潮上带斑节对虾高产养殖试验

１９９０年在潮上带３ｍ的大梅沙养殖场选２８口共１０９００２．４ｍ２虾池进行斑节对虾高产养殖试验。采用提水式供水、虾池小型化、投苗高密度，配备增氧机，精心管养。试验结果获得总产６９５７７．３ｋｇ，平均０．６４ｋｇ／ｍ２，最高１．０１ｋｇ／ｍ２。潮上带提水式高密度精养斑节对虾，具备条件是确实可行的。     

斑节对虾高密度养殖配合饲料的研制

为了适应斑节对虾高密度养殖业迅猛发展的需要,研制了粤海牌斑节对虾饲料。该饲料配方合理,工艺先进,不加粘结剂,能达到水中稳定性的要求。试验结果表明。饵料系数１．３９－２．１８,饲养７９－１２６ｄ,产量６８７０－９２４０ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２,收规格５４－７２属／ｋｇ,饲养的斑节对虾肌肉饱满,活力强。     

观音山水库水化学和浮游生物调查及其利用的初步研究

对观音山水库水化学、浮游生物及利用进行了调查研究。（１）库水属Ｓ、中营养型，含盐量很低；营养元素Ｎ／Ｐ平均９５．６，磷是限制性因子。２）浮游生物量平均４．５２４７ｍｇ／Ｌ，其中浮游植物量平均３．０６０６ｍｇ／Ｌ，以硅藻、裸藻和甲藻占优势；浮游动物量平均１．４６４１ｍｇ／Ｌ，以枝角类和桡足类占优势，分别占６９．２％和３０．２％。（３）鱼产力为１１２８ｋｇ／ｈｍ２，鲢、鳙、鲤每公顷放养尾数分别为９２２、６４５和４７０（都在１３．３ｃｍ或１３．３ｃｍ以上）。（４）提出渔业利用意见。     

江汉平原第四系沉积物中砷的垂向分布规律及其对地下水中砷浓度的影响

含水层沉积物是江汉平原地下水中砷的主要来源,沉积物地球化学特征对地下水的水化学具有重要控制作用。为查明江汉平原第四系沉积物中砷的垂向分布及赋存环境,在典型高砷地下水分布区内选取２个深钻（ＪＨ００２孔及 ＹＬＷ０１孔,深度分别为２３０ｍ 和２０１ｍ）采集沉积物样品进行了地球化学分析。结果表明全新统和上更新统含水层沉积物以黏土、粉土、淤泥质黏土、粉砂、细砂为主,指示着弱水动力的沉积环境;２个钻孔沉积物地球化学特征相似,ｗ（Ａｓ）＝２．０～２２．６ｍｇ／ｋｇ（平均９．０ｍｇ／ｋｇ）,ｗ（Ｆｅ）＝１１．８～５５．０ｍｇ／ｇ（平均３７．８ｍｇ／ｇ）,ｗ（Ｓ）＝０．１～２．１ｍｇ／ｇ（平均０．４ｍｇ／ｇ）。中、下更新统沉积物岩相变化较大,以砂和砾石居多,局部含有黏土夹层,指示着沉积时较强的水动力沉积环境;其中ＪＨ００２孔沉积物 ｗ（Ａｓ）＝２．７～１６０．５ｍｇ／ｋｇ（平 均４０．９ｍｇ／ｋｇ）,ｗ（Ｆｅ）＝２０．１～１７９．５ｍｇ／ｇ（平均５０．５ｍｇ／ｇ）,ｗ（Ｓ）＝０．１～１７．７ｍｇ／ｇ（平均４．９ｍｇ／ｇ）;ＹＬＷ０１孔沉积物砷、铁、硫质量分数均低于ＪＨ００２孔,ｗ（Ａｓ）＝５．２～５６．１ｍｇ／ｋｇ（平 均１６．２ｍｇ／ｋｇ）,ｗ（Ｆｅ）＝１０．９～１１７．５ｍｇ／ｇ（平 均３６．４ｍｇ／ｇ）,ｗ（Ｓ）＝０．３～７．８ｍｇ／ｇ（平均１．８ｍｇ／ｇ）。ＹＬＷ０１孔中、下更新统沉积物颗粒较ＪＨ００２孔更细,所处的水动力条件更弱,砷、铁、硫质量分数均低于ＪＨ００２孔,说明沉积历史环境影响着砷、铁、硫等元素的分布。沉积物地球化学数据聚类分析结果表明全新统和上更新统砷与铁具有显著的相关性,而中、下更新统沉积物砷与硫化物矿物紧密相关。结合不同深度含水层水化学特征差异指示上更新统含水层中含砷铁氧化物的还原性溶解导致浅层地下水中砷的富集,富硫的中、下更新统深层含水层中强还原环境下砷受到硫化物矿物的固定作用难以释放进入地下水中。      

