标准量水槽的误差估计

标准量水槽的误差估计何长辉（四川省万县水文水资源勘测大队）１概述标准量水槽（以下简称量水槽）是一种有矩形喉道断面的量水建筑物，它具有水头损失小、不易淤积和测流精度高等优点。当辅以自记水位计，则可以实现连续测读，测得流量随时程变化的完整过程。因此，在小...     

宽喉道巴歇尔水槽水力特性的研究

一、简单的回顾巴歇尔水槽是一种矩形断面短喉道量水槽,具有水头损失小,不易淤积,适用范围广(从非淹没流到淹没流),测流精度高,能连续测读等优点,但结构较复杂,施工精度要求较高。巴歇尔水槽是1920年由美国的巴歇尔提出,并在美国发展起来的一种渠系量水建筑物。巴歇尔提出了喉道宽度由0.25英尺到50英     

堰槽组合设施测流机制试验研究

山区季节性溪流流量变化大,已有灌溉渠道量水设施难以在较大流量范围内均达到测流精度要求,本文以克伦普堰和排淤量水槽组合而成的堰槽组合量水设施为试验对象,通过试验探究其测流机制。根据流量在5~79 L/s范围内的概化水槽水力性能试验,分析不同流量下的水面线、弗劳德数、垂线纵向时均流速、薄水层特征长度和特征宽度的变化,建立不同流量阈值范围内的测流公式。结果表明:①随流量的增大,堰槽组合设施流动形态从槽内流变为堰流,流量阈值对应的阈值相对水深为0.885,拟合得到组合设施槽内流和堰流的测流公式,与实测流量对比,相对误差小于3%。②组合设施槽内流和堰流水力特性不同,槽内流时槽内各测点纵向时均流速、薄水层的特征长度和特征宽度以及综合流量系数均随着流量增大而增大;堰流时,排淤量水槽槽内前段各测点纵向时均流速随着流量增大而减小,后段各测点纵向时均流速随着流量增大而增大,槽内收缩扭面段中部附近断面平均流速大小一致。③堰槽组合流量系数随着流量增大而减小。④堰槽设施下游薄水层的特征长度和特征宽度随着流量增大有下降趋势,最大值均出现在流量阈值情况下。本研究有效解决了流量变幅较大的明渠测流设施匮乏问题,可为山区季节性溪流测流设施应用提供参考。     

线性规划在灌区用水管理中的应用

采用流速仪测量渠道流量的灌区,在其测流及水量计算过程中,由于测验断面或人为因素,不可避免地存在着一定误差,有时出现上游测站水量小于下站水量或站间计算配水量明显偏大、偏小等不合理现象.应用线性规划理论中的修正单纯形法,提出水量平差模型,对不合理的测站水量进行修正,以提高配水统计和配水调度的精度.通过在位山灌区的实际运用,取得了明显效果,灌区配水调度也因此实现了由经验定性决策向科学定量决策的过渡,提高了用水管理水平.     

积分在测流中的应用试探

川南硫煤矿区,底板直接充水水源——岩溶水,以集中点的形式排泄。岩溶泉流量测定直接关系到矿区水文地质的评价,泉流量的大小反映地下暗河管道系统的补、迳、排能力。而河床断面的精度直接决定岩溶泉流量的精度。笔者打破惯用的梯形测流法,试探抛物线积分法测河床断面。     

平行裂隙沿程水头损失规律的实验研究

为了研究管道-裂隙介质水动力过程,利用不同隙宽及横向宽度的平行裂隙进行室内模拟试验,探究单一平行裂隙中水流流动产生的沿程水头损失随裂隙宽度及横向宽度的变化规律。结果表明:当隙宽小于1.84 mm时,沿程水头损失与流速呈一次函数关系,并且沿程水头损失随裂隙宽度的增大而减小。通过对比管道层流沿程水头损失公式与立方定律,发现管道和裂隙在计算沿程水头损失时主要差别在于后者忽略横向宽度的影响,指出裂隙长宽比在确定管道与裂隙界限中起重要作用。同时通过分析试验所取得的数据,得出裂隙沿程水头损失随裂隙长宽比的增大呈现先减小后增大的趋势,并建立沿程水头损失随裂隙长宽比变化的经验公式。     

