大地电磁测深方法在内蒙古西部银根-额济纳旗盆地石炭系—二叠系油气地质调查中的应用

对银-额（银根-额济纳旗）盆地以石炭系—二叠系为主要目的层开展了油气地质调查实施的7条大地电磁测深剖面资料的处理和定性分析,在综合信息反演和成像的基础上建立了重磁电综合反演剖面图。以钻井、地震和区域地质调查资料为约束条件,确定了电性层标定和解释的基本原则。利用大地电磁测深反演电阻率低阻标志层,准确地界定了中生界的埋深和厚度,次高阻层半定量地刻画出了石炭系—二叠系的分布,对剖面的地质层位进行了追踪划分,对研究区地层、电性特征进行了系统的总结。研究成果表明,大地电磁测深法是获取中生界、古生界分布的重要手段。在银-额盆地复杂地质条件和沙漠区恶劣的施工条件下,大地电磁测深法显示出的优势和良好的勘探效果尤为明显,在该区石炭系—二叠系油气地质调查中起到了重要作用。     

云南腾冲火山构造区的电性结构特征及其地质意义

为配合科学钻探选址,在云南腾冲县城以北至固东镇之间沿东西向布设了4条可控源音频大地电磁测深剖面和2条大地电磁测深剖面,对6条剖面的电磁测深资料进行了预处理和二维反演,获得了6条剖面的电阻率模型.这些剖面具有的主要电性结构特征为:盆地地壳内存在2套低阻,其中浅部的低阻层沿南北向稳定存在,由含水(热水)的火山岩下部、花岗岩上部与花岗砂砾岩组成,构成了腾冲盆地的地热资源的热储层,其主要层位在300～1500 m范围内:深部的低阻体是作为热源的岩浆囊,位于马站一曲石乡之间的部分深12～30 km,东西宽25 km以上.以上电性特征为研究云南腾冲火山构造区岩浆和火山活动提供了地球物理依据.     

鄂尔多斯盆地北缘巴音青格利地段盖层地电结构特征

通过对巴音青格利地段完成的可控源音频大地电磁测深(简称CSAMT)数据的约束反演处理,获得了沉积盖层的电性结构,结合钻孔资料的对比分析,大致查明区内由浅至深主要发育三层地电结构,上部相对高阻电性层主要与下白垩统对应,整体反映为北部与南部薄、中部厚的沉积分布特征;中部相对中低阻电性层主要与中侏罗统直罗组与延安组或延安组对应;下部相对高阻电性层主要与上三叠统延长组对应,小范围分布区内北部,整体反映为由东向西、由北向南倾伏。     

青藏高原申扎-双湖剖面岩石圈电性结构特征及其含义

为了研究班公湖-怒江缝合带的壳幔电性结构及构造特征,并为其俯冲极性提供电性约束,对青藏高原中部申扎-双湖大地电磁测深剖面进行全面数据处理分析,获得了可靠的二维电性结构模型,研究表明:沿剖面上地壳分布的是规模不等的高阻体,底面埋深在10~25 km变化,高阻层之下发现由不连续的高导体构成的中下地壳高导层.通过对电性结构的分析,认为班公湖-怒江特提斯洋的俯冲消亡极性可能是双向的,随后拉萨-羌塘地体碰撞带处的上地壳高阻体发生拆沉,以上两次动力学事件可能共同作用于缝合带处的壳幔高导体,同时北拉萨地体的壳幔高导体还可能体现了构造作用、岩浆活动和成矿作用之间的关系.     

东北地区松辽盆地和大三江盆地群基底构造电性特征

为查明东北地区盆地群的基底构造特征,从大地电磁测深方法入手,在前人工作的基础上,将该地区的一条满洲里—绥芬河地学断面和11条大地电磁剖面组构成了2张地球物理剖面栅状图,对所整理的剖面逐个进行讨论,通过栅状图对松辽盆地与大三江盆地群的基底特征给出进一步解释,并得出以下结论:(1)松辽盆地受断裂控制东西向呈高-低-高的电性分布,整体看南部电阻高于北部;(2)佳木斯地块与兴凯地块阻值浮动小,岩石圈结构稳定,完达山地块上下、南北阻值差异大,相比而言结构稳定性较差。几个地块之间都是越向东北方向,低阻范围越大,进一步印证了"大三江"盆地的统一性。     

大地电磁测深法在银川盆地地热资源调查评价中的应用

为进行地热资源调查,以银川盆地西部斜坡区为研究对象,通过2条大地电磁测深剖面51个测点的二维偏离度、构造走向等进行分析和计算,并采用非线性共轭梯度二维反演方法对TM模式的数据进行反演,获得了大地电磁测深剖面二维反演电阻率模型。反演结果表明,研究区4 km以浅电性结构单元可分为三层,分别为低阻层—中高阻层—低阻层,推断研究区自上而下依次为第四系、古近系—新近系和奥陶系。根据区域地热地质资料,研究区内最为有利的热储层为新近系红柳沟组,其次为古近系清水营组和新近系干河沟组。通过本次大地电磁测深调查,圈定了研究区有利地热资源储藏范围,证实了大地电磁测深法在沉积盆地地热资源勘查中具有一定的适用性。     

