海底生物扰动作用及其对沉积过程和记录的影响

海底生物扰动作用主要由底栖生物的摄食、掘穴和栖所建造等活动造成,它可以充分改变沉积物的物理、化学特性,扭曲或模糊地层学信号,影响早期成岩过程和沉积记录以及沉积物的稳定性。海底生物扰动作用的研究,对于全面、精确地掌握海洋中各种物质的生物地球化学循环过程,正确回溯古气候、古海洋和古生态记录,合理调节和控制海底生态系统的多样性具有十分重要的意义。简要回顾了海洋生物扰动作用的研究进展,并着重对海洋沉积物中生物扰动作用的观测和定量研究方法、主要影响因素及其对沉积过程和记录的影响进行了评述。     

Progress in the Study of Marine Stable Nitrogen Isotopic Changes and Its Geological Records

Marine stable nitrogen isotope containing much key biogeochemical information, is an important way in identifying marine nitrogen sources and understanding the marine nitrogen cycles. These isotopic signals can be preserved in marine sediments and used to trace the marine biogeochemical cycles and environment changes during geological history. Studies in recent decades have illustrated the key role of nitrogen fixation and denitrification. Because of the spatiotemporal variability and the complexity of ocean processes and nitrogen sources in the marine environment, we need to combine the modern observations with geological records, integrate oceanography, biology, and geology, and consider the hydrological environment, geological processes and climate changes, to understand the coupling between the ocean nitrogen cycle, climate and environmental changes.     

生物活性元素Fe来源及其溶解度影响因素研究综述

具有生物活性的元素Fe被认为限制了海洋生物生产力,其在海洋生态系统中的生物地球化学循环对全球碳循环起到调节作用,全球40％～50％的海洋因“高叶绿素低营养盐”(HNLC)“缺Fe”而初级生产力较低.然而,关于生物活性元素Fe的研究不仅涉及海洋科学,还与大气科学、环境科学、地球科学等学科紧密联系.近些年,围绕生物活性元素“Fe”开展的研究不仅是地球科学领域的前沿问题,还是海洋学家与环境学家共同关注的热点问题.目前,尽管对于生物活性元素Fe的研究已取得很大的进展,但模型、室内实验及野外观测之间仍存在很大的挑战与不确定性.系统地总结了生物活性元素Fe最重要的自然来源方式,详细介绍了影响生物活性元素Fe溶解度的主要因素,最后,对将来的工作提出建议,为我国未来开展类似的研究提供参考.     

2001-2010年生物地球化学研究进展与展望

阐述了21世纪第一个十年生物地球化学领域的重要研究进展和未来可能的重点发展方向。在近代陆-海系统碳循环的库和通量上已经取得了重要进展,并发现了一些参与氮、硫循环新的微生物功能群。阐述了显生宙生物大灭绝期间碳循环异常的特点及其可能的原因,但对氮、硫循环的了解比较薄弱。地球早期的碳、硫循环与生命起源、大气和海洋水化学条件的关系已经取得重要认识。生物地球化学过程可以通过生态毒理,以及大气成分和海洋水化学条件的改变影响生命系统。微生物地球化学功能的微区、原位、痕量示踪等技术得到快速发展。未来将加强地质历史时期碳、氮、硫循环的定量分析以及空间变化的研究,各种元素循环之间的相互关系及其界面过程、极端环境的生物地球化学过程将进一步受到重视。生命科学领域重要技术的引入将提升生物地球化学过程的研究。     

天然放射性碳同位素在海洋有机地球化学中的应用

天然放射性碳（¹⁴C）是年代测定的有效手段，它在考古学和地质学的应用已有几十年的历史。过去10年中，伴随着加速器质谱仪（AMS）技术和检测灵敏度的提高，AMS已经能够检测少于mg C量级样品中自然丰度水平的¹⁴C，这大大扩展了¹⁴ C在自然科学，特别是地球科学研究中的应用范畴。简要评述了利用天然¹⁴ C进行海洋地球化学研究的应用，重点介绍了前景广阔、并已取得显著成果的应用领域。     

