末次盛冰期以来江西大湖孢粉植被与环境演变

根据江西定南大湖深346 cm泥炭剖面, 16个¹⁴C年龄和76个孢粉样, 重建中国华南南岭山地末次盛冰期以来的植被与气候历史: 大约18330~15630 cal a BP, 景观是落叶阔叶林, 气候温凉偏湿; 15630~11600 cal a BP, 孢粉植被是有常绿阔叶树的落叶阔叶林, 气候温和湿润; 11600~6000 cal a BP, 孢粉植被演替为栲/石栎为建群种的常绿阔叶林, 气候温暖湿润; 而6000 cal a BP以来植被中森林面积减少, 气候温暖偏干, 蕨类植物和草本植物增加, 可能有人类活动的影响. 从孢粉序列中识别到的系列凉干事件, 大致可与北大西洋H1及全新世千年尺度事件对应, 说明低纬地区与高纬地区气候变化密切相关. 与中国高纬地区的季风气候事件对比, 大湖地区气候事件温度、湿度的变幅远低于中国北方内陆地区. 季风气候地域差异性较大.     

西藏柳区砾岩地质时代厘定的微体古植物新证据及地质意义

柳区砾岩是印度与欧亚板块碰撞后产出的陆相山前磨拉石建造,记录了新特提斯洋构造演化后期的丰富地质与古环境信息.本文对其中泥岩和泥质粉砂岩夹层进行了孢粉学研究,初步结果显示柳区砾岩中上部出现逐渐增多的渐新世孢粉组合,说明柳区砾岩建造的时代可上延至渐新世.这套孢粉组合以落叶阔叶被子植物为主,含一定量的松科等针叶裸子植物和少量的常绿阔叶被子植物等组成的阔叶林或针阔叶混交林植被,反映了暖温带或温带的气候环境特征.这一结果为深入研究新特提斯洋闭合后藏南古地理、古气候、古生态和古海拔高度提供了新的重要制约.     

北大兴安岭地区全新世植被演替及气候响应

通过对大兴安岭北部地区霍拉盆地泥炭剖面和表土样品的花粉分析,重建9100cal a BP以来植被演化历史及其对气候变化的响应过程.结果显示研究区植被经历了从早-中全新世暖温、寒温混合型植被向晚全新世寒温型植被的演变过程.全新世温暖期(9100~6000cal a BP),北大兴安岭寒温带针叶林区气候较现在更为温暖湿润,发育鹅耳枥属、榛属、松属和云杉属为主的暖温型针阔叶混交林,与寒温型落叶松和桦共同组成了特有的混交林地,其植被多样性增加.约6000~5000和3500~2500cal a BP的两次显著的降温事件,导致鹅耳枥属、榛属等喜暖植物类型减少,落叶松属和桦属为主的耐寒植被扩张.2500cal a BP之后,形成落叶松和桦为主的寒温型针阔叶混交林植被景观.全新世温暖期温度增加可能导致东亚夏季风对中国北大兴安岭地区的影响增强,有利于暖温型森林植被发育并增加植物载荷.     

末次盛冰期以来西藏东南部的气候变化--西藏东南部的花粉记录

从西藏东南部的海登湖和仁错两个封闭湖泊的钻孔岩心中得到良好的AMS14C测年及高分辨率的孢粉记录.和邻近区域的资料对比揭示了研究区末次冰盛期晚期以来的气候记录:大约20000～14000 cal.aBP期间,气候寒冷干燥,植被以耐旱植物为主,1和7月的气温均低于现在,年降水量只有现在的40%,湖面较低;14000～12500 cal.aBP期间,气候仍较寒冷干燥,为草原植被,季风萎缩,低湖面;12500～9400 cal.aBP期间,气温和降水量都逐步上升,开始出现木本植物,如桦木和松树;9400～2400 cal.aBP期间,气候温暖湿润,季风的增强导致湖面的上升,植被以针阔混交林为主,有桦、栎、松、云杉和冷杉等.2400 cal.aBP之后,气候变冷变干,孢粉谱中落叶树的比例下降,草本植物花粉上升.     

