年轻石笋平均沉积速率的确定——多方法探讨

石笋凭借其准确的年代学和对洞穴外界环境的敏感响应,已经成为第四纪研究的重要力量。亚洲季风区轨道-千年尺度石笋δ18O指示亚洲季风强弱的变化,但是在更短的时间尺度上,石笋δ18O则可能受到其他因素的影响,因此近现代、能与器测记录进行对比的石笋记录研究是衔接现代气候与古气候的关键环节。而这关键环节中的关键问题就是确定石笋的沉积年代。寻找一种适合于无生长纹层、低U含量石笋样品的年代方法对于解决石笋沉积年代有着重要的推动作用。本研究选择广西桂林茅茅头大岩一正在生长的年轻石笋。由于低U含量、高232 Th含量,U系-230 Th定年不成功。利用210Pb定年计算出平均沉积速率为1.96±0.23mm/a,但由于多层晶间孔隙的存在,计算结果偏小。由于石笋中14 C基本为核爆产生,AMS 14 C测试结果计算石笋平均沉积速率为2.10mm/a,但由于未测量到核爆前14 C数据,其值可能仍偏小。由于前人研究指出桂林地区石笋记录能记录夏季风降水,结合桂林多年降水数据,综合计算出该石笋平均沉积速率为2.44mm/a,生长时限为2009—1968年。平均沉积速率和沉积时代的确定,为后续的石笋现代气候研究,进而与古气候衔接提供了重要的研究基础。     

应用210pb技术计算年轻石笋沉积速率及判断石笋沉积环境

通过对桂林周边3个洞穴的3个石笋进行210Pb测试,分别计算出3个石笋的沉积速率:盘龙洞石笋PL-4的平均沉积速率为0.042mm/a,茅茅头大岩石笋DY-2的平均沉积速率为0.731 mm/a,住岩石笋ZY-5的平均沉积速率为0.029mm/a;另外,通过滴水实验验证了石笋正在沉积,且茅茅头大岩沉积速率较大,盘龙洞和...     

贵州荔波董歌洞较老石笋ICP-MS~(230)Th测年研究及古气候应用

石笋记录研究的进展与测年技术的发展密不可分,测年新技术的突破不断推动利用石笋重建古气候研究的飞速前进。在利用石笋进行古气候重建过程中,建立精确的时标是首要条件。通过对较老(>250ka)石笋的ICP-MS230Th测年研究,发现贵州荔波董歌洞D6、D7、D9石笋具有比较连续的高分辨记录,最老年龄超过400ka,通过230Th测年数据的分析为建立我国西南地区500ka以来标准剖面打下基础;对董歌洞3根大型石笋135个230Th年龄数据及生长速率的分析研究,发现石笋生长速率在大尺度的变化上与海洋沉积SPECMAP曲线δ18O记录有很好的负相关关系,并与北纬25°夏季太阳辐射能量变化曲线呈一定的正相关关系,石笋生长速率的变化在间冰期处于高值,而在冰期时为低值,在间冰期和冰期转化阶段生长速率呈跳跃式变化。通过生长速率变化分析表明,石笋生长速率记录了过去突变冷暖事件的变化,因此可以作为一个有意义的环境记录替代指标来研究古降水及古气候变化。     

文石-方解石石笋U/Th体系的封闭性判断及意义

湖南省龙山县莲花洞两根大型石笋LLl(文石-方解石型)和LL5(文石型)ICP-MS230Th结果表明,82个年龄数据并不完全符合石笋生长层序律.根据U/Th同位素比值、沉积和矿物学特征,分析了同位素体系开放度对建立石笋正确年代学模式的影响.莲花洞LLl石笋全新世以来234U/238U对230Th/238U的比值具有谐和性特征并且230Th年龄层序正常,说明文石矿物基本接近U/Th同位素封闭系统,实测年龄基本可靠.10～40 ka期间234U/238U与230Th/238U离散度较大和矿物具有溶蚀、风化现象,表明体系发生U加入/流失作用.LL5石笋60～80 ka期间封闭性较好,实测年龄可信.上述结果表明,同一洞穴中文石石笋U/Th同位素体系开放度与时间的关系并不是线性关系,沉积时水文和物理化学性质以及随后的保存状况是决定洞穴文石石笋同位素封闭性的关键因素.     

