减样本数量,在保证算法准确性的同时提高了效率。对真实高光谱遥感数据进行了实验,主观评价和定量分析验证了本文方法的有效性。     

基于支持向量机的元胞自动机及土地利用变化模拟

提出了利用遥感数据，并采用支持向量机来确定元胞自动机非线性转换规则的新方法。元胞自动机在模拟复杂地理现象时，需要采用非线性转换规则。目前元胞自动机主要采用线性方法来获取转换规则，在反映复杂的非线性地理现象时有一定的局限性。以城市扩张的模拟为例，将模拟城市系统的主要特征变量映射到Hilbert空间后，通过SVM建立最优分割超平面，分割超平面的分类决策函数由径向基核（Radial Basis Kernel）构造。利用历史遥感数据校正超平面的决策函数，确定城市元胞自动机的非线性转换规则，计算出城市发展概率。利用所提出的方法，对深圳市1988-2010年的城市发展进行了模拟，取得了较理想的模拟效果。研究结果表明，基于SVM-CA模型的模拟精度比传统MCE方法模拟精度高，MoranⅠ指数与实际更为接近。     

高光谱遥感城市植被识别方法研究

传统的植被状况调查方式费时、费力,并且更新困难,而高光谱遥感数据图谱合一,能够更精细、准确地进行遥感地物识别和分类,因此采用Hyperion高光谱数据来研究地物混合严重并且呈零星碎片状的城市植被。利用混合像元分解思想改进Gram-Schmidt融合算法,将Hyperion高光谱和ALI全色波段进行融合,提高光谱数据的空间分辨率,来解决城市植被像元混合严重和分布过于零散破碎难题,进而提高植被识别精度。为了避免高光谱植被识别陷入维数灾难,采用主成分分析对融合后的高光谱数据进行数据降维。最后,在地面光谱成像仪获取的纯净像元光谱信息辅助下,选取训练样本进行最小距离分类,完成植被类型识别,总体精度达到84.9%。     

支持向量机中遗传模糊C-均值的样本预选取方法

提出了在支持向量机(support vector machine,SVM)方法中采用遗传模糊C均值(FCM)进行样本预选取的方法,旨在保留最优分类超平面附近的样本点,去除远处样本点,使训练样本集减小,消除冗余,从而减小所需内存。并以航空影像中的居民地为例进行分析,结果表明,按比例减少样本集后的分割结果与用原样本集的基本一样。     

纯净像元指数改进的N-FINDR高光谱端元提取算法

为了有效解决遥感影像中普遍存在的混合像元导致遥感影像定量解译精度低的问题,对两种不同混合像元端元提取算法进行了比较分析。纯净像元指数算法随着迭代次数的增加时间效率大大降低,而经典的N-FINDR算法初始端元数目选择的任意性会导致像元解混的精度不一,因此本文提出了一种基于纯净像元指数改进的N-FINDR算法。改进的N-FINDR算法相较于传统的N-FINDR算法能够准确构建候选端元集合并求得最优解。该算法结合高光谱影像数据的特点,首先利用纯净像元指数求取备选端元数目;然后以此为基础运用经典的N-FINDR算法求解最大的单形体顶点,将求解后顶点作为纯净像元,并完成丰度反演;最后使用ENVI产品中自带的经过大气校正的航空高光谱数据cup95eff.int对算法进行验证。试验结果表明,以纯净像元指数改进的N-FINDR算法在整体精度方面优于传统的N-FINDR算法。     

利用混合光谱分解与SVM估算不透水面覆盖率

对比了线性混合光谱分解模型(SMA)与支持向量机(SVM)在TM影像上估算不透水面覆盖率(ISP)的精度,通过SVM模型拟合TM像元光谱特征与样本ISP间的关联而获得对未知像元ISP的估算能力。对于天津市主城区的TM影像,选择学校区、工矿区和住宅区的高分辨率影像分类结果作为训练样本(7020个)和验证样本(1500个),SVM模型的ISP估算均方差(15.4%)优于SMA估算结果(19.4%);在增加缨帽变化“绿度分量”及混合光谱分解“高反射率分量”作为SVM特征变量后,ISP估算精度提高为12%。研究结果表明：SVM模型能够拟合各像元光谱组分间非线性关系且具有较好小样本泛化的性能,适用于地面样本较少的大区域ISP制图;增加与ISP相关性大的光谱特征向量作为SVM输入能提供更多的区域地物空间分布信息,能够调整无样本的地表类型的ISP估算值,提高区域ISP估算的整体精度。     

基于SVM和PWC的遥感影像混合像元分解

支持向量机与两两配对方法结合可分解遥感影像混合像元.首先支持向量机的输出值转化为两两配对的后验概率,再由两两配对的概率值求得多类后验概率,最终像元所属类别的后验概率作为地物的组分信息.利用多波段遥感数据验证了此方法的可行性,并将结果与线性分解模型进行比较.结果表明,SVM与PWC结合进行混合像元分解在准确性方面优于一般线性模型的精度,并且此方法可用于图像分类中.     