末次盛冰期以来西藏东南部的气候变化

从西藏东南部的海登湖和仁错两个封闭湖泊的钻孔岩心中得到良好的AMS¹⁴C测年及高分辨率的孢粉记录. 和邻近区域的资料对比揭示了研究区末次冰盛期晚期以来的气候记录: 大约 20000~14000 cal.aBP期间, 气候寒冷干燥, 植被以耐旱植物为主, 1和7月的气温均低于现在, 年降水量只有现在的40%, 湖面较低; 14000~12500 cal.aBP期间, 气候仍较寒冷干燥, 为草原植被, 季风萎缩, 低湖面; 12500~9400 cal.aBP期间, 气温和降水量都逐步上升, 开始出现木本植物, 如桦木和松树; 9400~2400 cal.aBP期间, 气候温暖湿润, 季风的增强导致湖面的上升, 植被以针阔混交林为主, 有桦、栎、松、云杉和冷杉等. 2400 cal.aBP之后, 气候变冷变干, 孢粉谱中落叶树的比例下降, 草本植物花粉上升.     

松辽盆地西部斜坡区新近纪孢粉组合及其地质意义

依据松辽盆地西部斜坡区首次新近纪全取芯井样品中获得的丰富孢粉与藻类化石的分布特征,自下而上划分出两个孢粉藻类组合,命名为Caryapollenites simplex-Momipites coryloides-Celtispollenites sp.-Tsugaepollenites igniculus组合和Artemisiaepollenites minorBetulaceoipollenites sp.-Carpinipites sp.-Polypodiaceaesporites sp.组合,分别分布于大安组和泰康组中下部;前者的地质时代为早中新世晚期至中中新世,后者为晚中新世至上新世初期.依据孢粉藻类组合特征,推测研究区大安组沉积时的气候相当于现代的暖温带至北亚热带中生气候,植被基本上为落叶阔叶,间夹少量常绿阔叶的针阔叶混交林,林下有少量蕨类植物,局部有淡水浅水湿地;泰康组沉积时其植被仍以落叶阔叶间夹有少量常绿阔叶的针阔叶混交林为主,林下旱生草本植物较为发育,处于暖温带至北亚热带中生偏旱范围之内,但比大安组沉积时期更凉一些和更旱一些.上述孢粉组合特征确定的地质时代以及古植被和古气候分析结论,丰富了松辽盆地中新生代孢粉地层学研究内容,为今后松辽盆地井下新近纪孢粉地层对比提供了最新参考资料,为邻区新近纪生物地层对比以及古植被和古气候分析提供了孢粉学证据.     

二万年来长江中下游自然环境变迁及其发展趋向探讨

20000－15000a.B.P.间气个性候最冷，生长喜冷的针叶林和干旱草原植被。在14780±700a.B.P.出现了最低海面（－154m）；15000－13500a.B.P.,气倏较暖温，涨面上升，生长阔叶混交林；13500－10500a.B.P.，气候有2次温暖和3次较次，在暖期生长针阔叶混交林，较冷期则出现林林草原和草原。最低的温度比现在低5－7℃；一万多年来的冰后期，气候变化分为5个新冰期（包括小冰期）和5个新高温期（包括小气候最宜期0。最高气温比现在主同2－3℃，出现在5000－4000a.B.P.之间；最低温度比现在低3－5℃最高海面在6500－6300a.B.P.，高出现在海面4－5m。在温暖期中生长常绿－落叶阔叶林中亚热带针阔混交林；在较冷期间，生长落叶阔叶林，针叶林或草原草地。在人类影响或自然发展这这结果，未来环境变化有可能向干暖气候和高海面演变，或向干冷气候和海面下降转变，这些变化将对长江中下游带来意外的灾难。     

吉兰泰盐湖沉积物孢粉记录的季风边缘区全新世气候演化

全新世气候具有不稳定性,且存在着区域差异,在季风边缘区尤为显著.因此,本研究选取季风边缘区吉兰泰盐湖沉积物的孢粉记录并结合AMS14C测年结果,对该地区全新世的古植被演化及古气候变化历史进行了重建.结果表明,在全新世阶段,该地区植被类型未发生变化,以干旱的荒漠植被为主.早全新世(10.5 8.5 cal ka BP),以蒿属孢粉为主,伴随出现少量藜科、禾本科及麻黄属孢粉,蒿藜比(A/C比值)相对稳定(4.11左右),指示全新世早期气候逐步转湿的过程,在8.5 cal ka BP,蒿属孢粉数量下降且被藜科孢粉取代,指示一次明显气候干旱事件;中全新世(8.5 3.5 cal ka BP),蒿属孢粉含量增加及藜科孢粉含量降低,A/C比值在7.1 cal ka BP左右达到峰值,指示该地区中全新世气候最为湿润;晚全新世(3.5 cal ka BP至今),藜科孢粉含量增加且超过早全新世,A/C比值低至3.66,区域呈现明显的干旱化趋势.此外,结合吉兰泰盐湖沉积物矿物组成结果,发现中全新世湖泊沉积物中,钙芒硝大量出现,一定程度上指示降水量增多所带来的淡水注入,与孢粉指标指示该阶段湿润的结果一致.通过区域对比,发现吉兰泰地区在全新世时期的气候演化模式与东亚季风区具有较好的一致性,表明该地区受到东亚夏季风的影响较大,尤其是在中全新世,东亚夏季风增强,带来较多的降水,气候湿润.     

