近60年北京地区沙尘天气变化及路径分析

利用1951-2010年地面气象月报资料,根据北京发生沙尘天气情况下周围观测站发生沙尘天气的概率空间分布推断影响北京地区沙尘天气移动路径的方法,得到影响北京地区沙尘天气的主要通道是张掖—民勤—鄂托克前旗—大同—北京和锡林浩特盟二连浩特市—浑善达克沙地西部—张北—北京这两条路径之间。该区域内的巴丹吉林沙漠、乌兰布和沙漠、毛乌素沙地和浑善达克沙漠是影响北京地区沙尘天气的主要沙源地。     

全球变暖背景下西北太平洋热带气旋生成位置及路径变化

利用JTWC 6 h热带气旋Best track资料、Hadley中心的月平均SST资料及NECP的再分析资料,对1979—2013年西北太平洋热带气旋生成位置及路径的变化进行了研究,分析了各环境场变量的作用。结果表明:1979—2013年间西北太平洋热带气旋生成位置向北、向西发生了移动。影响全年生成位置变化的环境变量为SST升高、垂直风切变减弱、700 hPa相对湿度增大、850 hPa相对涡度增大,前季、盛季和后季的影响因素各不相同。全年、盛季和后季西行路径减少,西北行及转向路径增多,而前季西北行路径减少,西行、转向路径增多。路径的变化与对流层中层引导气流的变化密切相关,而生成位置的北移,也使得热带气旋的路径更容易受到副高的影响,从而发生变化。     

西太平洋和南海地区赤道反气旋活动及其对台风路径的影响

本文对西太平洋—南海地区的赤道反气旋活动进行了初步的普查分析。平均每年出现8次,集中出现于6—9月。赤道反气旋是一种持续几天的、1000—2000km左右天气尺度的热带天气系统,这是一种暖性高压系统,常与晴好天气相联系。赤道反气旋对台风的发生发展,及其移动路径都有明显的影响。一旦在台风南面出现深厚强大的赤道反气旋活动,往往使台风出现异常路径。但具体的台风路径则决定于赤道反气旋和副热带高压的共同作用。本文并给出了几次台风路径的个例分析。     

影响杭州台风过程降水的气候特征分析

本文通过对1965—1993年29年来台风影响杭州的降水资料的分析,确定了影响杭州台风的大、小关键区.根据台风的移动路径,划分了西路、东路和中路三类台风,并对影响杭州造成较大降水的33个台风分三路进行了统计和分析,得出了不同路径台风影响下的杭州地区的降水分布规律.又分析了1949—1993年45年来影响杭州的109个台风的过程最大降水量和日最大降水量,得出了台风影响下杭州各地的降水极大值情况.     

西北气候暖湿化的农业经济影响评估：以宁夏为例

以宁夏农业经济为研究对象,综合气候学与经济学交叉学科理论,在阐述气候变化影响农业经济基本理论的基础上,基于微观计量经济学方法定量评估了1991—2020年历史气候变化和极端天气气候事件对宁夏农业经济产值的差异化影响,进而预估了SSP3-RCP8.5和SSP2-RCP6.0情景下2041—2070年和2071—2100年气候暖湿化的潜在影响。结果表明,平均气温和降水均非线性影响农业经济产值,极端天气气候事件显著抑制农业经济增长,极端高温与重旱未能形成“热旱”复合型灾害影响;SSP2-RCP6.0发展路径可以大幅减缓SSP3-RCP8.5路径下未来升温的潜在负面影响。评估结果揭示了西北气候暖湿化对农业经济的复杂影响,有助于为区域最佳适应气候变化提供科学依据。     

1959—2012年我国极端降水台风的气候特征分析

利用上海台风研究所整编的1959—2012年台风最佳路径和台风日降水资料,采用百分位法确定单站台风极端降水阈值,针对单个台风影响过程中所造成极端降水的影响范围、降水日数和降水强度异常等指数进行逐个评估,建立了极端降水台风综合指数,依据该指数确定了影响我国的57个极端降水台风,并统计分析了这些台风个数及强度的月际分布特征和路径特点。结果表明：台风极端降水阈值在我国呈由东南沿海向西北内陆减小的分布特征。极端降水台风影响我国的路径大致分为两类,一类穿过台湾或经过台湾北部洋面在我国东南沿海登陆,另一类则于华南沿海登陆或在其近海活动。极端降水台风在20世纪60—70年代及2000年以后相对频发,70年代平均综合指数最高。极端降水台风均出现在5—10月,7—8月频次最多。57个台风中达到台风和强台风级别的最多。     

南海和西北太平洋台风复杂路径的气候分析

应用1949—1981年资料,对5—25°N,105—135°E范围内5—11月出现的台风复杂路径进行了气候统计。并结合天气学做了分析. 复杂路径台风约占区内台风总数的1/3.各类复杂路径的月分布有相对集中期,这与大尺度热带环流的季节变化有关. 台风复杂路径转折点的地理位置与大尺度环流系统的月平均位置有一定的对应关系.     

