从徐六泾站潮量整编谈长江口站网调整

用多元线性回归分析方法进行徐六泾站潮量试整编的成果可以达到一定的精度。试整编结果表明,潮量整编除了要使用下游站的潮汐因子外,还必须使用上游站的潮汐因子,而上游现有的天生港站由于受河道地形的限制其潮汐因子还不足于控制本河段潮棱体的变化,因此从徐六泾站潮量整编的角度考虑,建议在上游的左右岸增设水位站。     

分汊河流江心洲洲头冲淤概化模型

分汊河流的江心洲洲头是分汊河段分水分沙和泥沙冲淤的动态区域,其冲淤过程受来水来沙和地形条件变化呈现冲淤交替。通过几何概化洲头的浅滩逆坡和侧向顺坡,考虑逆坡促淤和顺坡分沙作用,建立洲头浅滩的推移质冲淤的概化模型,推导洲头由淤积转向冲刷的临界流量表达式。上游来流量增加,洲头淤积速率先增加到最大值后逐渐减少,直至达到临界流量,再转向冲刷。洲头淤积速率与上游水面纵比降和床沙粒径成正比,与浅滩逆坡、侧向水面比降与顺坡成反比。若其他条件相同,洲头浅滩形状越不对称和上游来沙量越小,越有利于冲刷。模型预测武汉河段天兴洲的临界流量范围与水文观测值较为接近,对其出现超过某个大临界流量仍出现淤积的特殊性,给出的新解释是天兴洲洲头的整治工程使得在大流量条件下洲头抵抗冲刷和阻挡作用促进泥沙淤积。     

钱塘江河口水流-河床相互作用及对盐水入侵的影响

通过长系列实测水文、地形资料分析,钱塘江河口上段河床具有大冲大淤和洪冲潮淤的演变特性,影响河口上段的潮汐强弱,进而影响盐水入侵。若年内丰水期径流量大,则河床出现“大冲”,河床容积增大,潮汐增强,导致秋季强潮期盐水入侵加剧;反之,若年内丰水期径流量小,河床容积较小,导致秋季强潮期盐水入侵减弱。结果表明,钱塘江径流对盐水入侵存在直接和间接影响:直接影响是盐水入侵与径流量成反比;间接影响是通过径流冲刷河床,引起潮汐增大,间接导致盐水入侵加剧,这是钱塘江河口大冲大淤以及对潮汐巨大反作用的特性造成的。     

江心洲头部冲淤动力临界特性

不同流量级下,分汊河段进口主流摆动导致江心洲头部的平面冲淤分布呈现出复杂变化特征。为探究江心洲头部冲淤与来流过程之间的响应关系,借助长江中下游多个分汊河段内水沙、地形资料,对江心洲头部水动力特征实施了数值模拟,并对不同流量级下的河床变形强度进行综合比较。研究表明:江心洲头部低滩的冲淤动力随着流量涨落呈现出明显的临界特性,冲淤过程中存在大、小两个临界流量Q₁与Q₂,在介于两个临界流量之间的流量级持续作用下,洲头低滩发生冲刷;流量大于Q₁或小于Q₂时,洲头低滩表现为淤积。由于不同流量级造成的冲淤效果不同,因而水文过程中各级流量的持续时间,是影响洲头低滩年内、年际变形的主要因素。     

黄河口尾闾段河床形态调整及过流能力变化

为全面描述黄河口尾闾段的河床形态调整及过流能力变化,采用河段平均的计算方法,确定了尾闾段(利津—西河口)1990—2016年汛后断面及河段尺度的平滩特征参数,分析河段平滩河槽形态调整特点、河段平滩流量变化过程及其与累积河床冲淤量的关系。结果表明:近30年来黄河尾闾段的河床形态调整过程较为复杂,河相系数在1990—2003年呈振荡式升高,2003年以后持续减小,说明断面形态朝窄深方向发展;平滩流量变化与河段冲淤过程密切相关,淤积时平滩流量减小,反之则增大;建立这些河段平滩特征参数与利津站前4年汛期平均水流冲刷强度的幂函数关系,且相关系数均大于0.8,说明黄河口尾闾段河床形态调整及过流能力变化能较好地响应利津站水沙条件的改变。     

