土壤水分调控对酥梨品质的影响

以45年生酥梨树为试材,分析测定塑料薄膜覆盖、树盘覆草、自然生草、定期灌水、清耕等不同土壤水分管理措施对土壤水分和酥梨品质的影响,结果表明不同处理间以塑料薄膜覆盖处理效果最好,不但果个较大,果实的固酸比值和产量也较高;树盘覆草次之,且具有土壤水分变化幅度较小和省工、省时等优点.     

不同土壤水分和不同覆盖条件下麦田水分动态和增产机理研究

1997年 1月至 1 998年 6月在郑州水分试验场进行了小麦田覆盖期、覆盖量和土壤水分处理试验 .结果表明 ,覆盖是一种行之有效的保墒增产措施 .不同覆盖期、不同覆盖量和不同土壤水分对小麦干物重、叶面积、蒸腾强度、产量和水分利用效率有着显著的影响 .覆盖期、覆盖量和土壤水分含量的最佳结合点为 :冬前小麦停止生长之日、55%～ 70 %土壤相对湿度、450 0～ 60 0 0 kg/ hm2覆盖量 .在此状况下 ,产量可增加 1 8.5% ,水分利用效率提高 2 2 .1 % .     

小麦秸杆和残茬覆盖对夏玉米耗水量及产量的影响

夏玉米田进行小麦秸杆和残茬覆盖,可发迹夏玉米耗水规律,减少前期棵间蒸发,增加后期植株蒸腾,促进干物质积毗,使玉米产量和水分利用效率均有明显提高。不同土壤水分利用效率均有明显提高。不同土壤水分状况下,秸杆和残茬覆盖的效果是不同的,产量和水分利用效率以土训湿度较小的地段增加最为明显。说明该技术适用于气候比较干旱的地区,对发展我国北方旱地农业有重要意义。     

河南省获嘉县农田水分供需特征及秸秆覆盖效果分析

秸秆覆盖可以减少土壤表面水分蒸发,提高水分利用效率.以不覆盖处理为对照,2005年10月至2007年10月在获嘉县农场对冬小麦和夏玉米生育期间进行了秸秆覆盖处理对比观测.结果表明,秸秆覆盖后近地层气象要素发生了改变,覆盖后近地层空气温度升高,水汽压降低,地表土壤温度下降;秸秆覆盖有明显的保墒、蓄水作用,提高了土壤水分利用率;同时秸秆覆盖对提高冬小麦的成穗数,增加冬小麦和玉米的千粒重有明显作用.试验期间,推广田冬小麦增产幅度为8.7%,夏玉米增产幅度为8.9%.     

旱地苹果覆草的气象效应

经田间试验分析 ,苹果园覆草可减少地温的变幅 ,夏季覆草 1 0～ 2 0 cm地温可降低 1 .0～1 .5℃ :秋季覆草能提高温 0 .5～ 2 .3℃。覆草能保持水土 ,减少土壤流失。覆草还可抑制杂草 ,改善土壤结构。覆草的苹果树 ,使产量、大果率提高     

春玉米地膜覆盖的水分效应初步分析

地表用塑料薄膜覆盖俗称地膜覆盖、地膜覆盖的地段,土表水分蒸发大为减小,土壤水分得到了保存,且地表长波辐射减弱,地膜覆盖起到了保湿保温的作用。我区农业部门于1987年开始玉米地膜覆盖栽培试验及推广。一九八七年和一九八八年靖西县农业站主持的大田地膜覆盖栽培春玉米试验结果,地膜覆盖比露地对照分别增产64.5％和60.2％,效果很显著。可见,在春旱频繁,     

干旱山区地堰不同保墒措施与树木生长的试验分析

通过高分子吸水剂、树盘盖石板、覆盖地膜、松土保墒四种不同贮水保墒措施的试验研究，探讨改善树木生长的生态条件、促进树木生长的方法，为解决干旱山区地堰造林绿化技术难题提供了有效措施。     