海洋沉积物中的动物多样性及其生态系统功能

海洋沉积物中的动物群是海洋生态系统中的重要组成部分,其多样性对地球生命支持系统至关重要。从海洋沉积物生境、沉积物中的动物类群、个体大小、食性、生态系统功能等方面探讨了海洋沉积物中的动物多样性现状,讨论了沉积物动物多样性在生态系统过程中的重要作用。海洋沉积物环境多种多样,为沉积物动物多样性提供了基础。在海洋沉积物中,动物的类群繁多、物种多样性极高,不仅形态差别很大,食性丰富多样,而且分化出多种多样的功能群。海洋沉积物动物群参与全球物质的循环和污染物的代谢、转化、迁移,在生态系统能流过程及沉积物移动和稳定性方面也起着重要的作用。最后,提出了研究和保护海洋沉积物动物多样性的若干建议。     

海洋浮游生物原位观测技术研究进展

原位观测技术在生物海洋学过程研究中的应用,从海洋生物多样性、海洋生物的生理生态响应和宏观的生态过程及其变动机制等方向的研究中得到迅速的发展,极大提高了对海洋生物学、生态学以及不同时空尺度生物地球化学过程的认识.包括原位光学检测技术、水下显微摄像与自动化鉴定技术、水下流式细胞技术、分子生物传感器等新型原位观测技术,拓宽了各类型观测平台的研究对象范围.重点阐述生物海洋学原位观测技术的发展现状、应用实例及其在立体海洋观测系统中的应用前景.     

海水硝酸盐氮、氧同位素组成研究进展

海洋中氮的生物地球化学循环影响着海洋生态系统的结构和功能,并和全球气候变化有着密切的联系,一直是海洋科学研究的重点和热点。海水硝酸盐的15N/14N和18O/16O比值可以反映海洋中氮循环的主要过程,因而成为研究海洋氮循环的一个重要手段。综述海水硝酸盐氮、氧同位素组成的测定方法,同化吸收作用、硝化作用、反硝化作用、生物固氮作用等氮循环过程所导致的氮、氧同位素分馏及其在海洋学研究中的应用。海洋生态系中硝酸盐氮、氧同位素的分布可以提供支持生物生产力的氮来源信息,以及氮在不同储库迁移转化的路径与机制。未来的研究需要发展适用于低含量硝酸盐的同位素测量方法,构筑海洋氮的收支平衡,掌握影响上层海洋硝酸盐氮、氧同位素变化的过程,获取全球海域有关硝酸盐氮、氧同位素组成的更多数据。     

Effects of river damming on biogenic silica turnover: implications for biogeochemical carbon and nutrient cycles

Rivers link terrestrial ecosystems and marine ecosystems, and they transport large amounts of substances into oceans each year, including several forms of silicon (Si), carbon (C), and other nutrients. However, river damming affects the water flow and biogeochemical cycles of Si, C, and other nutrients through biogeochemical interacting processes. In this review, we first summarize the current understanding of the effects of river damming on the processes of biogeochemical Si cycle, especially the source, composition, and recycling process of biogenic silica (BSi). Then, we introduce dam impacts on the cycles of C and some other nutrients. Dissolved silicon in rivers is mainly released from phytolith dissolution and silicate weathering. BSi in suspended matter or sediments in most rivers mainly consists of phytoliths and mainly originates from soil erosion. However, diatom growth and deposition in many reservoirs formed by river interception may significantly increase the contribution of diatom Si to total BSi, and thus significantly influence the biogeochemical Si, C, and nutrient cycles. Yet the turnover of phytoliths and diatoms in different rivers formed by river damming is still poorly quantified. Thus, they should be further investigated to enhance our understanding about the effects of river damming on global biogeochemical Si, C and nutrient cycles.     