三峡大坝下游近坝段沙质河床形态调整及洲滩联动演变关系

大型水库运行改变了坝下游水沙条件,引起河床冲淤、洲滩形态等适应性调整,尤其是近坝段沙质河床的响应最为敏感。以三峡大坝下游近坝段沙质河段为研究对象,采用1955-2018年水沙数据与1975-2018年地形资料,研究了河床冲淤量及河床形态、洲滩形态演变及联动关系等。研究表明：伴随流域来沙量减少,1975-2018年河床为累积冲刷态势,枯水河槽冲刷量占总冲刷量的93.1%,同步发生洲滩面积减少、深泓下切;以2009年分界,滩槽冲淤逐渐由"低滩冲刷,高滩淤积"逐渐向"低滩、高滩均冲"转变;受来沙量锐减、河道采砂活动等影响,2013年以来河床冲刷强度显著增大,疏浚抛泥对滩槽冲淤的影响较小;航道工程实施前滩群演变关联性强,太平口心滩发育与头部下移引起腊林洲边滩上段面积减小并后退,对应腊林洲边滩尾部面积增大且淤宽,使得三八滩面积减小且右缘蚀退,金城洲逐渐由边滩演变为心滩;航道工程实施后太平口心滩与腊林洲边滩上段关联性减弱,受航道工程及疏浚抛泥等影响腊林洲边滩下段淤宽,引起三八滩维持面积持续减小、右缘后退及左移态势,促使金城洲萎缩且分散。     

三峡大坝下游近坝段沙质河床形态调整及洲滩联动演变关系

大型水库运行改变了坝下游水沙条件,引起河床冲淤、洲滩形态等适应性调整,尤其是近坝段沙质河床的响应最为敏感。以三峡大坝下游近坝段沙质河段为研究对象,采用1955-2018年水沙数据与1975-2018年地形资料,研究了河床冲淤量及河床形态、洲滩形态演变及联动关系等。研究表明:伴随流域来沙量减少,1975-2018年河床为累积冲刷态势,枯水河槽冲刷量占总冲刷量的93.1%,同步发生洲滩面积减少、深泓下切;以2009年分界,滩槽冲淤逐渐由"低滩冲刷,高滩淤积"逐渐向"低滩、高滩均冲"转变;受来沙量锐减、河道采砂活动等影响,2013年以来河床冲刷强度显著增大,疏浚抛泥对滩槽冲淤的影响较小;航道工程实施前滩群演变关联性强,太平口心滩发育与头部下移引起腊林洲边滩上段面积减小并后退,对应腊林洲边滩尾部面积增大且淤宽,使得三八滩面积减小且右缘蚀退,金城洲逐渐由边滩演变为心滩;航道工程实施后太平口心滩与腊林洲边滩上段关联性减弱,受航道工程及疏浚抛泥等影响腊林洲边滩下段淤宽,引起三八滩维持面积持续减小、右缘后退及左移态势,促使金城洲萎缩且分散。     

黄土坡面径流侵蚀产沙动力过程模拟与研究

通过室内模拟冲刷试验系统研究了3°~30°坡度范围内坡面径流的侵蚀动力及产沙特征,分析了坡面径流能耗与径流侵蚀产沙之间的关系。结果表明,坡面径流平均流速随坡度和流量的增加而增大,流速与坡度和流量之间存在指数函数关系,坡度对流速的影响大于流量。在3°~21°坡度范围内,坡面径流单宽能耗随坡度的增加而增加,当坡度超过21°时,径流能耗随坡度的增加而降低。坡度对侵蚀产沙的影响也有类似的现象,在3°~21°坡度范围内,坡面径流平均单宽输沙率随坡度的增加而增大,当坡度达到临界极值21°和24°后,坡面径流平均输沙率随坡度增加而减小;在整个试验坡度范围内,径流平均单宽输沙率随流量的增大而增大;流量对坡面径流平均单宽输沙率的影响大于坡度。坡面径流平均单宽输沙率和单宽径流能耗之间存在明显的线性关系,其临界单宽径流能耗随坡度的增加而增加,土壤可蚀性参数随坡度的变化在10.368~30.366的范围变化,试验的土壤可蚀性的平均值为14.61。     