无粘性土堤漫顶溃决水流运动试验研究

堤防溃决时溃口附近水流形态及溃决流量变化过程的正确描述是指导溃口堵复及时避险、预测溃堤洪水演进并进一步评估淹没损失的前提条件.通过弯道水槽中的概化模型试验,根据无粘性土堤防漫顶溃决的溃口变化和水流运动特征,将无粘性土堤防溃决过程分为漫流、冲槽、展宽及稳定4个阶段.试验系统研究了堤防溃决后河道以及溃口附近水位的变化过程,研究了河道洪水流量、洪水位和筑堤材料对溃口处水位的影响.基于大量的试验资料,进一步归纳总结出溃决流量与溃口口门宽度及溃口处水头变化之间的关系.     

矿井排水沟流量测量数值模拟

为实现矿井排水沟测流便捷,基于某矿排水沟实测数据与水流数学模型,通过对其三种宽深比不同的矩形断面所在沟段流场进行数值模拟,获得了各断面流速分布,并利用流速实测值对其进行了验证。结果表明:各断面流速均呈对称分布,且离壁面越近,流速值越小;流量相同时,不同宽深比断面其流速大小及分布形态均有所不同,但断面平均流速基本均在中垂线上水面以下0.8倍相对水深处,可作为单点法测流位置。     

介紹在层氷层水情况下的两种测流方法

冰期进入层冰层水阶段是冰期測流較薄弱的一环,常因层冰层水的复杂而致测流精度不高,不能測得通过断面的全部流量,甚至在某种严重的情况无法測流,不能收集完整的水文资料。为克服这个困难,今提出如下测流方法: 一、当层冰层水的底层水道断面流水不滿且能容     

渐缩渐扩洞塞消能和空化特性

建立了三维RNG k-ε紊流数学模型和突缩突扩洞塞泄流的物理模型试验,利用实验结果对数学模型进行了验证,利用验证后的数学模型对突缩突扩洞塞和渐缩渐扩洞塞的水头损失系数和空化数进行了计算。结果表明,洞塞渐缩(或渐扩)段相对长度一定时,随着渐扩(或渐缩)段相对长度的增加,水头损失系数减小,最小空化数增加。当渐缩段和渐扩段几何尺寸互换时,水头损失系数和最小空化数的变化不大;其他几何参数一定的情况下,随着横断面半径收缩比的减小,水头损失系数增加,最小空化数降低。圆弧连接情况下,随着圆弧夹角的增加,水头损失系数呈现先降低后增加的趋势;而最小空化数呈现先增加后降低的趋势。其他几何参数一定的情况下,圆弧连接的水头损失系数小于斜线连接的对应值,最小空化数则相反。在水头损失系数和最小空化数权重相等的假定条件下,初步探讨了渐缩渐扩洞塞几何体型参数的优化方法,给出了渐缩渐扩洞塞的最优几何体型参数。     

泥石流冲击弧形拦挡坝动力响应研究

Dam foundation is subjected to a larger impact force when debris flow runs up, causing stress concentration and local impact failure. To address this problem, in this study the vertical structures are optimized into arc-shaped dams. Based on the principle of momentum and energy conservation, the theoretical calculations of the impact process of debris flow and arc-shaped dam are carried out, and the formulas of impact force and maximum run-up height of debris flow are deduced. The theoretical formulas are verified through a series of physical model tests of debris flow impact arc-shaped dam. The results show that the results of the physical model are highly consistent with those of the theoretical calculations, indicating that the proposed theoretical formulas are applicable in the calculation of the impact of debris flow on arc-shaped dam. The debris velocity, impact force and the maximum run-up height are proportional to the flume slope of debris flow. The impact force and the maximum run-up height are mainly controlled by Froude number(Fr), flume slope(?), and arc-shaped radius(R). Both the impact force and the maximum run-up height have quadratic relationships with the Froude number, and are inversely proportional to the cosine of the flume slope. Compared with the rigid vertical structures, the arc-shaped dams have no signicicant influence on the maximum run-up height, but it can reduce the normal impact force on the dam considerably, and the structure strength can also be enhanced by the strengthening of local structure. This study provides a theoretical and technical support for the dam structure design.     