凡纳滨对虾高位池养殖系统的水质理化状况

对凡纳滨对虾高位养殖池水质环境状况进行了研究。结果表明，养殖期间虾池水体透明度前期较高，中后期较低；虾池pH变化在7．89-9．02之间，变化幅度较小。虾池水体悬浮物数量和CODMn随养殖时间延长而持续升高，变化范围分别为18．5—162．3mCL和3．52-14．58mg／L。虾池水体中营养盐各月份波动较大。无机氮的数量变化在0．206—1．621mg/L之间，含量逐渐升高，磷酸盐数量变化在0．009-0．067mg／L之间，含量逐渐下降。水环境中N、P比较高，平均为62．7。养殖水体中后期处于严重富营养化状态。     

虾池微藻定向培育及其对养殖环境因子的影响

采用微藻三级扩大培养技术，将在对虾养殖池选育的波吉卵囊藻Oocysits borgei引入凡纳滨对虾Litopenaeus vannamei高位养殖池，并检测养殖环境中微藻群落结构、水质因子、对虾抗病力相关因子、对虾生长情况，研究了以微藻生态调控为主的对虾防病技术。结果表明：养殖前、中、后期，波吉卵囊藻平均生物量占浮游植物总生物量分别为98．02％、78．89％和45．12％，成为虾池中的绝对优势种；作为优势种的持续时间长达77d。波吉卵囊藻为主的微藻群落控制的水质较稳定，实验池氨氮和亚硝酸盐氮浓度较对照池低。对虾的血细胞数、溶菌（LSZ）活力、抗菌活力、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和酚氧化酶（PO）均显著高于对照池（P〈0．05）；血清蛋白含量差异不显著（P〉0．05）。实验池对虾生长速度显著高于对照池（P〈0．05）。可见，通过微藻的定向培育方法来优化虾池微藻群落结构，可改善养殖环境。     

低产老化虾池的生态养殖的探讨

针对目前大批低产老化虾池的改造和可持续生产的问题,设计了一个自然生态养虾新模式。利用长期不能清淤的低产老化虾池和已造成生态失衡的虾池,实行疏放苗,精管理,综合利用,立体开发,混养,轮养。     

荧光分光光度法测定海洋贝类体总石油烃的方法研究

研究和建立了一种测定海洋贝类体中总石油烃的改进方法,即控温强碱直接皂化、乙醚萃取、正己熔溶解、荧光分光光度仪测定法。该方法的最低检测限为０．１２ｍｇ／ｋｇ（大港原油当量）,变异系数（ＣＶ）３．２％～４．６％,相对误差（ＲＥ）－４．０％～１．８％,具有简便、快速、准确、灵敏度高和费用低廉等特点。     

4种对虾耗氧率、CO_2排出量、呼吸商和窒息点的研究（英文）

较系统研究了斑节对虾、墨吉对虾、日本对虾和刀额新对虾等４种对虾的耗氧率、ＣＯ２排出量、呼吸商和窒息点。结果表明,同一种类不同大小和不同种类及生活习性不同,耗氧率、ＣＯ２排出量、呼吸商和窒息点有较大的差别。日本对虾、刀额新对虾的耗氧率、ＣＯ２排出量比其他两种虾低。墨吉对虾次之,斑节对虾为最高。对ＤＯ忍受能力,刀额新对虾最强,在ＤＯ０．６０ｍｇ／Ｌ才开始出现窒息。斑节对虾次之,在ＤＯ降至０．８８ｍｇ／Ｌ出现窒息。墨吉对虾在ＤＯ１．１９ｍｇ／Ｌ出现窒息。日本对虾忍受ＤＯ能力最差,在以ＤＯ１．３１ｍｇ／Ｌ出现窒息。     

碳酸氢钠对高温下珍珠鸡生产性能及血液pH值的影响

用１８０只５６日龄肉用仔珍珠鸡,测定了高温环境条件下,在日粮中添加不同量的ＮａＨＣＯ３（质量分数分别为０％,０．５％,１．０％,１．５％,２．０％,２．５％）对珍珠鸡肥育期生产性能及血液ｐＨ值的影响,基础日粮含ＭＥ１３．３７ＭＪ／ｋｇ ,ＣＰ１８％。     

SELENIUM REQUIREMENT OF SHRIMP PENAEUS CHINENSIS

Penaeus chinensis were reared in fibreglass tanks for the study of their selenium requirements. The shrimp were fed semipurified diets containing graded levels of selenium, and weight gains, activities of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and selenium contents in muscle and hepatopancreas were determined. Weight gain and GSH-Px activity were the highest when the shrimp were fed diet containing 20 mg/kg selenium; Good linear correlation was found between GSH-Px activities and selenium contents in the diets, and the number of healthy shrimp. The experiment showed that 20 mg/kg selenium in the diet is optimal for the shrimp and that GSH-Px activity can be an important biochemical index of the selenium nutrition status of the animal.     