尼罗河三角洲早—中全新世气候—环境变化对早期农业发展的影响

对尼罗河三角洲平原东北部一个古埃及文化遗址(Kom El-Khilgan)1.5 m长的沉积物剖面KH1开展14C测年、沉积物粒度和孢粉分析.根据岩性、粒度和测年等结果综合判定:剖面150~100 cm地层为早全新世河流相沉积;100~27 cm地层为早、中全新世(8000—4000 cal a BP)三角洲冲积平原沉积,其中涵盖了古埃及前王朝至古王国时期(6500—4131cal a BP)的人类活动信息;27~0 cm为现代表土层.孢粉分析结果反映了在距今8000~4000 a期间:1)研究区气候由湿润过渡为温和,最后趋于干旱;2)随着气候变干,尼罗河上游水文变化对三角洲环境影响减小,研究区由沼泽湿地逐渐过渡为干草甸环境,更多的土地可以被人类利用;3)常被用来指示农业活动的35μm禾本科、陶器碎片和炭屑的出现并逐渐增加,表明该遗址附近的人类农业活动始于距今6500 a左右,并持续至距今4000 a前后.上述证据表明尼罗河三角洲全新世早—中期湿润向干旱过渡的气候驱动了人类农业活动的开展.本研究为进一步探讨尼罗河三角洲古文明对环境适应性研究提供了科学依据.     

晚第四纪中亚高山湖泊的演化

中亚晚第四纪商山湖泊的演化受到复杂的气候波动釤响,主要由水汽的变化、湖盆冰川作用和径流与 流址的变化而引起的。冷干条件伴随右融水补给的减少和湖退;暖湿条件引起了冰川的后退,增加了融水补给,引起湖进。分布于不同海抜高度的天山和帕米尔竑原地区的湖泊,普遍处于较干旱的环境中,通过对湖盆地貌学、冰川和湖泊沉积物的分布和成份的研究、以及对湖泊沉积物的孢粉分析和埋藏植物碎屑的^l4C年代测定,可以里违晚贝新世以来益山湖泊的演化阶段和中亚高山区的古地理环堍。22000-17000a B.P.,天山查特尔库尔湖和帕米尔喀拉湖为外流淡水湖,面积超过目前的2-3倍。湖泊沉积物中孢粉以干草原植被为主,反映气候较暖湿。16000-11000a B.P.,冻川活动达到极盛,气候寒冷、干燥,湖泊干涸、消失。孢粉频率低,以旱生植物花粉为主。10000-8000a B.P.,温度、湿度提中湿植物和蒿属相对藜科增加,开始湖进。查特尔库尔湖水位较今高12m,面积超过现今3倍;8000—4000a B.P.,天山和东帕米尔的湖盆气侯相对暖湿。4000—3500a B.P.,气候变干,旱生植物花粉增加。3000a B.P.以来以气候干旱化为特征,植被以高山干草原和草原-荒漠为主。1500a B.P.以来气候更趋干早,干旱植物花粉增加,湖水位下降,一直持续至今。据历史和考古资料,公元14-16世纪天山气候暖干化,发生湖退;17—18世纪天山和帕米尔湿度增加,出现湖进。目前该地区湖水位普遍处于下降时期,仅若干冰融水补给湖泊有湖进的迹象。     

浙江省北部及邻区中强地震前地倾斜异常特征及其预测意义

解释并讨论了湖州和宁波台１９９３年以来的地倾斜资料,总结了震前有异常显示的６次地震。发现：①异常在现场记录资料中均有显示,异常形态的识别对预报地震有重要的意义;②能观测到异常全过程的倾斜仪与震中的距离基本符合式ｌｇＤｊ＝０．３０３（ＭＳ＋１．６）给出的监测能力半径,大于这个半径的台有时也能观测到异常,但多为短临异常。如果震前记录到异常的全过程,则利用单台资料可能对地震三要素进行预测。     