高精度ICP-MS 230Th测年新技术及其在贵州衙门洞Y1石笋测年研究中的应用

在系统介绍洞穴石笋高精度ICP-M S铀系年代学原理与方法的基础上,对贵州荔波县衙门洞Y1石笋进行了IC P-M S 　230 Th测年研究。综合分析认为精确时标的建立对于利用石笋进行古气候重建具有重要的实际意义;采用ICP-M S　230 Th测年方法进行石笋样品定年准确可靠,并且比TIM S方法具有更高的效率,所需样品更微量。通过生长速率变化分析表明,石笋生长速率记录了过去冷暖突变事件,因此可以用它作为一个有意义的环境记录替代指标来研究古降水及古气候变化。      

重庆丰都雪玉洞群洞穴现代监测与古环境研究回顾和展望

重庆丰都雪玉洞群包括羊子洞、雪玉洞和水鸣洞,西南大学的研究团队从2008年开始对雪玉洞群开展了系统的现代过程监测,以了解洞穴系统气候和环境信息的传输、转化和记录过程。通过对雪玉洞洞穴内外的大气、植被、土壤、基岩、滴水和洞穴沉积物等的动态监测,研究了碳酸盐沉积过程的水化学指标变化,揭示了现代洞穴滴水的影响因素和变化过程,以及碳酸盐沉积物对现代气候环境变化的响应,也为古气候的定量化研究提供了基础支撑。现代过程监测记录表明:雪玉洞CO₂主要来源于上覆土壤,其季节变化受降水的影响较大;在短时间尺度上受到游客旅游活动的影响明显,但幅度远远小于自然过程引起的变化。雪玉洞内次生沉积物的沉积速率具有明显的旱季、雨季特征,不同滴水点下方沉积物的沉积速率变化较大。雪玉洞群三个洞穴的石笋古环境记录研究表明,本区石笋的230Th/232Th比值较适合高精度铀系测年;部分石笋沉积速率较快,平均沉积速率达到0.25 mm·a?1,可以开展高分辨率的气候和环境变化研究。羊子洞YZ1石笋的年龄范围在116~3 ka B.P.之间（平均测年精度2σ,269年）,覆盖了整个末次冰期,δ18O和δ13C的变化曲线和东亚季风区的其他记录具有明显的一致性。同位素测试的时间分辨率平均为88年,成功记录了一些百年－千年尺度的气候突变事件,如Heinrich事件、7.2 ka事件、小冰期等。在精确年代学的基础上,雪玉洞群石笋具有重建高分辨率气候环境变化的潜力。      

三论洞穴石笋沉积速率——以衙门洞一号石笋为例

综合观测我国南方洞穴30多根大石笋纵剖面。其中,精选近20根结构、构造清晰的剖面,进行高精度系统测年及沉积特征的对比研究,认定沉积速率是石笋生长过程时空轨迹的数学描述,记录石笋或石笋段沉积生长过程的时间和物质组分、结构构造及其空间组合。确认石笋沉积（生长）速率是沉积特征的缩影,具有多旋回、多级次特征,可作重建古气候环境的替代指标之一,具有时空双重含意。在石笋沉积速率研究积累和Y 1测年系列数据的基础上,提出沉积速率以10 mm/100 a作为气候冷、暖转变的分界值和冷、暖彼此趋近的临界值,建议以此作为南、北方甚至是地带性气候冷暖转变的分界或趋近的临界值。在重建古气候环境研究实践中,探索、完善、深化石笋沉积特征的综合对比;同时提出影响石笋沉积速率的自然条件是主控因素。其中,气候、地质、环境等是关键。而获得准确沉积速率,采样、测试、研究方法、剖面选择等,人为因素重大作用。在实践方面以结语的3点建议供同行参考。     

广西巴马县水晶宫洞穴沉积物特征及其沉积环境

巴马县水晶宫洞内次生化学沉积物景观丰富,类型多样,有石钟乳、石幔、石瀑布、石笋、石柱、石盾等特色景观;尤其是近期仍在发育的洞顶鹅管、卷曲石、石花等是国内外较为罕见的洞穴奇景。据沉积物的沉积类型、物质成分、沉积序次及测年等资料研究表明,水晶宫洞穴沉积物形成于晚第三纪以来。晚第三纪和第四纪早更新世早期,洞内沉积主要为外源水携带的硅质岩、砂岩类砾石沉积形成的钙华砾石层。早更新世中期—中更新世气候温暖湿润,是水晶宫洞穴主要景观的形成期,沉积物景观宏大而壮观,230Th-U系测年得出其分别形成于100～35万年前。晚更新世早期12.5～9万年的末次间冰期主要为温暖气候环境,洞内仅有少量的石笋沉积,且极少保存;9万年后气候环境发生突变,更不利沉积物发育和保存;自4万年后气候环境开始表现为温暖湿润,化学沉积活跃,洞穴沉积物主要由高约50～150 cm的纯白色石笋群和钟乳石组成,为洞穴奇景的形成期,230Th-U系测年得出其分别形成于40 ka BP和7 500 a BP以及1 450 a BP。晚更新世晚期以来形成的洞穴沉积物景观,不仅为水晶宫提供了丰富的旅游资源和价值,同时也为广西重建古气候环境提供了重要的信息载体。      

