等价条件闭合差最小范数分量的GNSS坐标时间序列噪声估计

为了精确高效地求解全球导航卫星系统（global navigation satellite system,GNSS）坐标时间序列噪声分量,结合等价条件平差模型以及最小范数二次无偏估计法,提出等价条件闭合差最小范数分量估计方法。首先,采用等价条件闭合差构造二次型方差估计公式,结合不变性、无偏性、最小范数准则等条件,导出基于等价条件闭合差的方差-协方差分量最小范数估计公式;然后,采用最小二乘方差分量估计（least-squares variance component estimation,LS-VCE）法、最小范数二次无偏估计法（minimum norm quadratic unbiased estimate,MINQUE）验证所提方法的正确性及有效性。通过模拟时间序列和北美GNSS站坐标时间序列的噪声估计结果发现,所提方法与LS-VCE法和MINQUE法的估计效果一致,但计算时间相较于LS-VCE法减少了70%以上。     

基于等价条件闭合差的VCE通用解析法

分析指出了现有方差-协方差分量估计(VCE)方法在计算效率与?2统计量统计性质两方面的固有缺陷。利用零空间算子消去概括平差模型中的参数向量,建立了等价条件平差模型。由此定义了等价条件闭合差(ECC),并导出了以ECC表示的?2统计量计算式。进而,基于等价条件闭合差与新构造的可逆方差分量模型提出了方差-协方差分量估计的通用解析法,简称为VCE-ECC法。同时,给出了对应四种基本平差模型的VCE-ECC法简化计算式。实例与仿真结果表明：VCE-ECC法与现有VCE方法的方差-协方差分量估计值在统计意义上无明显差异,并有效地克服了现有VCE方法的固有缺陷。     

GPS网稳健估计的实验分析

GPS坐标差观测值之间存在很强的相关性,所建立的平差模型常常含有模型误差,通过实验数据分析和比较,研究GPS网的稳健估计方法,认为采用基于等价方差-协方差的稳健最小二乘平差法进行GPS网平差可取得满意的结果.     

方差-协方差分量估计的概括平差因子法

针对现有方差-协方差分量估计(variance-covariance component estimation,VCE)理论存在的问题,通过引入间接平差的平差因子概念,定义并研究了基于概括平差模型的概括平差因子、概括闭合差及其方差阵,进而利用二次期望公式提出了基于概括平差因子的VCE新方法。该方法适用于概括平差模型所归纳的4种函数模型形式,并通过概括平差因子揭示了平差函数模型与VCE是否存在解析估计形式的关系。实例计算结果表明,现有迭代型VCE方法改变了LS估计量的统计性质,而VCE新方法解析估计具有LS统计性质,且无需初值。     

方差-协方差分量估计公式等价性的进一步证明

通过附有条件的间接平差模型进一步证明各类方差-协方差分量估计公式之间的等价性。     

基于等价方差-协方差阵的稳健最小二乘估计理论研究

在对现有的基于等价权的稳健估计的弊端进行分析的基础上 ,建立起一套基于调整观测量方差 -协方差阵的稳健最小二乘估计理论 ,包括相关ρ函数、相关φ函数、等价方差 -协方差函数、等价方差 -协方差因子、影响函数、崩溃污染率等。通过算例证明本文所提出的基于等价方差 -协方差的稳健估计思想、模型的正确性和可行性     

方差分量估计的通用公式

应用最小二乘原理将方差分量估计公式从参数平差模型推广到概括函数平差模型。通过选取恰当的权阵,基于概括函数模型的最小范数二次无偏估计及赫尔默特法得到的公式均是本文的特例。视协方差矩阵为权逆阵,得到了最小方差估计,并证明了该公式与最优二次无偏估计的通用公式等价,从而表明最优二次无偏估计和极大似然估计的通用公式也是本文的特例。除此之外,本文还给出了最小二乘方差分量估计的简化公式,并对其进行了扩展。最小二乘方差分量估计的假设检验理论同样得到了推广。     