基于多元逐步回归的大型灌区年退水量预测模型研究

对于水资源短缺的西北地区,研究大型引黄灌区退水规律及退水量预测对灌区水资源高效利用和灌区水资源管理具有十分重要的意义。本文利用宁夏青铜峡灌区的实测资料,通过灰色关联分析法研究了宁夏引黄灌区年退水量的影响因素和预测模型,得出影响灌区退水量的主要因素依次为灌溉引水量、地下水位、降水量和蒸发量;建立了灌区退水量的多元逐步回归预测模型,并对青铜峡灌区退水量进行了预测研究,结果表明,该模型具有较高的预测精度,研究成果为灌区水资源高效利用奠定了科学基础。     

Experimental and numerical investigation for energy dissipation of supercritical flow in sudden contractions

Dealing with kinetic energy is one of the most important problems in hydraulic structures, and this energy can damage downstream structures. This study aims to study energy dissipation of supercritical water flow passing through a sudden contraction. The experiments were conducted on a sudden contraction with 15 cm width. A 30 cm wide flume was installed. The relative contraction ranged from 8.9 to 9.7, where relative contraction refers to the ratio of contraction width to initial flow depth. The Froude value in the investigation varied from 2 to 7. The contraction width of numerical simulation was 5~15 cm, the relative contraction was 8.9~12.42, and the Froude value ranged from 8.9~12.42. In order to simulate turbulence, the k-ε RNG model was harnessed. The experimental and numerical results demonstrate that the energy dissipation increases with the increase of Froude value. Also, with the sudden contraction, the rate of relative depreciation of energy is increased due to the increase in backwater profile and downstream flow depth. The experimentation verifies the numerical results with a correlation coefficient of 0.99 and the root mean square error is 0.02.     

Morphodynamics and sedimentary structures of bedforms under supercritical‐flow conditions: New insights from flume experiments

Supercritical‐flow phenomena are fairly common in modern sedimentary environments, yet their recognition and analysis remain difficult in the stratigraphic record. This fact is commonly ascribed to the poor preservation potential of deposits from high‐energy supercritical flows. However, the number of flume data sets on supercritical‐flow dynamics and sedimentary structures is very limited in comparison with available data for subcritical flows, which hampers the recognition and interpretation of such deposits. The results of systematic flume experiments spanning a broad range of supercritical‐flow bedforms (antidunes, chutes‐and‐pools and cyclic steps) developed in mobile sand beds of variable grain sizes are presented. Flow character and related bedform patterns are constrained through time‐series measurements of bed configurations, flow depths, flow velocities and Froude numbers. The results allow the refinement and extension of some widely used bedform stability diagrams in the supercritical‐flow domain, clarifying in particular the morphodynamic relations between antidunes and cyclic steps. The onset of antidunes is controlled by flows exceeding a threshold Froude number. The transition from antidunes to cyclic steps in fine to medium‐grained sand occurs at a threshold mobility parameter. Sedimentary structures associated with supercritical bedforms developed under variable aggradation rates are revealed by means of combining flume results and synthetic stratigraphy. The sedimentary structures are compared with examples from field and other flume studies. Aggradation rate is seen to exert an important control on the geometry of supercritical‐flow structures and should be considered when identifying supercritical bedforms in the sedimentary record.     

