塔里木盆地西部阿克莫木气田形成初探

塔里木盆地西部阿克莫木气田天然气为非烃组份含量较高的干气,干燥系数高达99.7%;天然气δ¹³C₁和δ¹³C₂值明显偏重,δ¹³C₁为- 25.2‰～-21.9,δ¹³C₂为-21.2～-20.2‰,如果按传统的观点该天然气应为过成熟煤成气。但是综合气源对比研究表明阿克莫木气田天然气主要源自石炭系Ⅱ型烃源岩,成藏过程研究表明该气田主要聚集了石炭系烃源岩在Ro为1.5%～1.8%之后生成的天然气,具有晚期阶段聚气的特征,这是造成阿克1井天然气组份很“干”、碳同位素很重的主要原因。     

松辽盆地徐深1井气藏气源的氢、碳同位素特征

选取松辽盆地内泥岩样品和煤样进行热模拟实验,建屯了两个样品成甲烷的氢、碳同位素分馏动力学模型并标定了动力学参数.分别以徐深1井区、沉降中心地质资料为例进行研究,表明两处源岩均有短期内大量生气的特点,气源岩生气期分别为距今95.5～73 Ma和距今0～73 Ma.计算得到两处源岩沙河子组暗色泥岩和煤、火石岭组暗色泥岩和煤所生天然气单独运聚成藏（自开始生烃到现今累积成藏）所对应的δ_DCH4 和δ¹³C₁,进而定量计算出徐深1井区源岩所生甲烷的δ_DCH4 为-237.3‰,δ¹³C₁为-28.8‰,沉降中心气源岩所生甲烷的δ_DCH4 为-2.5‰,δ¹³C₁为-24.8‰.以各区域天然气混合后的δ_DCH4 作为来源气体的端元同位素值,根据物质平衡原理计算得到：徐深1井区源岩对该区气藏的贡献比例约占72%,沉降中心源岩的贡献比例约为28%.同理以δ¹³C₁.方法得到徐深1井区源岩对该区气藏的贡献比例约占66%,沉降中心源岩的贡献比例约为34%.氢、碳同位素分馏的化学动力学地质应用结果存在的差异与同位素分馏模型标定所用热模拟实验为不加水实验有关.     

辽河盆地天然气中重烃异常富集重碳同位素的成因探讨

近年来大量的研究结果表明天然气碳、氢同位素组成特征是判识天然气成因类型、进行气源对比、估算天然气的成熟度和确定天然气是否被次生改造等的有效地球化学手段。通常认为甲烷的碳同位素组成主要受源岩的母质类型和热演化程度的影响,乙烷、丙烷等重烃碳同位素组成主要决定于源岩有机母质的碳同位素组成,同时也明显地受热演化程度的影响。在辽河盆地发现一类碳同位素组成异常的天然气。这类天然气是分布于辽河盆地东部凹陷桃园地区和黄金带地区的部分浅层天然气,其甲烷的碳同位素组成δ13C₁值为-44‰～-40‰,乙烷δ13C₂值为-13‰～-6.6‰,丙烷δ13C₃值-6.1‰～+3.3‰,该类天然气的乙、丙烷异常富集重碳同位素,到目前为止在天然气藏中还是首次发现。根据地球化学资料和地质背景分析认为这天然气应是未成熟阶段的生物气或低成熟阶段的生物-热催化过度带气经过细菌氧化后形成的。     

鄂尔多斯盆地苏里格庙与靖边天然气单体碳同位素特征及其成因

苏里格庙上古生界砂岩气藏天然气重烃含量高,干燥系数低,为湿气;靖边奥陶系风化壳气藏天然气重烃含量低,干燥系数高,属干气。苏里格庙天然气的正构烷烃碳同位素具有δ13 C₁<δ13 C₃ <δ13 C₂ <δ13 C4的规律,靖边天然气具有δ13 C₁<δ13 C₂ <δ13 C₃ 的规律。二者高碳数烷烃的同位素差别较大,尤其是苏里格庙的乙烷碳同位素比靖边平均重 3.6‰。根据天然气单体碳同位素及其含量变化,苏里格庙天然气属煤成气,靖边天然气属煤成气与油型气的混合气。苏里格庙和靖边天然气中均含少量CO₂ 气,其碳同位素表明苏里格庙除苏 5井为无机CO₂ 气外,均为有机CO₂ 气;靖边林 1、林 5井为无机CO₂ 气,陕参 1井为有机CO₂ 气。结合烷烃气和CO₂ 气,苏里格庙天然气可以分为含有机CO₂ 煤成气和含无机CO₂ 煤成气。碳同位素比值与Ro 关系分析认为,苏里格庙的天然气成熟度处于成熟到高成熟阶段,其相应气源岩的平均Ro 为 1.2 9%～ 1.39%,这一结果与该区二叠系煤岩的成熟度符合较好。     