Some space gravity formulas and the dimensions and the mass of the Earth

Summary Adopting thePizzetti-Somigliana method and using elliptic integrals we have obtained closed formulas for the space gravity field in which one of the equipotential surfaces is a triaxial ellipsoid. The same formulas are also obtained in first approximation of the equatorial flattening avoiding the use of the elliptic integrals. Using data from satellites and Earth gravity data the gravitational and geometric bulge of the Earth's equator are computed. On the basis of these results and on the basis of recent gravity data taken around the equator between the longitudes 50° to 100° E, 155° to 180° E, and 145° to 180° W, we question the advantage of using a triaxial gravity formula and a triaxial ellipsoid in geodesy. Closed formulas for the space field in which a biaxial ellipsoid is an equipotential surface are also derived in polar coordinates and its parameters are specialized to give the international gravity formula values on the international ellipsoid. The possibility to compute the Earth's dimensions from the present Earth gravity data is the discussed and the value ofMG=(3.98603×10²⁰ cm³ sec^–2) (M mass of the Earth,G gravitational constant) is computed. The agreement of this value with others computed from the mean distance Earth-Moon is discussed. The Legendre polinomials series expansion of the gravitational potential is also added. In this series the coefficients of the polinomials are closed formulas in terms of the flattening andMG.Publication Number 327, and Istituto di Geodesia e Geofisica of Università di Trieste.     

喜马拉雅地区与天山地区地壳强地震的孕震因素探讨

利用哈佛大学GCMT数据中心和前人积累的历史地震资料(1962~2016年M W>4.0地震)以及Crust2.0地壳结构统计分析了喜马拉雅地区、天山地区的地壳区域构造与地震活动间的相关性。此外,利用GFZ地学研究中心提供的静态卫星重力模型GGM03S/EGM2008和地形模型Topo计算了2个地区的各类重力异常场,同时还模拟了不同地壳弹性参数下的重力异常场,结果表明喜马拉雅地区重力异常场在水平、垂直方向的梯度特征远大于天山地区的异常特征,且喜马拉雅地区的有效弹性板厚度Te(6~15km)小于天山地区的有效弹性板厚度Te(20~30km)。最后,利用喜马拉雅地区与天山地区的GPS震间三维形变场约束了断层运动模型,结果显示两者主前缘断裂的断层闭锁深度及应力积累状态存在较大的差异。因此认为,造成青藏高原及邻区的边界地壳区域地震活动性差异的动力学因素,与地壳有效弹性板厚度、孕震断层参数及区域应力积累状态等密切相关。     

Pore water testing and analysis: the good,the bad,and the ugly

The increasingly common practice of collecting and assessing sediment pore water as a primary measure of sediment quality is reviewed. Good features of this practice include: pore water is a key exposure route for some organisms associated with sediments; pore water testing eliminates particle size effects; pore water analyses and tests can provide useful information regarding contamination and pollution. Bad features include: pore water is not the only exposure route; pore water tests lack chemical or biological realism: their "sensitivity" relative to other tests may be meaningless due to manipulation and laboratory artifacts; many sediment and surface dwelling organisms are not directly influenced by pore water. Bad features can become ugly if: other exposure pathways are not considered (for toxicity or bioaccumulation); manipulation techniques are not appropriate; pore water tests are inappropriately linked to population-level effects. Pore water testing and analyses can be effective tools provided their limitations are well understood by researchers and managers.     

地震活动性与日月引潮力相关性统计分析

基于ISC地震记录,利用天体动力学中二体问题的轨道方程和摄动理论,确定发震时刻太阳在地面的投影点位置,并进一步计算出太阳相对震中的地心天顶距,将地震按天顶距的大小进行统计,得到地震的太阳天顶距地震频度分布。同样的方法,可得地震的月球天顶距地震频度分布。统计发现:地震的太阳天顶距地震频度和月球天顶距地震频度分布表现出一致的规律性,且较大地震和小地震的活动规律不同,较大地震丛集发生在太阳(月球)天顶距0°和180°附近,与地面引潮力的绝对值分布有较好的一致性;而小地震多丛集在太阳(月球)天顶距60°和120°附近。在此基础上,我们对地震的日月天顶距同时进行统计,建立了日月天顶距地震概率密度分布,结果表明,日月投影点及其对蹠点周围,较大地震发生的概率较高。     

New paleomagnetic data on the Anabar Uplift and the Uchur-Maya region and their implications for the paleogeography and geological correlation of the Riphean of the Siberian Platform