广义多列高斯—马尔可夫模型及其参数估计

本文首先扩展了Koch引进的简单多列高斯马可夫模型,建立了适用于一般情况的广义多列高斯—马尔可夫模型;接着利用方差—协方差分量的MINQUE方法推导了广义多列模型的方差—协方差分量估计公式,进而推导出参数的最小二乘估计公式;最后证明简单模型是广义模型的一个特例。本文的方法对于处理具有多期重复观测值的监测网平差和变形分析具有实际意义。     

实参数与复参数混合域最小二乘平差方法

针对平差问题同时含有实数域参数和复数域参数的情形,提出了实参与复参混合的测量平差建模思路,并导出了相应的混合域最小二乘平差方法。该方法统一概括了实最小二乘和复最小二乘方法,其估计过程包括两步:基于零空间算子的实参数平差估计和复数平差模型的复参数估计。通过等价变换将实数域投影变换模型、直接线性变换模型分别重构为相应的混合域平差模型,有效降低法方程求逆维数,从而提高建模和平差计算效率。应用结果及分析验证了本文所提方法的正确性和有效性。     

隐式标度因子的总体最小二乘估计方法

分析指出了标度总体最小二乘方法(STLS)存在的问题,提出了一种隐式标度因子的标度总体最小二乘方法(Im STLS)。区别于现有STLS方法在平差准则中引入标度因子,Im STLS方法在EIV函数模型中顾及标度因子,从而解决了现有STLS平差准则形式与标度因子实际表征的平差结果不一致的问题。此外,利用所建函数模型的重构表达式推导的Im STLS估计量及其方差-协方差阵,与经典最小二乘平差理论具有形式同构性。最后,验证了所提方法统一表达LS,DLS和TLS的正确性,并讨论给出了标度因子对平差结果的影响及确定方法。     

基于等效残差的方差-协方差分量估计

首先概括性地阐述方差-协方差分量估计(VCE)理论的发展历史与研究现状;利用正交分解提取出等效残差,建立VCE的基本方程,在此基础上阐述VCE算法的局部最优特性和可能出现负定协方差阵估计结果等两大问题,并分析可能的解决方案及其复杂性;导出初值给定的Helmert,最小二乘和MINQUE VCE的线性逼近估计公式,证明基于等效残差的估计公式与已有VCE公式等价,各种估计方法在本质上是一致的;最后,用两个算例验证本文的观点.     

基于等效残差积探测粗差的方差-协方差分量估计

已有方差-协方差分量估计(VCE)的粗差探测是对残差检验,而VCE的本质是利用残差的二阶量来估计它的二阶中心矩,因此更合理的方法应该对残差二阶量检验.由最小二乘残差估值导出了一组服从标准正态分布的等效残差;然后从等效残差的VCE基本方程出发,分别采用χ2统计量和正态积Np统计量检验等效残差的平方及其乘积.结果表明,采用...     

附有约束最小二乘配置的信号与观测误差的方差分量估计

介绍方差-协方差分量估计理论的研究和发展情况,讨论最小二乘配置模型信号与观测误差的方差分量估计问题。在实际应用中,考虑到未知参数间存在几何或物理约束,针对附有约束条件最小二乘配置的方差分量估计的问题,基于Helmert方差分量估计原理,导出相应的计算公式。模拟算例结果表明,利用约束条件能够改善方差分量的估计精度,验证方法的有效性。     

Least-squares variance component estimation

Least-squares variance component estimation (LS-VCE) is a simple, flexible and attractive method for the estimation of unknown variance and covariance components. LS-VCE is simple because it is based on the well-known principle of LS; it is flexible because it works with a user-defined weight matrix; and it is attractive because it allows one to directly apply the existing body of knowledge of LS theory. In this contribution, we present the LS-VCE method for different scenarios and explore its various properties. The method is described for three classes of weight matrices: a general weight matrix, a weight matrix from the unit weight matrix class; and a weight matrix derived from the class of elliptically contoured distributions. We also compare the LS-VCE method with some of the existing VCE methods. Some of them are shown to be special cases of LS-VCE. We also show how the existing body of knowledge of LS theory can be used to one’s advantage for studying various aspects of VCE, such as the precision and estimability of VCE, the use of a-priori variance component information, and the problem of nonlinear VCE. Finally, we show how the mean and the variance of the fixed effect estimator of the linear model are affected by the results of LS-VCE. Various examples are given to illustrate the theory.     