EH4在深部隐伏岩（矿）体探测中的应用?以东炉房铜钼多金属矿为例

采用音频大地电磁测深（EH4）对东炉房铜钼多金属矿区深部地质构造进行探测分析,有效确定了矿区地下的空间电性和结构特征。通过构建音频大地电磁法（EH4）找矿标志,总结了EH4剖面视电阻率异常特征与矿体关系:浅部呈脉状或柱状低阻体对应中低温热液型金、铅、锌多金属矿体,呈柱状中阻体或中低阻体对应矽卡岩型或斑岩型铜钼多金属矿体,中阻体对应中酸性岩浆岩（玢岩、斑岩）。圈定了矿区深部隐伏矿体11处,其中5处与钻孔吻合,其余6处找矿前景良好;进一步推断在深部岩体中形成规模较大的斑岩型铜钼矿。研究表明音频大地电磁测深法针对东炉房铜钼多金属矿或者该类型矿床寻找隐伏岩（矿）体是有效的地球物理方法。      

大地电磁测深(MTS)用于研究地壳上地幔的初步成果

地质矿产部物化探研究所自1980年先后完成了青藏、川滇、华南、甘肃、新疆、内蒙、山西、松辽、长江中下游、秦岭等地区的深大地电磁测深剖面约6800km。得出了剖面通过地区地壳、上地幔的电性结构,研究了各电性单元与地质构造单元的关系,对发现的地壳、上地幔内低阻层的成因进行了探讨。根据已掌握的深大地电磁数据编制了中国大陆电性图件,得出中国大陆岩石圈的平均厚度为100～120km,东部地区薄,西部地区厚的结论。利用高温高压岩石电阻率测定结果,粗略地给出了剖面通过地区岩石圈内主要的物质组成。     

低阻覆盖层对高频大地电磁测深的影响

低阻覆盖层对电磁波具有屏蔽效应,会降低高频大地电磁测深的探测能力。通过一维正演模拟,对无低阻覆盖层时探测能力和有低阻覆盖层时探测能力的变化进行对比研究,表明有低阻覆盖时,探测能力普遍下降;在相同探测能力条件下,高频大地电磁测深可探测异常体上覆围岩厚度与异常体厚度的比值,和围岩与异常体电阻率比值呈线性关系。通过綦江县某铁...     

西藏高原中南部地壳与上地幔导电性结构

根据2001年国土资源部"十五"青藏专项研究计划项目"西藏高原南部岩石圈电性结构的大地电磁研究"所完成的吉隆-措勤剖面(800线)以及2004年教育部重大项目"藏南雅鲁藏布江缝合带地区地壳三维电性结构及其构造地质学与动力学意义的研究"所完成的定日-措迈剖面(900线)超宽频带大地电磁测深数据,研究西藏高原中南部地壳及上地幔电性结构特征及雅鲁藏布江缝合带导电性结构特征:800线和900线上地壳范围内主要为高阻区,电阻率在200~3000Ω.m之间,顶面大范围出露,底面一般在15~20km深度处,整体上,高阻区底面由南向北逐渐加深,再向北又逐渐变浅,900线高阻体底界深达30km,而800线高阻体底界更深达38km;地下15~45km深度范围内存在一组电性梯度带,该电性梯度带之下存在一组硕大的高导层,其电阻率小于5Ω.m,高导层由规模不等且不连续的高导体构成.雅鲁藏布江以南的中地壳高导体,规模较小,厚度在10km左右,产状略向北倾;雅鲁藏布江以北的高导体,规模较大,厚度在30km左右,产状向北缓倾;相比之下,900线的高导体厚度较小,顶面深度较浅.通过对岩石电阻率影响因素的讨论,推测高导体的成因是部分熔融或含水流体,判断藏南巨厚的中、下地壳的物质状态是热的、软弱的、塑性的.     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

塘口水电站坝基岩体透水性和渗漏问题分析

塘口水电站大坝基础座落在断层和裂隙较发育的龟裂纹灰岩上,岩体完整性差、透水性强,多年运行后,大坝灌浆廊道和排水廊道出现多处集中性漏水,为确保大坝安全和电站正常发电,根据渗漏性质和成因,采用对灌浆廊道补充帷幕灌浆,对排水廊道进行固结+帷幕+回填灌浆。通过灌浆处理后,效果良好,表明灌浆工程有效的将导致坝基渗漏的上下游的裂隙通道封闭,并顺利的经受了随后的汛期洪水考验,大坝安全得到保障。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Calculation of the Inverse of the Covariance

In reservoir characterization, the covariance is often used to describe the spatial correlation and variation in rock properties or the uncertainty in rock properties. The inverse of the covariance, on the other hand, is seldom discussed in geostatistics. In this paper, I show that the inverse is required for simulation and estimation of Gaussian random fields, and that it can be identified with the differential operator in regularized inverse theory. Unfortunately, because the covariance matrix for parameters in reservoir models can be extremely large, calculation of the inverse can be a problem. In this paper, I discuss four methods of calculating the inverse of the covariance, two of which are analytical, and two of which are purely numerical. By taking advantage of the assumed stationarity of the covariance, none of the methods require inversion of the full covariance matrix.     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.