REQUIREMENTS OF SHRIMP, PENAEUS CHINENSIS O''''SBECK FOR POTASSIUM, SODIUM, MAGNESIUM AND IODINE

Potassium, sodium, magnesium and iodine requirements of shrimp, Penaeus chinensis were studied.Orthogonal design was employed in this experiment. The composition of the basal diet consisted of fishmeal, peanut cake, corn meal, soybean cake, wheat bran, vitamin mix and mineral mix, and supple-mentations of potassium, sodium, magnesium and iodine in the basal diet were made according to theL_9(3~4) orthogonal table. The results indicatal that iodine supplementation improved growth of the shrimpsignificantly and raised survival very significanly, iodine requirement of the shrimp was 0.003%, sodiumrequirement was 0.87% or less; and that 1.1-1.3% potassium and 0.18-0.38% magnesium in the dietwere proper nutrition supplements for the shrimp.     

COMPARATIVE STUDIES ON THE LARVAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE PENAEID SHRIMPS,PENAEUS CHINENSIS,P.MERGUIENSIS AND P.PENICILLATUS

The morphology of larval and 1st postlarval stages of Penaeus penicillatus are described.Results from comparative studies on larval development of P.penicillatus,P.merguiensis and P.chinensis are as fol-lows: These three species could not be identified during their naupliar stages. In the 1st protozoea,the antennule L1/L2 value is 1.7—2.0 in P.merguiensis,but lessthan 1.7 in P.chinensis and P.penicillatus;in the 2nd protozoea,the supra-orbital spine in P.chinensis isnot bifurcated,while those of P.merguiensis and P.penicillatus are bifurcated;in the 3rd protozoea,thereis a minute(or no)dorso-median spine on the posterior margin of the 1st and 2nd abdominal somite in P.chinensis,but they are prominent in P.merguiensis and P.penicillatus.In the mysis and 1st postlarvalstages,P.chinensis differs from P.merguiensis and P.penicillatus in having 9(8 in the other 2 species)longsetae on the exopod of pereopods 1—3;additionally,one dorsal tooth appears on the rostrum of P.chinensis in the 2nd mysis and that o     

Comparative studies on the larval development of the penaeid shrimps,Penaeus Chinensis,P. merguiensis andP. penicillatus

The morphology of larval and 1st postlarval stages ofPenaeus penicillatus are described. Results from comparative studies on larval development ofP. penicillatus, P. merguiensis andP. chinensis are as follows: These three species could not be identified during their naupliar stages. In the 1st protozoea, the antennule L1/L2 value is 1.7–2.0 inP. merguiensis, but less than 1.7 inP. chinensis andP. penicillatus; in the 2nd protozoea, the supra-orbital spine inP. chinensis is not bifurcated, while those ofP. merguiensis andP. penicillatus are bifurcated; in the 3rd protozoea, there is a minute (or no) dorso-median spine on the posterior margin of the 1st and 2nd abdominal somite inP. chinensis, but they are prominent inP. merguiensis andP. penicillatus. In the mysis and 1st postlarval stages,P. chinensis differs fromP. merguiensis andP. penicillatus in having 9 (8 in the other 2 species) long setae on the exopod of pereopods 1–3; additionally, one dorsal tooth appears on the rostrum ofP. chinensis in the 2nd mysis and that of the other 2 species in the 3rd mysis;P. chinensis has 2 (mostly) or 1 dorsal tooth on the rostrum in the 3rd mysis and 2–3 in the 1st postlarva, whileP. penicillatus andP. merguiensis have only 1 in the 3rd mysis and 1st postlarva. Comparative studies on larval development showedP. penicillatus has closer affinity withP. merguiensis than withP. chinensis. Contribution No. 2218 from the Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences     

Requirements of shrimp,Penaeus chinensis O'sbeck for potassium,sodium, magnesium and iodine

Potassium, sodium, magnesium and iodine requirements of shrimp,Penaeus chinensis were studied. Orthogonal design was employed in this experiment. The composition of the basal diet consisted of fish meal, peanut cake, corn meal, soybean cake, wheat bran, vitamin mix and mineral mix, and supplementations of potassium, sodium, magnesium and iodine in the basal diet were made according to the L₉(3⁴) orthogonal table. The results indicated that iodine supplementation improved growth of the shrimp significantly and raised survival very significantly, iodine requirement of the shrimp was 0.003%; sodium requirement was 0.87% or less; and that 1.1–1.3% potassium and 0.18–0.38% magnesium in the diet were proper nutrition supplements for the shrimp. Contribution No. 2342 from the Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences.     