The results of paleomagnetic studies of the reference sections of the Riphean and Late Proterozoic intrusive bodies of two remote areas of the Siberian Platform are presented. Within the limits of the Uchur-Maya region the sedimentary rocks of the Gonam, Omakhta, Ennin and Konder formations were studied; and the Riphean sedimentary rocks of the Burdur and Kotuykan formations on the northern and western slopes of the Anabar Uplift and, also, the Late Proterozoic intrusive complexes, located in the basins of the Fomich, Magan, Dzhogdzho and Kotuykan Rivers were studied. The paleomagnetic poles obtained in the course of this work and the present-day geochronological data give grounds to assume that: (1) the accumulation of the Riphean of the Anabar Uplift occurred after the formation of the Uchurskaya series of the Uchur-Maya region and was completed in approximately 1.5 Ga; (2) the Konder layers, compared according to the correlation pattern accepted at the present time [Semikhatov and Serebryakov, 1983] with the bottoms of the Totta formation, can be related to the appreciably more ancient stratigraphic level; (3) the intrusion of the studied intrusive bodies of the northern and western slopes of the Anabar Uplift occurred nonsimultaneously, although within close time intervals of approximately 1.5 Ga. The estimates of the kinematic parameters of the drift of the Siberian Platform within an interval of 1.7–1.0 Ga is carried out.     

太行山与燕山交汇部位的地壳厚度与泊松比分布特征

本文搜集了2001—2013年间在太行山与燕山构造带交汇部位先后布设的4个宽频带流动地震台阵和首都圈固定地震台网共192个台站记录到的全球5.5级以上远震事件波形资料,综合采用接收函数H-κ和CCP叠加分析获得了134个基岩台站下方的地壳厚度和泊松比结果.综合分析与前人研究相吻合但更加精细的地壳约束分布信息,发现研究区域的地壳厚度和泊松比在整体上呈现出从西北到东南方向渐变的特征,在南北重力梯度带两侧及其附近呈现出明显的小尺度地壳结构和物质组分的差异,且可明显区分出太行山地区和燕山构造带及盆山交界处的地壳厚度与泊松比的相对差异,这可能反映了这些地区在华北克拉通的构造演化过程中所经历的不同地壳改造过程.     

Crustal and upper mantle structure and the deep seismogenic environment in the source regions of the Lushan earthquake and the Wenchuan earthquake

Following the M w 7.9 Wenchuan earthquake, the M w 6.6 Lushan earthquake is another devastating earthquake that struck the Longmenshan Fault Zone (LFZ) and caused severe damages. In this study, we collected continuous broadband ambient noise seismic data and earthquake event data from Chinese provincial digital seismic network, and then utilized ambient noise tomography method and receiver function method to obtain high resolution shear wave velocity structure, crustal thickness, and Poisson ratio in the earthquake source region and its surroundings. Based on the tomography images and the receiver function results, we further analyzed the deep seismogenic environment of the LFZ and its neighborhood. We reveal three main findings: (1) There is big contrast of the shear wave velocities across the LFZ. (2) Both the Lushan earthquake and the Wenchuan earthquake occurred in the regions where crustal shear wave velocity and crustal thickness change dramatically. The rupture faults and the aftershock zones are also concentrated in the areas where the lateral gradients of crustal seismic wave speed and crustal thickness change significantly, and the focal depths of the earthquakes are concentrated in the transitional depths where shear wave velocities change dramatically from laterally uniform to laterally non-uniform. (3) The Wenchuan earthquake and its aftershocks occurred in low Poisson ratio region, while the Lushan earthquake sequences are located in high Poisson ratio zone. We proposed that the effect of the dramatic lateral variation of shear wave velocity, and the gravity potential energy differences caused by the big contrast in the topography and the crustal thickness across the LFZ may constitute the seismogenic environment for the strong earthquakes in the LFZ, and the Poisson ratio difference between the rocks in the south and north segments of the Longmenshan Fault zone may explain the 5 years delay of the occurrence of the Lushan earthquake than the Wenchuan earthquake.     

福建沿海、台湾海峡GPS观测分析及地球动力学特征研究

利用 3期GPS联测结果所获得的福建沿海地壳水平运动信息 ,采用ITRF94全球框架为基础的GPS测站地壳运动模型及其处理软件 ,对所获得的观测数据进行处理和精度分析。得到福建省高精度的GPS测站大地坐标、边长及其位移矢量 ,其精度达到 1 7×10 - 8。计算了福建地壳运动速率、主应变率 ,东西与南北向线应变率、面应变率、剪应变率、大地转动率和最大剪应变率等值线并给出了它们的分布图象。根据多年形变和现今GPS观测资料 ,分析福建地壳垂直运动与水平运动 ,显示区域应力场优势分布特征。最后 ,对福建沿海及台湾海峡地壳动力学特征作了初步的探讨