祁连山冻土区含天然气水合物层段岩心热模拟实验研究

以热模拟实验为手段,对祁连山冻土区DK-2和DK-3孔含天然气水合物层段岩心(泥岩、油页岩和煤)热模拟烃类气体的组分、碳同位素组成与天然气水合物进行对比,以探寻这些气源岩与天然气水合物气源之间的可能联系。实验结果显示：低温(300 ℃以下)条件下,产生的气体以非烃CO₂为主,烃类气体含量少,且泥岩产生烃类气体量<油页岩产生烃类气体量<煤产生烃类气体量,表现出不同岩石吸附气体的差异性特征;随着热模拟温度增加,产生的烃类气体量明显增加,至500 ℃时达到最高,相反CO₂产气量变化不大;随热模拟温度增加,泥岩、油页岩、煤所产生烃类气体的碳同位素值呈现先变轻后变重的演化趋势和δ¹³C₁ ＜δ¹³C₂＜δ¹³C₃的正碳同位素序列特征;泥岩在350~400 ℃条件下或油页岩在380~400 ℃条件下所产生的烃类气体在组成和同位素特征上与天然气水合物中烃类气体较为相似,推测天然气水合物气源与深部泥岩或油页岩具有地球化学成生联系,相反煤产生的烃类气体虽然在组成上与天然气水合物中烃类气体较为相近,但两者同位素值相差较远,推测煤与天然气水合物气源关系不大。     

四川盆地磨溪地区龙王庙组储层沥青的地球化学特征及其意义

根据储层中沥青的产状、元素组成、固体碳同位素、饱和烃色谱、生物标志化合物以及芳烃色谱-质谱等,对磨溪地区龙王庙组储层固体沥青的地球化学特征、成因及来源进行了剖析。研究结果表明,其总体上具有低H/C原子比值、高反射率的特征,是古油藏原油经裂解形成的残留物。储层沥青的正构烷烃分布较为完整,碳数在C₁₆-C₃₁范围,没有受到明显的生物降解作用。其可能的烃源岩发育于还原环境,有机质来源于低等水生生物,为海相泥页岩。固体沥青碳同位素值介于-33.1‰~-35.4‰之间,与下寒武统烃源岩干酪根碳同位素具有很好的可比性,同时,其生物标志化合物组成也与下寒武统烃源岩相似,表明其烃源来自于下寒武统筇竹寺组。     

鄂尔多斯盆地东南部宜参1井烃源岩评价及气源分析

鄂尔多斯盆地东南部宜参1井获得天然气重大突破,但对其各层系烃源岩生烃潜力并未开展研究。通过采集山西组和马家沟组烃源岩样品开展相关研究,结果表明: 山西组4个泥岩样品的残余总有机碳(Total Organic Carbon,TOC)含量分布范围为0.54%~2.31%,均值为1.65%,总烃[(S₁+S₂)]含量分布范围为0.12~0.46 mg/g,均值为0.34 mg/g,泥岩烃源岩有机质丰度较高,生烃潜力较强; 马家沟组泥岩残余TOC含量分布范围为0.09%~0.33%,均值为0.17%,(S₁+S₂)含量分布范围为0.03~0.17 mg/g,均值为0.12 mg/g,评价为非—差烃源岩。对比宜参1井天然气中甲烷(CH₄)和乙烷(C₂H₆)碳同位素含量,δ¹³C₁>δ¹³C₂倒转的天然气主要为煤成热解气,混入了少量δ¹³C₂轻的油型气,其中煤成气主要来自于上古生界煤系地层,混入的少量油型气可能主要来自于上古生界太原组优质海相烃源岩。查明奥陶系马家沟组的生烃潜力及油气来源不仅可以认识奥陶系产层的油气生成和组成特征,同时对气田的形成模式、资源前景及勘探部署也具有重要意义。     