长江下游潮流界变动段三益桥边滩与浅滩演变驱动机制分析

潮流界变动段的边滩与浅滩演变关联性强，同时受径潮流水动力、供沙来源及人类活动等多重影响，是航道治理与疏浚维护的重点河段。通过对三益桥河段1976—2017年期间河床冲淤、汊道分流比、三益桥边滩及浅滩演变过程的分析，明确三益桥边滩及浅滩演变的驱动机制。2012年以来三益桥边滩12.5 m水深以浅滩体体积为增大态势，大水年份边滩以淤积为主，设计航槽及深槽以冲刷为主，中水年份边滩淤积厚度小于深槽。上游五峰山弯道河势稳定，具有阻隔上游和畅洲河段河势、汊道分流比调整等传递作用，三益桥边滩淤涨（长）与上游和畅洲河段河势及汊道分流比调整的关系不显著，主要与流域来流流量大小及过程、上游河道冲刷供沙等相关。洪季三益桥上浅区碍航程度大于枯季，汛前中水流量（大通水文站流量介于26 000~34 000 m³/s之间）持续天数长的年份碍航程度大于大洪水年份同时期；因此，流量过程决定边滩与浅滩的冲淤分布，中水流量持续时间长短及供沙量大小决定三益桥边滩淤积量及浅滩碍航淤积量。     

长江下游潮流界变动段三益桥边滩与浅滩演变驱动机制分析

潮流界变动段的边滩与浅滩演变关联性强，同时受径潮流水动力、供沙来源及人类活动等多重影响，是航道治理与疏浚维护的重点河段。通过对三益桥河段1976—2017年期间河床冲淤、汊道分流比、三益桥边滩及浅滩演变过程的分析，明确三益桥边滩及浅滩演变的驱动机制。2012年以来三益桥边滩12.5 m水深以浅滩体体积为增大态势，大水年份边滩以淤积为主，设计航槽及深槽以冲刷为主，中水年份边滩淤积厚度小于深槽。上游五峰山弯道河势稳定，具有阻隔上游和畅洲河段河势、汊道分流比调整等传递作用，三益桥边滩淤涨（长）与上游和畅洲河段河势及汊道分流比调整的关系不显著，主要与流域来流流量大小及过程、上游河道冲刷供沙等相关。洪季三益桥上浅区碍航程度大于枯季，汛前中水流量（大通水文站流量介于26 000~34 000 m3/s之间）持续天数长的年份碍航程度大于大洪水年份同时期；因此，流量过程决定边滩与浅滩的冲淤分布，中水流量持续时间长短及供沙量大小决定三益桥边滩淤积量及浅滩碍航淤积量。     

珠江三角洲网河区低水位时空变化规律

珠江三角洲近30年的大规模无序采挖沙改变了网河区水多沙少、河势稳定的演变趋势,促使河床由缓慢淤积转变为大幅下切,低水位出现明显下降。这种人为作用已涵盖并远超同期河流自然演变的程度,对取水供水、生态保护、航运保障等产生了较大影响。在总结河口三角洲地区水位变化研究的基础上,以珠江三角洲网河区为例,按低水位变化划分为常年潮流段、季节性潮流段和常年径流段。其中,常年潮流段基本不受采砂影响;季节性潮流段依据径流、潮流比例,越靠近枯水潮流界,低水位变化越大;常年径流段还存在溯源冲刷引起的低水位下降。结合水沙变异过程,试图探讨水动力对河床急剧演变的响应机制,以期为通航低水位设计提供依据。     

黄河河口段一维水流泥沙数学模型

针对黄河河口段河道来水来沙特性和河道冲淤演变特点,综合考虑了断面上水沙分布和冲淤分布不均匀,阻力变化、河口三角洲淤积延伸等问题,建立了黄河利津以下河口段一维水流泥沙数学模型。用该模型对多年汛期和冬季河口段内水沙进行验证计算表明:计算结果与实测结果基本吻合。本模型可用来预测河口段内沿程不同时刻水位、含沙量及河床冲淤的变化过程。     

基于水文模型与机器学习集合模拟的水沙变异归因定量识别——以黄河中游窟野河流域为例

黄河水沙变化是当前流域水文与江河治理领域研究的前沿和热点问题。以黄土高原窟野河流域为典型研究对象,利用VIC水文模型和8种基于机器学习算法的输沙量模型,耦合构建流域水沙集合模拟技术,定量识别流域水沙演变特征与变异成因。结果表明:① 1960—2014年窟野河流域年气温和降水分别呈显著增加和不显著减少趋势,径流和输沙量都呈显著减少趋势,1980和1999年是流域产水产沙特性发生改变的重要转折点;②模拟月径流和输沙量的Nash-Sutcliffe效率系数和相关系数分别超过了0.6和0.7,适用于该流域水沙过程模拟;③与天然期1960—1979年相比,1980—2014年气候变化和人类活动对径流减少的贡献分别为24%~39%和61%~76%,对输沙量减少的贡献分别为15%~36%和64%~85%;④人类活动是窟野河流域水沙减少的主要原因,且随时间推移呈增大趋势。相关成果为流域水沙变异归因定量识别提供了新的技术方法,对促进黄河流域水资源开发利用和水沙治理具有重要的支撑作用。     