磷的生物地球化学循环研究进展

磷是生命体的必需元素,也是粮食生产的重要限制因素。磷的生物地球化学循环不仅调控着海洋的初级生产力,而且影响着全球气候系统,并决定着磷矿资源的形成和分布,与地球上生命的生存繁衍息息相关。当前“地球系统科学”理论将大气圈、水圈、岩石圈（地壳和上地幔）和生物圈等子系统有机整合,为研究磷的生物地球化学循环提供了更加广阔的视野。基于已有研究,结合“地球系统科学”理论观点,针对磷的生物化学循环获得了以下重要认识： 磷在地质历史时期的演化决定了现今磷在全球范围内（陆地生态系统与海洋生态系统）的循环模式;人类的工业和农业活动作为重要的地质营力,改变了磷的生物地球化学循环过程,造成了磷矿枯竭的资源危机及水体富营养化的环境问题;解决磷短缺的资源危机问题和磷过剩的环境污染问题的关键在于调控引起这些问题的生物地球化学循环过程。     

硅的生物地球化学循环研究进展

生命元素硅在陆地生态系统和水生生态系统中都扮演着重要的角色。它的生物地球化学循环与全球碳循环和全球气候交化密切相关。因此,近年来逐渐成为研究的热点。本文概述了近年来国内外有关硅的生物地球化学循环的研究进展,包括陆地和海洋中硅的生物地球化学循环过程及人类活动对硅循环的影响等方面,指出日前研究中存在的问题,展望了研究的重点。     

海洋生物地球化学模式研究进展

海洋生物地球化学模式是定量认识物质的海洋生物地球化学循环、理解其控制机制以及预测体系变动的重要手段。20世纪90年代以来,该研究领域的进展主要体现在海洋生物地球化学循环的物理输送和生态动力学过程以及年际、年代际变动的模拟3个方面。物理过程模拟方面的进展,集中在寡营养海区上层海水营养盐的供应机制问题上,在经典的上升流、垂直扩散之外,提出涡旋可能构成一种重要的物理输入过程。而生态动力学过程的模拟方面,90年代前期考虑食物网基本结构,由浮游植物、浮游动物和细菌三大类群构成生物状态变量,氮和磷营养盐以及颗粒碎屑构成其他状态变量;90年代后期,开始引入铁和硅的限制问题,考虑不同浮游植物和浮游动物群落结构的影响,特别是浮游植物粒级结构变化的预测可能是未来该领域力图解决的一个技术问题。年际变化的模拟,多围绕ENSO事件对初级生产的影响及其机制问题展开;年代际和地质年代尺度的体系变动问题仍存在争论,相对缺乏有效的数值模拟研究。该研究领域未来应加强生物—化学过程的函数表达、物理模式、中尺度过程、边界交换以及资料获取技术等方面的研究,以应对目前面临的诸多问题与挑战。     

大气污染物向海洋的输入及其生态环境效应

纵观20年来，特别是近几年来逐渐成为生物地球化学循环研究热点之一的大气对海洋物质输入的研究，从大气物质入海通量，大气物质入海对海洋生态系统和环境的影响，大气物质入海的科学研究计划和项目等方面分析了这一领域的研究现状和未来趋势。给出了不同海区各种主要大气入海物质的通量或在同类物质入海总量中的比例，讨论了氮、磷、铁等营养物质和持续性有毒污染物，如PAH、PCBs、杀虫剂和重金属对海洋生态系统和环境的不同影响。     

In Praise of Phosphates,or Why Vertebrates Chose Apatite to Mineralize Their Skeletal Elements

The geochemical abundance of phosphorus belies its importance as phosphate to life forms. As we explore the roles of microorganisms and humans in biogeochemical cycles, we are also enhancing our understandings of the phosphate control and the continuum that to a biomineralogist begins and ends in apatite. Well-crystallized apatite is utilized in geochemical studies for dating geologic events, and apatitic materials, such as marine phosphate deposits, contribute to the construction of the global phosphate cycle. The apatitic mineral in bones and teeth is a reservoir of information on diet, climate, and the environment. A unique group of samples that integrate biogeochemical information, the detailed chemical investigations of teeth and bone, are now utilized to investigate geochemical events and environments, but they also are sources of information in medical diagnosis and treatment. As we question the mechanisms of disease induction and hazards, both natural and anthropologically created or induced on a global scale over time, the record is being preserved in apatitic mineralized tissues.     