吐鲁番-哈密盆地台北凹天然气的地球化学特征及其来源

本文在论述新疆维吾尔自治区东部吐鲁番-哈密盆地台北凹陷天然气地质与地球化学特征的基础上,讨论了天然气的来源,对采自吐哈盆地十余个天然气样进行了气体组分和碳、氢、氦同位素分析。天然气甲烷含量为60.85～84.40%,干湿指数（C₁/C+₂）为1.57～6.37,属湿气.甲烷碳氢同位素组成(δ13C₁、δD)分别为-43.0～-49.4‰和-220～-281‰.乙烷的δ13C₂-20.1～-34 0‰,δD:-259～-257‰。丙烷的δ13C₃-21.3～-26.7‰,δD:-114～-203‰。丁烷的δ13C₄-22.2～-28.2‰,δD:-93～-116‰。天然气中氦的同位素组成（He/He）为（3.17～7.01）×10.目前主要产层属侏罗系,天然气一般与轻质油同藏,侏罗系中于酪根类型主要为Ⅲ型,R。值为0.4～1.0%。地质地球化学资料表明台北凹陷天然气与来自侏罗系的轻质油可能不完全同源,相当一部分天然气也许来自古生界。天然气中的氦为地壳来源的氦。     

羌塘盆地QK-1孔烃类气体分布特征与成因来源

青藏高原冻土区面积约150×104 km²,是中国最大的冻土区,具备良好的天然气水合物形成条件和找矿前景,而羌塘盆地是形成条件和找矿前景最好的地区。南羌塘盆地毕洛错地区QK-1科学钻探试验井顶空气样品的烃类气体组分和碳同位素分析测试结果表明,其烃类气体组分复杂,CH₄含量为3.0×10^-6~4 526.8×10^-6,平均为209.0×10^-6;δ¹³C₁值为-55.9‰~-37.8‰,平均为-43.2‰,C₁/(C₂+C₃)值小于10,显示出明显的热解气特征。结合钻探区的地质背景和岩性特征,推断QK-1孔烃类气体可能来源于深部迁移上来的热解气,浅部可能有生物成因气的混入。     

天然气中甲、乙、丙烷碳氢同位素分析样品的制备

天然气中甲、乙、丙烷碳氢同位素的组成与气源母质类型和成熟度有密切关系,δ13C、δD已成为气源研究、气源对比和类型划分的重要地化指标。在煤成气地球化学特征的研究中,我们建成了天然气甲、乙、丙烷碳氢同位素测定样品制备系统,填补了我国同位素研究中的一项空白,在国内首次提供了甲、乙、丙烷氢同位素数据,并由徐永昌等人在国内许多油田煤成气地球化学特征的研究中得到有效的应用。该系统是用气相色谱仪使天然气得到分离,根据分离单体烃的滞留时间,将甲、乙、丙烷分别导入燃烧氧化系统氧化为CO₂和H₂O,净化之后将二者分离,接收CO₂,在质谱计上测定其碳同位素δ13C。再将H₂O用金属锌还原而得氢,用活性炭在低温下吸收,测定氢同位素δD。测定样品量按纯甲烷计约1ml左右,δ13C测定相对误差0.1‰,δD相对误差1.5‰。     

辽河盆地烃类气体组分及同位素组成

辽河盆地是一新生代断陷盆地,盆地内天然气资源丰富,天然气成因复杂.本文通过对该盆地80个天然气样中烃类气体组分组成及同位素组成的分析研究,探讨了该盆地烃类气体的成因,为盆地天然气勘探提供了地球化学方面的信息.     

成藏过程对天然气地球化学特征的控制作用

克拉2和阿克1天然气都具有组分明显偏干、碳同位素明显偏重的特征,如克拉2和阿克1天然气的干燥系数都接近于1.0,克拉2天然气的δ13C₁为-27.3‰～-31.1‰,阿克1天然气的δ13C₁为-21.9‰～-25.2‰,从“源控”的角度似乎这些天然气应该属于过成熟煤成气,这样计算所得到的天然气成熟度远大于实测和模拟计算的源岩成熟度。因此在解释克拉2和阿克1天然气数据的时候,除了“源控”的因素外,更应强调成藏过程的影响。分析认为晚期阶段聚气是造成克拉2和阿克1天然气都具有组分明显偏干、碳同位素明显偏重的主要因素。     