长江下游地区对流云团的卫星云图统计特征

本文使用1979—1984年5—7月的静止卫星云图资料,统计分析了影响长江下游地区对流云团的初生位置、移动路径、持续时间、形成方式、云团与天气尺度云系的关系及云团发展维持的某些云场特征。     

西北太平洋台风定位误差的统计分析

本文对1975—1979年期间西北太平洋台风的定位误差进行了统计分析,指出了误差分布不符合二维正态分布的原因,影响路径预报的程度以及改进的建议。     

基于共享社会经济路径的中国经济发展趋势及其影响要素分析

基于最新的经济和人口普查及逐年统计年鉴,采用柯布?道格拉斯(Cobb-Douglas)经济预测模型,分析了共享社会经济路径(SSPs)框架下中国“全面二孩”政策后2010—2100年经济发展趋势,并解析了劳动投入量、资本投入量和全要素生产率对经济发展的贡献率。研究发现：(1)不同的社会经济发展政策下,21世纪中国经济均呈增加趋势,GDP增速在2030年前基本维持在6%上下,但2030—2060年代迅速下降,2070年代起SSP1和SSP4路径下增幅低于0.5%,SSP2、SSP3和SSP5路径下增幅保持在0.5%~1.5%。(2)影响经济发展的三要素中,劳动投入量在SSP3路径下先减后增,于2060年代达到谷值;在其他路径下均先增后减,于2020年代达到峰值。资本投入量在SSP1路径下持续增加,2080年代起趋于平缓;其他路径下均呈持续增加趋势,但在SSP4路径下,在2060和2070年代有所下降。全要素生产率在所有路径下均呈增加趋势。(3)改革开放以来,资本投入量是影响我国经济增长最主要的因素。未来,SSP1和SSP2路径下,全要素生产率逐渐成为经济发展的主导因素;而SSP5路径下,资本投入量仍是影响经济发展的主要因素。     

长江中下游旱涝的环流型与赤道东太平洋海温遥相关波列特征

根据长江中下游地区夏季旱涝年前期冬、春季北太平洋海温分布特征进行分析研究 ,提出了影响区域性旱涝的海温“强信号”概念 ;探讨了北半球大气环流结构对赤道东太平洋海温异常响应问题 ,并研究了东太平洋海温与北半球夏、春季高度偏差场季尺度相关偏差场波列结构相关特征。研究结果表明 ,赤道东太平洋海温异常可能通过低纬walker环流引起赤道西太平洋区域性大气异常运动 ,从而产生遥响应环流型 ,形成类似PNA遥相关“大圆波列”。此类遥响应特征在西太平洋区域表现出与副热带高压、西风槽、阻塞高压等相关的系统的准定常经向波列。研究结果还表明此类经向波列结构描述了中高纬地区系统对低纬异常海温遥响应的动力学特征。应用 1997～ 1998年冬季实际海温资料 ,并在赤道中东太平洋地区引入实际海温异常的敏感性试验 ,较成功地模拟了 1998年夏季长江流域洪涝的降水分布特征。文中从统计、动力分析和数值模拟综合分析方法揭示出由前期东太平洋海温异常引起的大气环流变异 ,构成中国长江流域旱涝的物理图像及其动力学模型。     

Relationship Between an Abrupt Drought-Flood Transition over Mid-Low Reaches of the Yangtze River in 2011 and the Intraseasonal Oscillation over Mid-High Latitudes of East Asia