210Pb测年方法在岩溶碳酸盐沉积物中的应用研究

碳酸盐沉积物中的210Pb,通过大气降水、土壤水渗入沉积物中吸附所得,并且不同沉积物组分和粒级对210Pb的吸附能力不同.笔者以沉积环境稳定、沉积的连续性及其剖面保存的完整性的洞穴沉积物--石笋和流石等作为主要研究对象,并与取自云南白水台的钙华样品进行210Pb的对比.利用210Ph测年技术方法对岩溶地区不同类型的近代碳酸盐沉积物样品进行测定,并探讨该方法适应范围.结果发现:利用210Pb法能够比较可靠的测定沉积物的沉积速率,并根据沉积物的相对垂直深度和210Pb比度的关系,计算出近100 a沉积物年龄和沉积速率.由此可见,210Pb测年技术在岩溶沉积物中的应用,将有助于获取高分辨率的计年,并提供精确的沉积速率,为现代岩溶作用过程的研究提供重要的信息,从而具有广泛的应用前景.     

用210Pb技术判断年轻石笋封闭性研究

通过测试采自桂林地区茅茅头大岩的两个相邻石笋DY-2和DY-3的现代滴水沉积物的²¹⁰Pb放射性活度发现: (1)处于同一洞穴相距约1.5 m, DY-2石笋初始210Pb放射性活度是DY-3石笋的3.0倍, 接取的现代滴水沉积物DY-2是DY-3的1.7倍, 210Pb放射性活度和现代滴水观测均证明DY-3石笋沉积速率大于DY-2石笋, 说明在相同地质背景和地理环境下, ²¹⁰Pb放射性活度可以作为沉积速率的一个判断工具; (2)两石笋²¹⁰Pb放射性活度剖面均呈现一定的波动性, 这与石笋沉积时存在晶间孔隙且与晶间孔隙的分布和大小、密集度有关, DY-3石笋²¹⁰Pb放射性活度剖面的紊乱与石笋晶间孔隙相互联通, 后来²¹⁰Pb与石笋纹层的²¹⁰Pb发生混合和交换有关; (3)处于非封闭系统的石笋氧同位素是否发生同位素的分馏还需进一步研究。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

Définition d'une limite multicritère ; stratigraphie du passage Campanien–Maastrichtien du site géologique de Tercis (Landes,SW France)Definition of a multi-criteria boundary; stratigraphy of the Campanian–Maastrichtian interval of the geological site at Tercis (Landes,SW France)

Lithostratigraphy, physicochemical stratigraphy, biostratigraphy, and geochronology of the 77–70 Ma old series bracketing the Campanian–Maastrichtian boundary have been investigated by 70 experts. For the first time, direct relationships between macro- and microfossils have been established, as well as direct and indirect relationships between chemo-physical and biostratigraphical tools. A combination of criteria for selecting the boundary level, duration estimates, uncertainties on durations and on the location of biohorizons have been considered; new chronostratigraphic units are proposed. The geological site at Tercis is accepted by the Commission on Stratigraphy as the international reference for the stratigraphy of the studied interval. To cite this article: G.S. Odin, C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 409–414.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

NONMETALS DEPOSITS

正20141520 Bo Ying(Key Laboratory of Metallogeny and Mineral Assessment,MLR,Beijing 100037,China);Liu Chenglin Saline Spring Hydrochemical Characteristics and Indicators for Potassium Exploration in Southwestern and Northern Tarim Basin,Xinjiang(Acta Geoscientica Sinica,ISSN1006-3021,CN11-3474/P,34(5),2013,p.594-602,5 illus.,3 tables,28 refs.)     

MATHEMATICAL GEOLOGY

正20141243Chen Ge(Hangzhou Research Institute of Petroleum Geology,PetroChina,Hangzhou 310023,China);Si Chunsong Study on Sedimentary Numerical Simulation Method of Fan Delta Sand Body(Journal of Geology,     

PROSPECTING EXPLORATION

正20142599Chen Sanming(Guangxi Key Laboratory of Concealed Deposits Exploration,Guilin University of Technology,Guilin541004,China);He Yuzhou Block Model and Reserves Estimation of Panzhihua Iron Deposit Based on 3D Geological Modeling(Journal of Guilin University of Technology,ISSN1674-9057,CN45-1375/N,33(4),2013,p.610-615,9illus.,1table,15refs.)     

STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY

正20140594 Bai Daoyuan(Hunan Institute of Geology Survey,Changsha 410016,China);Zhong Xiang Faults in the Jingzhou Basin and Their Tectonic Settings(Geotectonica et Metallogenia,ISSN1001-1552,CN44-1595/P,37(2),2013,p.173-183,6illus.,59refs.)Key words:basin evolution,tectonic setting,South China In the Upper Paleozoic and Jurassic se-     

STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY

正20141912Cao Hui(State Key Laboratory for Continental Tectonics and Dynamics,Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing 100037,China)Gravitational Collapse and Folding during Orogenesis:A Comparative Study of FIA Trends and Fold Axial Plane Traces(Geology in China,ISSN1000-3657,CN11-1167/P,40(6),2013,p.1818-1828,9illus.,35refs.,with