坡面流层流区动力学特性

为完善坡面水流的基础理论研究,基于定床水槽试验,以甘油溶液为试验流体,采用超声波测量技术,进行了4种粗糙度、5种坡度和13种单宽流量条件下的组合试验,研究了坡面流层流区的动力学特性及滚波特征。研究结果表明:在雷诺数为8~160的范围内,流态指数在理论值0.33附近波动,且随粗糙度的增大呈现先增大后减小的变化趋势,在粗糙度为0.10 mm附近达到峰值;阻力系数受坡度和粗糙度影响显著,可较好地由坡度、粗糙度和雷诺数的关系式表示;随着雷诺数的增大,滚波波速和波峰均呈幂函数形式递增,滚波周期大小无明显变化;坡度的增大会使层流失稳临界单宽流量减小,粗糙度的增大会使临界弗劳德数的均值减小。     

玛纳斯河流域地下水水位变化及水量平衡研究

天山北坡玛纳斯河流域地下水长期大规模开采引发了一系列生态环境问题,地下水均衡状态和地下水流动模式明显发生了改变。为研究节水灌溉条件下的地下水系统流动模式及其对地下水均衡要素的改变规律,以平原绿洲区为研究对象,采用三维地下水数值模拟方法,研究玛纳斯河流域地下水水位动态变化及水量平衡规律。结果表明:研究区地下水水位的抬升和回落受农业灌溉的影响显著,具有一定的周期性,存在着明显的时空差异;地下水均衡处于负均衡状态,补排差为-2.81×108m3。模拟期内观测水头与计算水头两者相关系数各月均在0.81以上,模拟效果较好。     

Rehabilitation of storm water collection systems of urban environment using the small roads as conveyance channels

In this study a new grated inlet is proposed for small roads which do not have storm water collection systems. A setup was designed and constructed in the laboratory conditions to calibrate the grated inlet. The inlet is suggested to be installed at the end of the road where the road itself joins to another road or to a street. Thus, newly installed inlet will collaborate with existing storm water collecting system of the main road. Inlet structure covered by slots is installed across a 0.90-m wide flume which will act as a small road. The slots are longitudinal and parallel to the flow direction in order to curtail clogging. It is a tilting flume and both subcritical and supercritical flow regimes can be observed. The intercepted flow by the inlet is measured and the efficiency of the inlet is obtained in terms of longitudinal slope and the Froude number. It is observed that the grate efficiency gets higher as the longitudinal slope approaches to horizontal. Further the grate efficiency also depends on the total flow through the channel. As flow increases in the channel, the efficiency of the grate increases within the limit of the inlet or discharge channels capacity.     

基于旋转水槽试验的泥石流阻力坡降速率效应研究

使用自主研发的旋转水槽制作稳定循环流动的泥石流,通过实测泥石流阻力坡降和流动速度,探索泥石流阻力坡降的速率效应。在旋转水槽试验中,通过控制线速度v,制作出稳定循环运动的泥石流,其阻力坡降J等于槽底坡降tanθ,可以实测。试验再现了野外的泥石流运动特性,观察到“龙头”、颗粒弹跳、低阻力坡降、固液相分离、剪切速率效应等现象。试验结果表明,在一定的流动速度范围内（例如试验中1.88m·s-1≥v>0.47m·s-1）,泥石流的流动速度越高,阻力坡降越大;如果泥石流运动速率过低（例如试验中v<0.47m·s-1）,泥石流会出现固液两相分离现象,砾石（粒径>2mm）运动明显落后于液相运动。本项目的试验研究成果为泥石流制作和阻力坡降测量提供新途径,为泥石流阻力坡降的速率效应理论研究提供实验支持。     

浊流和泥石流的异重流初期潜入点的实验研究

潜入点的水流泥沙条件是异重流的发生条件和持续条件,受到了国内外学者的广泛关注。初期潜入点Fr代表异重流的发生条件,而稳定潜入点Fr则代表异重流的持续条件。通过一系列的低浓度浊流和高浓度浊流及泥石流的异重流潜入点的实验研究,分析对比低浓度浊流和高浓度浊流及泥石流的异重流的关系,得到在均匀顺直水槽中的异重流初期的潜入点Fr规律。提出在一定的水槽宽度、泥沙浓度条件下,异重流的初期潜入点Fr与头部流速成正比。与其它文献不同研究条件的实验结果对比有很好的一致性,说明该研究结论有很好的可靠性。该研究结论的适用范围为初期潜入点,不适用于稳定潜入点和初期潜入点与稳定潜入点之间的过渡阶段。但高浓度浊流和泥石流的异重流初期潜入点Fr与其稳定潜入点Fr很接近,粘性泥石流的异重流更接近。