川西龙门山前缘雷口坡组油气成藏条件

龙门山前雷口坡组烃源岩为中等烃源岩,干酪根类型以I型干酪根为主,生气丰度30-50×10^8m^3／k^2,生气中心在安县。雷口坡组储集岩为粒屑白云岩,主要发育于雷三段,其次为雷一段,为孔隙性储层。研究表明这些粗结构碳酸盐岩的发育与滩相沉积环境密切相关。中坝雷三气藏成藏主控因素是：早期的构造,有利的储层和良好的保存条件。龙门山前缘雷口坡组天然气勘探前景良好,龙门山前缘中北段双鱼石至金河一带为有利勘探区带。     

Gas genetic type and origin of hydrogen sulfide in the Zhongba gas field of the western Sichuan Basin, China

Natural gases and associated condensate oils from the Zhongba gas field in the western Sichuan Basin, China were investigated for gas genetic types and origin of H₂S by integrating gaseous and light hydrocarbon geochemistry, formation water compositions, S isotopes (δ³⁴S) and geological data. There are two types of natural gas accumulations in the studied area. Gases from the third member of the Middle Triassic Leikoupo Formation (T₂l³) are reservoired in a marine carbonate sequence and are characterized by high gas dryness, high H₂S and CO₂ contents, slightly heavy C isotopic values of CH₄ and widely variable C isotopic values of wet gases. They are highly mature thermogenic gases mainly derived from the Permian type II kerogens mixed with a small proportion of the Triassic coal-type gases. Gases from the second member of the Upper Triassic Xujiahe Formation (T₃x²) are reservoired in continental sandstones and characterized by low gas dryness, free of H₂S, slightly light C isotopic values of CH₄, and heavy and less variable C isotopic values of wet gases. They are coal-type gases derived from coal in the Triassic Xujiahe Formation.The H₂S from the Leikoupo Formation is most likely formed by thermochemical SO₄ reduction (TSR) even though other possibilities cannot be fully ruled out. The proposed TSR origin of H₂S is supported by geochemical compositions and geological interpretations. The reservoir in the Leikoupo Formation is dolomite dominated carbonate that contains gypsum and anhydrite. Petroleum compounds dissolved in water react with aqueous SO₄ species, which are derived from the dissolution of anhydrite. Burial history analysis reveals that from the temperature at which TSR occurred it was in the Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous and TSR ceased due to uplift and cooling thereafter. TSR alteration is incomplete and mainly occurs in wet gas components as indicated by near constant CH₄ δ¹³C values, wide range variations of ethane, propane and butane δ¹³C values, and moderately high gas dryness. The δ³⁴S values in SO₄, elemental S and H₂S fall within the fractionation scope of TSR-derived H₂S. High organo-S compound concentrations together with the occurrence of 2-thiaadamantanes in the T₂l reservoir provide supplementary evidence for TSR related alteration.     

含油气盆地油气同位素地球化学研究概述

以气体地球化学国家重点实验室工作为主，简要概述了对我国含油气的同位素地球化学研究。1．烃气的同位素地球化学：讨论了天然气成因新模式与气藏烃气同位素组成的关系，低演化阶段天然气同位素分馏的二阶段模式，云南中小盆地天然气低演化系列同位素特征及用储层解析气作油气源对比。2．稀有气体同位素地球化学：阐述了^3He/^4He值与中国构造分区，幔源氮的复合成藏和幔源甲烷问题以及气源对比等。3．液态烃同位素地球化学：简述了轻烃碳氢同位素特征及氢同位素作为判别古沉积介质盐度的指标，概述了未熟一低熟油同位素特征及在自然剖面上油和源油抽提物碳同位素分馏特征及其机理。     

Characteristics and Natural Gas Origin of Middle−Late Triassic Marine Source Rocks of the Western Sichuan Depression, SW China