结合SOM神经网络和混合像元分解的高光谱影像分类方法研究

本文对SOM神经网络算法进行改进,在标类的过程中采用3个策略加以控制,对初始产生的自组织映射图进行调整。通过改进,那些映射到可靠神经元的像素得到了很好的分类,而那些映射到不可靠神经元的像素都被作为不可分像元而提取出来。继而,从混合像元分解的角度来对这些不可分像元进行处理,按类型分解的思想确定混合像元的类别,实现对不可分像元的分类。将SOM神经网络和混合像元分解相结合的分类方法应用于高光谱图像的分类中,通过实验表明了该方法能较好地改善分类效果,提高分类精度。     

Urban Shadow Detection and Classification Using Hyperspectral Image

Shadow is an inevitable problem in high-resolution remote sensing images. There are need and significance in extracting information from shadow-covered areas, such as in land-cover mapping. Although the illumination energy of shadow pixels is low, hyperspectral image can provides rich enough band information to differentiate various urban targets/materials and to classify them. This study firstly analyzes the spectra difference between shadow and non-shadow classes so as to detect shadow-pixel. To classify the shadow pixels, Spectral Angle Mapper (SAM) method was adopted to classify urban land-cover mapping, because it can reduce the influence resulted from different illumination intensity. Then, training samples were collected among different classes from the shadow pixels, and their Jeffries–Matusita (J–M) distance were computed to validate the spectral separability among classes, with the square distances of J–M among classes all bigger than 1.9. Finally, Maximum Likelihood Classifier (MLC) and Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifier were used to classify all the shadow pixels as different land-cover types. The results showed MLC and SVM outperform the SAM in classifying similar classes. The classification result in SVM was validated to find having conformity with ground truth.     

小样本的高光谱图像降噪与分类

在样本数目稀少情况下实现高光谱图像精细分类是个挑战性的问题。高光谱图像信噪比提高比较困难,噪声大小对分类结果有最直接的影响。利用高光谱图像相邻波段之间的相关性和相邻像素之间的相关性,提出多级降噪滤波的高光谱图像分类方法,通过改进的两阶段稀疏与低秩矩阵分解方法,去除高光谱图像中能量较高的噪声,利用主成分分析方法去除高光谱图像中能量较低的噪声,引导滤波方法去除分类结果图中的"椒盐噪声"。选取两幅真实高光谱图像进行实验,结果表明,两阶段稀疏与低秩矩阵分解法和主成分分析法两种降噪方法具有较强的互补性;引导滤波方法使得分类图更加平滑且分类精度更高。与其他光谱空间分类方法相比,本文方法分类精度更高,且在样本极少时能获得很高的分类精度。     

高光谱遥感影像支持向量机分类中噪声影响的研究

为了验证噪声对支持向量机分类器性能的影响,对"SVM可以有效用于含噪声和不确定性数据"这一观点进行定量分析评价,采用国产OMISII传感器获得的高光谱遥感数据进行了试验,为了更好地比较SVM分类器的抗噪性,先对原始数据进行支持向量机分类,然后在高光谱遥感影像中人为添加不同比例的椒盐噪声和条带噪声,然后进行支持向量机分类...     

Hyperspectral Image Classification Using Relevance Vector Machines

This letter presents a hyperspectral image classification method based on relevance vector machines (RVMs). Support vector machine (SVM)-based approaches have been recently proposed for hyperspectral image classification and have raised important interest. In this letter, it is genuinely proposed to use an RVM-based approach for the classification of hyperspectral images. It is shown that approximately the same classification accuracy is obtained using RVM-based classification, with a significantly smaller relevance vector rate and, therefore, much faster testing time, compared with SVM-based classification. This feature makes the RVM-based hyperspectral classification approach more suitable for applications that require low complexity and, possibly, real-time classification.     

优化子空间SVM集成的高光谱图像分类

随机子空间集成是很有前景的高光谱图像分类技术,子空间的多样性和单个子空间的性能与集成后的分类精度密切相关。传统方法在增强单个子空间性能的同时,往往会获得大量最优但相似的子空间,因而减小它们之间的多样性,限制集成系统的分类精度。为此,提出优化子空间SVM集成的高光谱图像分类方法。该方法采用支持向量机(SVM)作为基分类器,并通过SVM之间的模式差别对随机子空间进行k-means聚类,最后选择每类中J-M距离最大的子空间进行集成,从而实现高光谱图像分类。实验结果显示,优化子空间SVM集成的高光谱图像分类方法能够有效解决小样本情况下的Hughes效应问题;总体精度达到75%–80%,Kappa系数达到0.61–0.74;比随机子空间集成方法和随机森林方法分类精度更高、更稳定,适合高光谱图像分类。     

Identifying saltcedar with hyperspectral data and support vectormachines

Saltcedar (Tamarix spp.) are a group of dense phreatophytic shrubs and trees that are invasive to riparian areas throughout the United States. This study determined the feasibility of using hyperspectral data and a support vector machine (SVM) classifier to discriminate saltcedar from other cover types in west Texas. Spectral measurements were collected with a ground-based hyperspectral spectroradiometer (spectral range 350–2500 nm) in December 2008 and April 2009. Spectral data consisting of 1698 spectral bands (400–1349, 1441–1789, 1991–2359 nm) were subjected to a support vector machine classification to differentiate saltcedar from other vegetative and non-vegetative classes. For both dates, a linear kernel model with a C value (error penalty) of 100 was found optimum for separating saltcedar from the other classes. It identified saltcedar with accuracies ranging from 95% to 100%. Findings support further exploration of hyperspectral remote sensing technology and SVM classifiers for differentiating saltcedar from other cover types.     