全球海洋硅循环及研究中面临的主要挑战

海洋硅循环是海洋生物地球化学循环的关键过程之一,对调控全球二氧化碳浓度、海洋酸碱度和多种元素(氮、磷、铁、铝等)的循环具有重要作用。在当今气候变化和人类活动影响日益增强的背景下,硅循环与“生物泵”及碳循环的紧密联系,是其成为地球科学领域研究热点的主要原因。海洋中硅的外部来源主要为河流、地下水、大气沉降、海底玄武岩风化作用和海底热液输送5个途径,在全球气温变暖趋势的影响下,极地冰川融化成为高纬度海域不可忽视的硅源。生物硅在沉积物中的埋藏、硅质海绵和生物硅的反风化作用是重要的海洋硅移除过程。海洋硅循环过程复杂,受生物(生物吸收、降解)、物理(吸附、溶解)和化学(矿化分解和反风化作用)多重因素的影响,针对海洋硅循环关键过程的研究有助于综合评估海洋硅的“源-汇”和收支。本文总结了海洋硅循环的主要过程及海洋硅的收支,根据国际和国内研究现状讨论了当前海洋硅循环研究中面临的主要问题和挑战。现有研究成果显示,海洋硅的外源输入和输出通量比以往的评估分别增加了2.4和2.2倍。在短时间尺度内(<8 ka),全球海洋中硅的收支大致平衡,海洋硅循环基本处于稳定状态。气候变化和人类活动导致河流输送至陆架边缘海的硅通量发生变化,可能影响硅藻等海洋浮游植物种群结构,是未来海洋硅循环研究需要关注的问题之一。陆架边缘海较高沉积速率和强烈的反风化作用提高了该区域生物硅的埋藏效率,准确评估该区域生物硅的埋藏通量仍是亟须解决的难题。目前的研究评估了全球海洋浮游硅藻、硅质海绵以及放射虫生产力,而海洋底栖硅藻生产力的贡献受到忽视,未来需要关注底栖硅藻对生物硅的贡献及其在海洋硅的生物地球化学过程中的作用。     

Ocean anoxic events in the mid-Cretaceous simulated by a 3-D biogeochemical general circulation model

The mid-Cretaceous is well known for its ocean anoxic events. The causal mechanisms are controversial: stagnant deepwater, high biological productivity in the surface waters, and other possibilities have been suggested. Our study simulated the mid-Cretaceous ocean, using general circulation models combined with a marine biogeochemical cycle model to explore the relationship between thermohaline circulation and biogeochemical cycles and investigate the causes of ocean anoxic events. The simulated thermohaline circulation shows an unsteady inactive state. Oxygen concentrations in the deepwater decrease under the inactive state, but a horizontal gradient develops, with higher oxygen concentrations in the Tethys and lower concentrations in eastern Panthalassa. This is not due to the different ages of the deepwater but rather to the differences in biological productivity in the surface water, meaning that the relationship between thermohaline circulation and biogeochemical cycles under the inactive state is different from that in the present ocean. In the standard simulation, assuming the present level of the total amount of phosphate in the ocean, 29% of the bottom water is anoxic. The experiments increasing the amount of phosphate show its high sensitivity for extending the anoxic region with global-scale anoxia simulated under the doubled amount of phosphate. The high amount of phosphate would be reasonable because the inactive state would induce an imbalance of phosphate between riverine input and sediment output. Therefore, both the inactive thermohaline circulation and the increase in the total amount of phosphate in the ocean induce the global-scale anoxic condition in the deepwater.     