NCEP/NCAR daily reanalysis data and Chinese daily gridded precipitation data are used to study the relationship between an aprupt drought-flood transition over the mid-low reaches of the Yangtze River in 2011 and the intraseasonal oscillation (ISO; 30-60 days) in the mid-high latitude meridional circulation of the upper troposphere over East Asia. The abrupt transition from drought to flood occurs in early June. The first two recovered fields of the complex empirical orthogonal function show that northward-propagating westerlies from low latitudes converge with southward-propagating westerlies from high latitudes over the mid-low reaches of the Yangtze River (MLRYR) in mid-late May. The timing of this convergence corresponds to the flood period in early-mid June. The ISO index is significantly and positively correlated with rainfall over the MLRYR. During the dry phase (before the transition), the upper troposphere over the MLRYR is characterized by cyclonic flow, easterly winds, and convergence. The regional circulation is dominated by a wave train with a cyclone over east of Lake Baikal, an anticyclone over northern China, and a cyclone over the MLRYR. During the wet phase, the situation is reversed. The configuration of the wave train during the dry phase favors the southward propagation of westerly wind disturbances, while the configuration of the wave train during the wet phase favors the development and maintenance of a pumping effect and sustained ascending motions over the MLRYR.     

NUMERICAL EXPERIMENTS FOR THE IMPACT OF ANTARCTIC ICE COVER AND SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE ON CLIMATE VARIABILITY*

By using a three-level atmospheric general circulation model(AGCM),we have completed several numerical experiments to study the impacts of sea surface temperature anomaly(SSTA) and antarctic ice cover anomaly(AICA) during 1981-1983 on climate variability.The results show that during the El Nino period of 1982-1983 the impact of SSTA overrides that of AICA.SSTA mainly affects equatorial zonal circulation and produces PNA wave train,and SE-NW wave train in East Asia to influence the weather of China.AICA produces west-east anomalous vortex streets in the middle latitudes of both hemispheres and affects the intensity of the polar vortex of Southern Hemisphere.     

广东6月持续性暴雨期间的大气环流异常

利用1979—2011年共33年广东86个观测站日降水和全球大气多要素日平均资料,分析广东前汛期降水异常(包括暴雨和无雨)的环流特征。结果表明,广东6月持续性暴雨和持续性无雨期间大气存在显著的经向遥相关波列,其中,持续性暴雨过程波列更完整,非持续性暴雨(或非持续性无雨)则波列不显著,而4、5月的持续性暴雨或持续性无雨过程都没有波列出现。在经向波列存在的情况下,对流层中高层大气西风带环流经向度增大、槽脊发展增强,中高纬度这种持续稳定的环流形势,有利于冷空气和高空槽影响华南;在高层200 hPa,华南处于偏西风和西南风异常之间的气流辐散区域,有利于高层辐散;对流层中低层西太平洋副热带高压偏强、西脊点偏西,华南上升、南海下沉的垂直异常经圈环流建立;同时对流层低层来源于印度和孟加拉湾北部以及热带太平洋的水汽输送明显加强,从而为持续性暴雨过程提供有利的环流背景以及暴雨区所需的动力和水汽条件,可见经向波列通过对流层高、中、低层大气环流异常影响持续性暴雨。在没有经向波列的情况下,当500 hPa华南地区有西风槽活动、850 hPa南海北部西风偏强,广东局地动力上升条件和水汽输送条件达到一定程度,则只能出现非持续性暴雨。因此,经向波列可为区分持续暴雨与非持续暴雨预报提供参考。与广东降水持续异常相关的经向波列受中高纬度罗斯贝波、热带对流以及中低纬度太平洋地区大气异常等多方面的共同影响。     

The upper-level circulation anomaly over Central Asia and its relationship to the Asian monsoon and mid-latitude wave train in early summer

A large intraseasonal variation in geopotential height over the Central Asia region, where the Asian subtropical jet is located, occurs between May and June, and the most dominant variation has a wave-like distribution. This variation in geopotential height influences precipitation across South and Southeast Asia. In this paper, we use composite analysis to determine the causes of this intraseasonal variation over Central Asia. The wave train propagates from the northern Atlantic Ocean to Central Asia over a period of a week, and generates an anomaly in geopotential height over the region. The tropical disturbance, which is similar to the Madden–Julian oscillation, appears a few days before the maximum of the anticyclonic anomaly over Central Asia, and is accompanied by active convection over the Indian Ocean and suppressed convection over Central America. Results of numerical experiments using a linear baroclinic model show that the active convection over the northern Indian Ocean causes the anticyclonic anomaly over Central Asia. The wave train that extends from the northern Atlantic Ocean to Central Asia is generated by negative thermal forcing over Central America, and the phase distribution of this wave train is similar to that observed in the composite analysis. Central Asia is the region where the effects of the tropics and middle latitudes overlap, and it is an important connection point between the Asian monsoon and middle latitudes.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE MOVEMENT OF THE MEIYU/BAIU RAIN BELT AND THE PERIODIC NORTHWESTWARD PROPAGATION OF THE CONVECTIVE ACTIVITY FROM TROPICAL WEST PACIFIC*