利用分离性测度多类支持向量机进行高光谱遥感影像分类

从支持向量机的基本理论出发,结合高光谱数据的分离性测度,提出了一种基于分离性测度的二叉树多类支持向量机分类器,并用OMIS传感器获得的高光谱遥感数据和Hyperion高光谱遥感数据进行实验,分析比较了各种多类SVM的分类精度,并和传统的光谱角制图和最小距离分类算法进行了比较。结果表明,SVM进行高光谱分类时,基于分离性测度的二叉树多支持向量机的分类精度最高。     

综合聚类和上下文特征的高光谱影像分类

常规高光谱影像逐像素分类往往没有考虑空间相关性,分类结果未体现地物的空间关联和分布特征。为了在分类中充分利用空间特征,利用聚类信息并结合隐马尔可夫随机场模型讨论了高光谱遥感影像光谱-空间分类方法。首先,在不同特征提取方法（最小噪声分离、独立成分分析和主成分分析）下,使用不同聚类方法（k-均值、迭代自组织分析算法和模糊c-均值算法）借助隐马尔可夫随机场获取优化的分割图;然后,采用4连通区域标记法对分割区域标记生成图像对象,并根据支持向量机的逐像素分类结果采用多数投票法对图像对象进行分类;最后,借助凹槽窗口邻域滤波技术改进分类结果,削弱“椒盐”现象。该方法综合了监督分类和非监督分类的优势,通过聚类引入地物空间相关性信息,通过隐马尔可夫随机场引入上下文特征,较好地弥补了单纯基于光谱信息分类的不足。     

A Multiple SVM System for Classification of Hyperspectral Remote Sensing Data

With recent technological advances in remote sensing sensors and systems, very high-dimensional hyperspectral data are available for a better discrimination among different complex land-cover classes. However, the large number of spectral bands, but limited availability of training samples creates the problem of Hughes phenomenon or ‘curse of dimensionality’ in hyperspectral data sets. Moreover, these high numbers of bands are usually highly correlated. Because of these complexities of hyperspectral data, traditional classification strategies have often limited performance in classification of hyperspectral imagery. Referring to the limitation of single classifier in these situations, Multiple Classifier Systems (MCS) may have better performance than single classifier. This paper presents a new method for classification of hyperspectral data based on a band clustering strategy through a multiple Support Vector Machine system. The proposed method uses the band grouping process based on a modified mutual information strategy to split data into few band groups. After the band grouping step, the proposed algorithm aims at benefiting from the capabilities of SVM as classification method. So, the proposed approach applies SVM on each band group that is produced in a previous step. Finally, Naive Bayes (NB) as a classifier fusion method combines decisions of SVM classifiers. Experimental results on two common hyperspectral data sets show that the proposed method improves the classification accuracy in comparison with the standard SVM on entire bands of data and feature selection methods.     

Evaluation of classifiers for processing Hyperion (EO-1) data of tropical vegetation

There is an urgent necessity to monitor changes in the natural surface features of earth. Compared to broadband multispectral data, hyperspectral data provides a better option with high spectral resolution. Classification of vegetation with the use of hyperspectral remote sensing generates a classical problem of high dimensional inputs. Complexity gets compounded as we move from airborne hyperspectral to Spaceborne technology. It is unclear how different classification algorithms will perform on a complex scene of tropical forests collected by spaceborne hyperspectral sensor. The present study was carried out to evaluate the performance of three different classifiers (Artificial Neural Network, Spectral Angle Mapper, Support Vector Machine) over highly diverse tropical forest vegetation utilizing hyperspectral (EO-1) data. Appropriate band selection was done by Stepwise Discriminant Analysis. The Stepwise Discriminant Analysis resulted in identifying 22 best bands to discriminate the eight identified tropical vegetation classes. Maximum numbers of bands came from SWIR region. ANN classifier gave highest OAA values of 81% with the help of 22 selected bands from SDA. The image classified with the help SVM showed OAA of 71%, whereas the SAM showed the lowest OAA of 66%. All the three classifiers were also tested to check their efficiency in classifying spectra coming from 165 processed bands. SVM showed highest OAA of 80%. Classified subset images coming from ANN (from 22 bands) and SVM (from 165 bands) are quite similar in showing the distribution of eight vegetation classes. Both the images appeared close to the actual distribution of vegetation seen in the study area. OAA levels obtained in this study by ANN and SVM classifiers identify the suitability of these classifiers for tropical vegetation discrimination.