基于生态系统的海洋管理理论与实践

海洋孕育了丰富的生态系统服务功能,包括为人类提供多种海产食物、净化海洋环境和提供宜人景观及发展空间等。随着工程科技水平的提高,人类对海洋资源和空间的开发利用越来越多、越来越快,对海洋生态系统的影响也越来越大,这一问题在我国尤为突出。近20年来一些发达国家通过推行基于生态系统的海洋管理(MEBM),在海洋生态系统的框架下规范和管理开发活动,特别是在解决区域性海洋管理问题方面取得了一定成效,值得我们借鉴。概述了海洋生态系统及其服务功能,回顾了海洋开发中存在的问题以及MEBM的发展历程,系统阐述了MEBM的原则和措施,剖析了国内外MEBM的成功案例,探讨了在中国实施MEBM的必要性和前提条件。近年来,我国依据海洋功能区划来管理海洋开发已取得一定的成果。建议以此为基础,强化相关生态科学研究及相应技术和法规支撑,从而为我国海洋经济可持续发展提供保障。     

海洋科学和技术协同发展的回顾

简单回顾百余年来现代海洋科学的发展历程,并用一系列的实例,如深海取样和深海钻探,遥测遥感和水下观测,锚碇长期连续测量和智能水下活动平台,深潜技术和海底观测网等,说明科学的想像能促进技术的创新,而工具的重大改进能导致科学理解的跃进.文章的目的是向我国学术界和管理部门说明:科学和技术必须协同、而不是分头发展,只有两者的结合...     

GEOTRACES - An international study of the global marine biogeochemical cycles of trace elements and their isotopes

Trace elements serve important roles as regulators of ocean processes including marine ecosystem dynamics and carbon cycling. The role of iron, for instance, is well known as a limiting micronutrient in the surface ocean. Several other trace elements also play crucial roles in ecosystem function and their supply therefore controls the structure, and possibly the productivity, of marine ecosystems. Understanding the biogeochemical cycling of these micronutrients requires knowledge of their diverse sources and sinks, as well as their transport and chemical form in the ocean.Much of what is known about past ocean conditions, and therefore about the processes driving global climate change, is derived from trace-element and isotope patterns recorded in marine deposits. Reading the geochemical information archived in marine sediments informs us about past changes in fundamental ocean conditions such as temperature, salinity, pH, carbon chemistry, ocean circulation and biological productivity. These records provide our principal source of information about the ocean's role in past climate change. Understanding this role offers unique insights into the future consequences of global change.The cycle of many trace elements and isotopes has been significantly impacted by human activity. Some of these are harmful to the natural and human environment due to their toxicity and/or radioactivity. Understanding the processes that control the transport and fate of these contaminants is an important aspect of protecting the ocean environment. Such understanding requires accurate knowledge of the natural biogeochemical cycling of these elements so that changes due to human activity can be put in context.Despite the recognised importance of understanding the geochemical cycles of trace elements and isotopes, limited knowledge of their sources and sinks in the ocean and the rates and mechanisms governing their internal cycling, constrains their application to illuminating the problems outlined above. Marine geochemists are poised to make significant progress in trace-element biogeochemistry. Advances in clean sampling protocols and analytical techniques provide unprecedented capability for high-density sampling and measurement of a wide range of trace elements and isotopes which can be combined with new modelling strategies that have evolved from the World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) and Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS) programmes. A major new international research programme, GEOTRACES, has now been developed as a result of community input to study the global marine biogeochemical cycles of trace elements and their isotopes. Here, we describe this programme and its rationale.     

The Key Layout of UK Marine Science and Technology Plans and Some Implications for China

In this paper, we have analysed the major marine research strategies, programs and projects and the overall layout on marine research of the United Kingdom in recent years and found several characteristics: The United Kingdom increased emphasis on the national top-level design of marine research; The marine research infrastructures of the United Kingdom will be given long-term support in the future; Priority areas on marine research in the future will be determine and identified according to the national science and technology status and national needs of national economy; The United Kingdom will focus on ocean acidification, marine renewable energy development and coastal hazards research in the future. Then we gave out some recommendations on our courtry’ development on marine science and technology: Establishing a long-term national marine science and technology strategic plan; strengthening the investment in the important marine research infrastructure; setting several reasonable research priorities according to China’s national strategic needs.