基于遥感的土壤电阻率估算研究

以我国长江中下游的南京及其周边15个市(县)为例,采用野外测定、室内分析与遥感反演相结合的方法,开展了土壤电阻率估算研究.选用影响土壤电阻率的土壤水分、土壤温度、土壤可溶盐总量与土壤阳离子交换量等4个主要因子,遥感反演土壤水分和温度空间分布,以获取估算土壤电阻率所需要的主要参数;采用偏最小二乘二次多项式(PLSQM)模型对不同地表覆盖类型下的土壤电阻率进行估算,PLSQM估算模型的估算值与实测值的相关系数达到0.85,平均相对误差(MRE)为19.02%,均方根误差(RMSE)为7.79.结果表明,草地、农田、林地3种不同地表覆盖类型下土壤电阻率有明显差异,PLSQM模型实现了较高估算精度,具有较好的应用潜力.     

耕作措施与麦田水分利用关系的研究

麦收后利用不同的耕作处理,改变休闲期的土壤水分贮存和运动方式,从而在播种时获得不同的土壤水分贮备。这种处理影响着小麦一生的水分利用和产量形成。     

安徽省土壤水分监测预测系统

基于农业气象业务需求,研发安徽省土壤水分监测预测服务系统,可为防汛抗旱决策服务提供技术支持。该文首先建立人工取土、自动土壤水分观测站等不同渠道土壤水分监测资料的实时传输与处理系统,再利用不同季节资料建立土壤墒情统计预测模型,然后对Surfer 8.0和线柱图控件进行二次开发,实现不同季节和不同土层的土壤墒情监测预测结果表格化、图形化动态显示与输出。该研究建立的土壤旱涝监测预测系统实现了从土壤水分原始监测数据到标准化土壤水分综合数据库、再从监测预测初级产品到动态及图形化显示的服务产品的四级数据文件转化及业务逻辑流程,系统业务实用性和转化力强,该系统已成功应用于安徽省农业旱涝预报预警业务服务。     

要重视指示性云的观测及编码

以一些易被忽略、简化的指示性云状及编码为依据,论述云天演变,对于观测、记录及编码具有重要意义。     

要重视指示性云的观测及编码

以一些易被忽略、简化的指示性云状及编码为依据，论述云天演变，对于观测、记录及编码具有重要意义。     

对百色工业立市气象信息服务的探讨

就百色工业立市的情况作简要概叙,并在工业立市进程中,除了决策和公益气象服务以外,气象信息服务的市场前景、营销人员队伍、服务中应注意的事项及气象信息服务的可能服务对象和内容作了较为详细的探讨。     

综合布线系统在气象核心网络升级中的应用

综合布线系统采用标准化的语音、数据、图像、监控设备,各线综合配置在一套标准的布线系统上,统一布线设计、安装施工和集中管理维护。综合布线系统在广东省气象局核心网络升级综合布线实际应用效果明显。     

综合布线系统在气象核心网络升级中的应用

综合布线系统采用标准化的语音、数据、图像、监控设备，各线综合配置在一套标准的布线系统上，统一布线设计、安装施工和集中管理维护。综合布线系统在广东省气象局核心网络升级综合布线实际应用效果明显。     

The Impact Of Air-Flow Separation On The Drag Of The Sea Surface

An approach that allows assessment ofthe impact of air-flow separation (AFS) fromwave breaking fronts on the sea-surface drag is presented. Wave breaking fronts are modelled by the discontinuities of the sea-surface slope. It is assumedthat the dynamics of the AFS from wave breaking crests is similar to thatfrom the backward facing step. The form drag supported by an individualbreaker is described by the action of the pressure drop distributed alongthe forward face of the breaking front. The total stress due to the AFS isobtained as a sum of contributions from breaking fronts of different scales.Outside the breaking fronts the drag of the sea surface is supported by theviscous surface stress and the wave-induced stress. To calculate the stressdue to the AFS and the wave-induced stress a physical model of the wind-wavespectrum is used. Together with the model of the air flow described in termsof surface stresses it forms a self-consistent dynamical system for the seasurface-atmosphere where the air flow and wind waves are strongly coupled.Model calculations of the drag coefficient agree with measurements. It is shownthat the dimensionless Charnock parameter (roughness length normalized onthe square of the friction velocity and the acceleration of gravity)increases with the increase of the wind speed in agreement with fieldmeasurements. The stress due to the AFS normalized on the square of thefriction velocity is proportional to the cube of wind speed. At low windsthe viscous surface stress dominates the drag. The role of the form drag,which is the sum of the stress due to the AFS and the wave-induced stress, isnegligible. At moderate and high winds the form drag dominates. At windspeeds higher than 10 m s^-1 the stress supported by the AFS becomescomparable to the wave-induced stress and supports up to 50% of the totalstress.     