Study on the runoff and sediment-producing effects of precipitation in headwater areas of the Yangtze River and Yellow River,China

Natural runoff observation fields with different vegetation coverage were established in the Zuomaoxikongqu River basin in the headwater area of the Yangtze River, and in the Natong River basin and the Kuarewaerma River basin in the headwater area of the Yellow River, China. The experiments were conducted using natural precipitation and artificially simulated precipitation between July and August to study the runoff and sediment-producing effects of precipitation under the conditions of the same slope and different alpine meadow land with coverage in the headwater areas. The results show that, in the three small river basins in the headwater areas of the Yangtze and the Yellow Rivers, the surface runoff yield on the 30° slope surface of the alpine meadow land with a vegetation cover of 30% is markedly larger than that of the fields with a vegetation cover of 95, 92, and 68%. Furthermore, the sediment yield is also obviously larger than the latter three; on an average, the sediment yield caused by a single precipitation event is 2–4 times as large as the latter three. Several typical precipitation forms affecting the runoff yield on the slope surface also influence the process. No matter how the surface conditions are; the rainfall is still the main precipitation form causing soil erosion. In some forms of precipitation, such as the greatest snow melting as water runoff, the sediment yield is minimal. Under the condition of the same precipitation amount, snowfall can obviously increase the runoff yield, roughly 2.1–3.5 times as compared to the combined runoff yield of the Sleet or that of rainfall alone; but meanwhile, the sediment yield and soil erosion rate decrease, roughly decreasing by 45.4–80.3%. High vegetation cover can effectively decrease the runoff-induced erosion. This experimental result is consistent in the three river basins in the headwater areas of the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers.     

Downstream effects of water withdrawal in a small,high-gradient basin: Erosion and deposition on the Skokomish River delta

The purpose of this paper is to analyze downstream effects of freshwater flow diversion from a small, active-continental-margin river basin. The Skokomish River delta is a tributary estuary to Hood Canal in Washington state that receives drainage from the southeastern side of the Olympic Mountains. Its drainage basin is steep, and rainfall is high. Approximately 40% of the annual average runoff of the entire system has been diverted from the North Fork Skokomish River for power production since completion of two dams in 1930; this water does not pass through the lower river or over the delta. Extensive logging has occurred in the remainder of the basin. Comparison of prediversion (1885) and postdiversion (1972) bathymetric surveys shows that deposition (about 0.013 to 0.022 m yr^?1) has occurred on the inner delta and erosion (up to 0.033 m yr^?1) on the outer delta. This steepening of the delta surface has apparently been caused by a loss of sediment transport capacity in the lower river and estuary combined with an increased sediment supply due to logging. Although the total area of unvegetated tidal flats thas decreased by only about 6%, there has been a more than 40% loss of highly productive low intertidal surface area. A conservative estimate of loss of eelgrass (Zostera marina) beds is 18%; a reduction in the size of mesohaline mixing zone has also occurred. These habitat losses are similar to those observed elsewhere in the world in larger river basins that have suffered water withdrawals of the same magnitude, but their impacts cannot either be evaluated or understood causally through consideration of simple measures like changes total estuarine deltaic area. Evaluation of estuarine effects of anthropogenic modification must, therefore, include consideration of both changes in habitat function and in the physical processes. These must be evaluated within the totality of the river basin-estuary system that cause these changes. In this case, sediment transport constitutes the critical link between fluvial alterations and the remote downstream, estuarine consequences thereof.     

Downstream effects of water withdrawal in a small,high-gradient basin: Erosion and deposition on the Skokomish River delta