A scientific exploration well(CK1) was drilled to expand the oil/gas production in the western Sichuan depression, SW, China. Seventy-three core samples and four natural gas samples from the Middle–Late Triassic strata were analyzed to determine the paleo-depositional setting and the abundance of organic matter(OM) and to evaluate the hydrocarbon-generation process and potential. This information was then used to identify the origin of the natural gas. The OM is characterized by medium n-alkanes(n C_(15)–n C_(19)), low pristane/phytane and terrigenous aquatic ratios(TAR), a carbon preference index(CPI) of ～1, regular steranes with C_(29) C_(27) C_(28), gammacerane/C_(30) hopane ratios of 0.15–0.32, and δD_(org) of-132‰ to-58‰, suggesting a marine algal/phytoplankton source with terrestrial input deposited in a reducing–transitional saline/marine sedimentary environment. Based on the TOC, HI index, and chloroform bitumen "A" the algalrich dolomites of the Leikoupo Formation are fair–good source rocks; the grey limestones of the Maantang Formation are fair source rocks; and the shales of the Xiaotangzi Formation are moderately good source rocks. In addition, maceral and carbon isotopes indicate that the kerogen of the Leikoupo and Maantang formations is type Ⅱ and that of the Xiaotangzi Formation is type Ⅱ–Ⅲ. The maturity parameters and the hopane and sterane isomerization suggest that the OM was advanced mature and produced wet–dry gases. One-dimensional modeling of the thermal-burial history suggests that hydrocarbon-generation occurred at 220–60 Ma. The gas components and C–H–He–Ar–Ne isotopes indicate that the oilassociated gases were generated in the Leikoupo and Maantang formations, and then, they mixed with gases from the Xiaotangzi Formation, which were probably contributed by the underlying Permian marine source rocks. Therefore, the deeply-buried Middle–Late Triassic marine source rocks in the western Sichuan depression and in similar basins have a great significant hydrocarbon potential.     

Geochemical Characteristics and Genetic Types of Natural Gas in the Xinchang Gas Field, Sichuan Basin, SW China

The molecular compositions and stable carbon and hydrogen isotopic compositions of natural gas from the Xinchang gas field in the Sichuan Basin were investigated to determine the genetic types. The natural gas is mainly composed of methane (88.99%–98.01%), and the dryness coefficient varies between 0.908 and 0.997. The gas generally displays positive alkane carbon and hydrogen isotopic series. The geochemical characteristics and gas-source correlation indicate that the gases stored in the 5~(th) member of the Upper Triassic Xujiahe Formation are coal-type gases which are derived from source rocks in the stratum itself. The gases reservoired in the 4~(th) member of the Xujiahe Formation and Jurassic strata in the Xinchang gas field are also coal-type gases that are derived from source rocks in the 3~(rd) and 4~(th) members of the Xujiahe Formation. The gases reservoired in the 2~(nd) member of the Upper Triassic Xujiahe Formation are mainly coal-type gases with small amounts of oil-type gas that is derived from source rocks in the stratum itself. This is accompanied by a small amount of contribution brought by source rocks in the Upper Triassic Ma'antang and Xiaotangzi formations. The gases reservoired in the 4~(th) member of the Middle Triassic Leikoupo Formation are oil-type gases and are believed to be derived from the secondary cracking of oil which is most likely to be generated from the Upper Permian source rocks.     

Source Rocks for the Giant Puguang Gas Field,Sichuan Basin:Implication for Petroleum Exploration in Marine Sequences in South China

Detailed geochemistry studies were conducted to investigate the origin of solid bitumens and hydrocarbon gases in the giant Puguang gas field. Two types of solid bitumens were recognized： low sulfur content, low reflectance （LSLR） solid bitumens in sandstone reservoirs in the Xujiahe Formation and high sulfur content, high reflectance （HSHR） solid bitumens in the carbonate reservoirs in the Lower Triassic Feixianguan and Upper Permian Changxing formations. Solid bitumens in the Upper Triassic Xujiahe Formation correlate well with extracts from the Upper Triassic to Jurassic nonmarine source rocks in isotopic composition of the saturated and aromatic fractions and biomarker distribution. Solid bitumens in the Feixianguan and Changxing formations are distinctly different from extracts from the Cambrian and Silurian rocks but display reasonable correlation with extracts from the Upper Permian source rocks both in isotopic composition of the saturated and aromatic fractions and in biomarker distribution, suggesting that the Permian especially the Upper Permian Longtan Formation was the main source of solid bitumens in the carbonate reservoirs in the Feixianguan and Changxing formations in the Puguang gas field. Chemical and isotopic composition of natural gases indicates that the majority of hydrocarbon gases originated from sapropelic organic matter and was the products of thermal cracking of accumulated oils. This study indicates that source rock dominated by sapropelic organic matter existed in the Upper Permian and had made major contribution to the giant Puguang gas field, which has important implication for petroleum exploration in marine sequences in South China.