In order to investigate the effect of the factors in tower latitudes on Meiyu/Baiu front,a diagnostic analysis for the two cases during June to July of 1985 and 1986 was examined.We found that (1) when the tropical convective activity moves westward to 10.5-15.5'N/140°E from east side of 10.5-15.5°N/160°E,the northward shifts of the Meiyu/Baiu rain belt occurs;(2)the main factor which results in the northward and southward shifts of Meiyu/Baiu rain belt is thought as the 8,18 and 30 day oscillations of the tropical convective activity around West Pacific.Meanwhile,the wave train propagating from Lake Baikal via Okhotsk Sea to the tropics could sometimes shift Baiu rain belt southward;(3) the onsets of Meiyu in China of both cases tend to take place just when the convective activity around lower latitudes moves westward through about 140°E with the 8,18 and 30 day oscillation periods firstly coming to June.     

THE INTERLINKAGE OF LARGE-SCALE SYSTEMS BETWEEN HIGH AND LOW LATITUDES RELATED TO PROPAGATION OF THE PLANETARY WAVE AROUND EAST ASIA IN SUMMER

This study has reviewed recent studies about impact of the Rossby wave propagation on theweather of East Asia.Then,we have focused on the northward progression of the subtropical highaffected by the propagations and their interaction.The following results are obtained:(1)The twokinds of meridional Rossby wave propagations often affect the East Asian weather in summer,which propagate in two conflicting directions(northwest-southeastward and southwest-northeast-ward).This is considered as the interaction of the large-scale systems between high and lowlatitudes with wave propagation,especially to the circulation systems around East Asia.(2)Thenorthward progression of the subtropical high is largely restrained,aecompanied by the southwardshift of the convective activity in middle latitudes,under the strong and persistent Rossby wavepropagation from high to low latitudes.And the opposite role could be found in the Rossby wavepropagation from low to high latitudes.     

THE INTERLINKAGE OF LARGE-SCALE SYSTEMS BETWEEN HIGH AND LOW LATITUDES RELATED TO PROPAGATION OF THE PLANETARY WAVE AROUND EAST ASIA IN SUMMER*

This study has reviewed recent studies about impact of the Rossby wave propagation on the weather of East Asia.Then,we have focused on the northward progression of the subtropical high affected by the propagations and their interaction.The following results are obtained:(1) The two kinds of meridional Rossby wave propagations often affect the East Asian weather in summer,which propagate in two conflicting directions(northwest-southeastward and southwest-northeast-ward).This is considered as the interaction of the large-scale systems between high and low latitudes with wave propagation,especially to the circulation systems around East Asia.(2) The northward progression of the subtropical high is largely restrained,aecompanied by the southward shift of the convective activity in middle latitudes,under the strong and persistent Rossby wave propagation from high to low latitudes.And the opposite role could be found in the Rossby wave propagation from low to high latitudes.     

Numerical experiments on the impact of spring north pacific SSTA on NPO and unusually cool summers in Northeast China

A set of numerical experiments designed to analyze the oceanic forcing in spring show that the combined forcing of cold （warm） El Ni（n）o （La Ni（n）a） phases in the Ni（n）o4 region and sea surface temperature anomalies （SSTA） in the westerly drifts region would result in abnormally enhanced NorthEast Cold Vortex （NECV） activities in early summer.In spring,the central equatorial Pacific El Ni（n）o phase and westerly drift SSTA forcing would lead to the retreat of non-adiabatic waves,inducing elliptic low-frequency anomalies of tropical air flows.This would enhance the anomalous cyclone-anticyclonecyclone-anticyclone low-frequency wave train that propagates from the tropics to the extratropics and further to the mid-high latitudes,constituting a major physical mechanism that contributes to the early summer circulation anomalies in the subtropics and in the North Pacific mid-high latitudes.The central equatorial Pacific La Ni（n）a forcing in the spring would,on the one hand,induce teleconnection anomalies of high pressure from the Sea of Okhotsk to the Sea of Japan in early summer,and on the other hand indirectly trigger a positive low-frequency East Asia-Pacific teleconnection （EAP） wave train in the lower troposphere.