This paper analyzes downstream effects of freshwater flow diversion from a small, active-continental-margin river basin. The Skokomish River delta, a tributary estuary to Hood Canal in Washington state, receives drainage from the southeastern side of the Olympic Mountains. Its drainage basin is steep, and rainfall is high. Since completion of two dams in 1930, approximately 40% of the annual average runoff of the entire system has been diverted from the North Fork Skokomish River for power production; this water does not pass through the lower river or over the delta. Extensive logging has occurred in the remainder of the basin. Comparison of prediversion (1885) and postdiversion (1941 and 1972) bathymetric surveys suggest that deposition (about 0.013 m yr^?1 to 0.022 m yr^?1) has occurred on most of the inner delta and erosion (up to 0.011 m yr^?1 to 0.033 m yr^?1) on much of the outer delta. More rapid postconstruction deposition occurred within the river mouth itself, where the 1926 to 1941 deposition rate was 0.04–0.11 m yr^?1. Nine of 12 historical bathymetric change cross-sections show steepening of the delta surface, two are neutral, and one shows aggradation. This steepening has apparently been caused by a loss of sediment transport capacity in the lower river and estuary combined with steady or increased (due to logging) sediment supply. Although the total area of unvegetated tidal flats has decreased by only about 2%, there has been a 15–19% loss of highly productive low intertidal surface area and an estimated 17% loss of eelgrass (Zostera marina) habitat. A reduction in the size of mesohaline mixing zone has also occurred. These habitat losses are similar to those observed elsewhere in the world in larger river basins that have suffered water withdrawals of the same magnitude, but their impacts either cannot be evaluated or understood casually through consideration of simple measures like changes in total estuarine deltaic area. Evaluation of estuarine effects of anthropogenic modification must, therefore, include consideration of both changes in habitat function and in the physical processes. These must be evaluated within the totality of the river basin-estuary system that cause these changes. In this case, sediment transport constitutes the critical link between fluvial alterations and the remote downstream, estuarine consequences thereof.     

长江口北支河槽容积变化特征的定量分析

北支河槽容积变化是北支河道演变趋势在定量上的直接表现,河道边界条件和河床泥沙运动是影响河槽容积变化的主要因素。收集1986—2013年长江口北支河道年实测地形资料,利用GIS技术建立不同时期水下数字高程模型,进行北支河槽容积变化和河床冲淤变化特征分析。结果表明,北支岸线圈围和泥沙淤积导致了1986年以来河槽容积萎缩。北支河槽0m线以下容积共减少约7.110亿m3,岸线圈围引起河槽容积减少4.000亿m3,占比56.3%;泥沙淤积引起的河槽容积减少3.110亿m3,占比43.7%。具体而言,北支上段河槽容积萎缩主要是泥沙淤积所致,其航道开发综合利用应遵循上段的泥沙运动规律特点;中段则是边滩圈围和沙洲并岸引起,边界调整后束流作用加强,河床冲刷,断面形态调整后水深条件更加有利于中段的航道利用开发;下段是泥沙淤积和边滩圈围共同影响所致,泥沙淤积影响略大,但下段沿北岸-5m深槽始终存在且稳定,具备航道开发利用的河势基础,且南侧河道边界仍具有可圈围的余地。     

Sedimentology of a marine intermontane Pleistocene Gilbert-type fan-delta complex in the Crati Basin, Calabria, southern Italy

The Crati Basin is a Pliocene-Holocene extensional basin filled by the progradation of different types of marine fan-delta systems. Coarse-grained Gilbert-type fan-deltas developed during the Pleistocene. They represent the sedimentary response to a strong differential uplift involving the basin margins and the basin itself. The differential uplift was responsible for the fragmentation of the basin into several sub-basins, into which these fan-deltas prograded. The protection and lateral confinement by structural highs, steep coastlines and the absence of strong tidal action in the adjacent Ionian Sea, allowed the regular progradation of these fan-deltas in the restricted gulfs and narrow embayments of the Crati Basin. For the classical Gilbert-type (fan) deltas in lacustrine settings, homopycnal inflow favours a rapid mixing of water masses and deposition of sediment close to the river mouth. In the case of the example described here, the density contrast between the sea water and the inflowing river water caused the separation of the muddy fraction from the coarse sandy and conglomeratic part of the sediment. This allowed the development of steep mud-poor coarse-grained delta foresets. Slope instability features (slump scars, conglomeratic flow slides) are fairly scarce in the proximal parts of the San Lorenzo del Vallo system. Towards the north, where protection from the Ionian Sea was less, they increase in importance.     

三峡水库调节作用对长江近河口段水文水动力特性影响

为了评估三峡水库蓄水对长江感潮河段水文水动力特性的影响,建立了具有预测功能的水动力模型。考虑径流与潮流之间的相互作用,模型在只有上边界流量过程的条件下可以给出下边界的潮位过程。在此基础上应用一维河网非恒定流数学模型,对三峡水库蓄水前后长江近河口段大通—徐六泾的水流运动进行了10年的数值模拟。统计分析结果表明,水库调蓄作用对感潮河段各站的潮位累积频率及水文水动力因素的年内过程变化影响甚大。