总体最小二乘用于线阵卫星遥感影像光束法平差解算

顾及像点观测方程的系数矩阵中存在随机误差,提出了基于总体最小二乘的线阵卫星遥感影像光束法平差模型。在假定像点观测误差和系数矩阵误差均为独立、等精度分布的基础上,利用拉格朗日条件极值法推导了包含外方位元素虚拟观测方程和控制点误差方程的总体最小二乘光束法平差算法的具体公式和计算方法。该方法利用方差分量估计确定各类虚拟观测值的方差,可求解包含多类虚拟观测量的平差问题,并可用先验信息或岭迹法确定系数矩阵观测值的权比例系数,从而克服了现有总体最小二乘虚拟观测方法不能处理多类虚拟观测值的不足,确保了光束法平差可正确有效求解。分别利用模拟算例与两组真实影像进行了试验验证。结果表明,相比于常规最小二乘虚拟观测法以及现有总体最小二乘虚拟观测方法,本文方法具有更高的求解精度与适应性。相较于传统线阵卫星遥感影像光束法平差方法,本文方法可以获得更高的平差计算精度。     

Calibration of geoid error models via a combined adjustment of ellipsoidal, orthometric and gravimetric geoid height data

The well-known statistical tool of variance component estimation (VCE) is implemented in the combined least-squares (LS) adjustment of heterogeneous height data (ellipsoidal, orthometric and geoid), for the purpose of calibrating geoid error models. This general treatment of the stochastic model offers the flexibility of estimating more than one variance and/or covariance component to improve the covariance information. Specifically, the iterative minimum norm quadratic unbiased estimation (I-MINQUE) and the iterative almost unbiased estimation (I-AUE) schemes are implemented in case studies with observed height data from Switzerland and parts of Canada. The effect of correlation among measurements of the same height type and the role of the systematic effects and datum inconsistencies in the combined adjustment of ellipsoidal, geoid and orthometric heights on the estimated variance components are investigated in detail. Results give valuable insight into the usefulness of the VCE approach for calibrating geoid error models and the challenges encountered when implementing such a scheme in practice. In all cases, the estimated variance component corresponding to the geoid height data was less than or equal to 1, indicating an overall downscaling of the initial covariance (CV) matrix was necessary. It was also shown that overly optimistic CV matrices are obtained when diagonal-only cofactor matrices are implemented in the stochastic model for the observations. Finally, the divergence of the VCE solution and/or the computation of negative variance components provide insight into the selected parametric model effectiveness.     

A universal formula of maximum likelihood estimation of variance-covariance components

The derivation of a universal formula for the variance-covariance component estimation is discussed. The formula is derived adopting the universal functional model (the condition adjustment with unknown parameters and constraints among the parameters),and is based on the maximum likelihood principle. The derived formula in this paper can be applied to all adjustment models for estimating variance-covariance components, which expands the formulas given by K. Kubik (1970)and K. R. Koch (1986).Besides, it is proved that the estimator given in this paper is equivalent to that of Helmert type and best quadratic unbiased estimation (BQUE).     

Geodetic positioning at sea

Recent accuracy requirements for navigational positioning at sea are such as to require the refinements of recent and past geodetic methods. The computational adjustment method, of this paper, is the technique of variation of parameters. All computations are performed directly on the surface of a reference ellipsoid, so as to preclude any distance restrictions. The methods presented are primarily for use with observations from electronic positioning systems of ranging (circular), and time or phase difference (hyperbolic) type. A new type of observation equation is presented which, when used with a hyperbolic system, results in the first non-iterative solution to the positioning problem. When redundant observational data is obtained, as is frequently the case, full use should be made of the data by using weighted observation equations. Through the use of the new equations, all electronic surveying observations can be processed simultaneously, in real time, with an electronic computer. A continuing error analysis, in the form of a variance-covariance matrix for both the observed and adjusted values, provides system error analysis and diagnoisis.