黑潮OLR距平指数与华南西部主汛期降水的关系

OLR距平场与华南西部主汛期降水的相关分析场显示,在黑潮区域有强烈的高相关信号反映。黑潮区OLR距平指数与华南主汛期降水的遥相关分析显示,前期黑潮区OLR距平指数的异常,可以成为预测主汛期降水有一定指示意义的前兆信号。并在此基础上建立主成分降维分析方法,对1989~2000年主汛期降水作预测及回代检验,检验结果准确率达75%,说明用黑潮区OLR距平指数作为预报因子可以取得良好的预报成绩。     

对夜间云观测的体会

介绍夜间进行云观测的工作程序,对云的特征进行分析,提出了观测云的注意事项。     

On The Influence Of The Eulerian Velocity PDF Closure On The Eddy Diffusion Coefficient

The flux-gradient model, often used to describe turbulent dispersion, implicitly defines an eddy diffusion coefficient K that is known to be related to the Eulerian probability density function (pdf) of the turbulent velocity field. In the strict limit of applicability of Fick's law, the relationship between K and the pdf is used to investigate the influence of non-Gaussianity on dispersion in homogeneous turbulence. A bi-Gaussian pdf is used as a closure model that allows for separate studies of skewness and kurtosis variations. The choice of model parameters can have a significant influence on K, especially when the pdf is bimodal. Both arbitrariness of the closure and bimodality are then reduced using the maximum entropy criterion for the selection of the free parameter of the closure scheme, together with the assumption that the model is valid only for those values of the parameters for which a unimodal pdf is possible. The variations of K are found to be sensitive to both skewness and kurtosis showing a more complex behaviour than that found in literature.     

The Role Of Halocarbons In The Climate Change Of The Troposphere And Stratosphere

Releases of halocarbons into the atmosphere over the last 50 years are among the factors that have contributed to changes in the Earth’s climate since pre-industrial times. Their individual and collective potential to contribute directly to surface climate change is usually gauged through calculation of their radiative efficiency, radiative forcing, and/or Global Warming Potential (GWP). For those halocarbons that contain chlorine and bromine, indirect effects on temperature via ozone layer depletion represent another way in which these gases affect climate. Further, halocarbons can also affect the temperature in the stratosphere. In this paper, we use a narrow-band radiative transfer model together with a range of climate models to examine the role of these gases on atmospheric temperatures in the stratosphere and troposphere. We evaluate in detail the halocarbon contributions to temperature changes at the tropical tropopause, and find that they have contributed a significant warming of ~0.4 K over the last 50 years, dominating the effect of the other well-mixed greenhouse gases at these levels. The fact that observed tropical temperatures have not warmed strongly suggests that other mechanisms may be countering this effect. In a climate model this warming of the tropopause layer is found to lead to a 6% smaller climate sensitivity for halocarbons on a globally averaged basis, compared to that for carbon dioxide changes. Using recent observations together with scenarios we also assess their past and predicted future direct and indirect roles on the evolution of surface temperature. We find that the indirect effect of stratospheric ozone depletion could have offset up to approximately half of the predicted past increases in surface temperature that would otherwise have occurred as a result of the direct effect of halocarbons. However, as ozone will likely recover in the next few decades, a slightly faster rate of warming should be expected from the net effect of halocarbons, and we find that together halocarbons could bring forward next century’s expected warming by ~20 years if future emissions projections are realized. In both the troposphere and stratosphere CFC-12 contributes most to the past temperature changes and the emissions projection considered suggest that HFC-134a could contribute most of the warming over the coming century.