DIETARY MANGANESE REQUIREMENT OF P. VANNAMEI

M0DUonONManganeseisanessentialelernentfororganismss.TherearernanypublishedreportS0ntheMnrequdritSoritSdrionfishes,indudingrainb0wtrout,channelcatfish,Atianticsalmon,cornmncarp,grasscarp,tilapia,Ctc.Kanamwaetal.(l984)andLiCtal.(l992)reportedtheresultSoftheiraseawhonthernanganeserequdritSofjuvenileP.japonicusandP.chinensiS.Davisandhawrence(l99O)studndthetheofdietaryman-ganeseonP.vannameibydeletionofMnfromthendneralpedinasdri9udrieddiet.ThepresentstudyontheefhaofgtadedleveIs0frnanganeses…     

Dietary manganese requirement ofP. Vannamei

Graded levels of manganese were supplemented to a semi-purified diet containing 45% crude protein, to provide six levels of manganese (i. e. containing 5, 25, 50, 70, 140 and 210×10⁻⁶, respectively) for two experiments with these experimental diets. The initial weight of shrimp used in the 35–day experiment I was 0.30±0.04 g, and that in the 70–day Experiment II was more than one gram. The results showed that optimum content in the semi-purified diet for the more than 1 gram shrimp ranged from 70 ×10⁻⁶, to 140×10⁻⁶, but supplementation of Mn was not necessary for the small shrimp. Contribution No. 2673 from the Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences.     

Carbon cycle in shrimp polyculture mesocosm

ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＴｈｅｃａｒｂｏｎｃｙｃｌｅｉｎｓｈｒｉｍｐｐｏｌｙｃｕｌｔｕｒｅｅｃｏｓｙｓｔｅｍｓｈａｓｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｔｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎａｌｃｈａｒａｃｔｅｒｉｓｔｉｃｓ,ａｎｄｓｏｓｔｕｄｉｅｓｏｎｔｈｅｃａｒｂｏｎｃｙｃｌｅｔｈｅｒｅｃａｎｈｅｌｐｕｓｕｎｄｅｒｓｔａｎｄｔｈｅｒｅｇｕｌａｒｉｔｙｏｆｔｈｅｓｙｓｔｅｍ’ｓｍａｔｅｒｉａｌｃｙｃｌｅａｎｄｅｎｅｒｇｙｆｌｏｗ ,ｋｎｏｗｌｅｄｇｅｏｆｗｈｉｃｈｃａｎｂｅｕｓｅｄｔｏｗｏｒｋｏｕｔｆｅａｓｉｂｌｅｓｙｓｔｅｍｓａｎｄ…     

COMPARATIVE STUDIES ON NITROGEN BUDGETS OF CLOSED SHRIMP POLYCULTURE SYSTEMS＂

April to October, 1997 comparative studios on the nitrogen budgets of closed shrimp polyculture systems showed that, in all the studied polyculture systems, nitrogen from feeds and fertilizers were the main input items, which comprised 70.7% - 83.9% of the total input nitrogen, 3.2% - 7.4% of which was provided by nitrogen fixation. It was in monoculture enclosures (Y-4, Y-11 and Y-12) that the percentage reached the maximum value. The output nitrogen in harvested products comprised 10.8% - 24.6% of total input nitrogen, and the highest percentage, 24.6%, was found in shrimp-fish-tagelus polyculture systems. In shrimp monoculture and shrimp-fish polyculture systems, they were 19.1% and 21.9%, respectively. The nitrogen utilization efficiency was different and varied from 12.2% to 20.1%. The highest, 20.1%, was found in shrimp-fish-tagelus polycultttre systems, and the average of 20.0% was found in shrimp-tagelus polyculture systems. The lowest, 12.2%, was found in shrimp monoculture systems.All the nitrogen utilization efficiencies in shrimp-fish systems or shrimp-scallop systems seemed to be higher than that of the monoculture system, but they showed little statistical difference. The main outputs of nitrngen were found in sediment mud, and comprised 48.2% -60.8% of the total input, the lowest percentage was found in shrimp-fish-tagelus polyculture systems, and the highost percentage in shrimp-scallop systems.During the experiment, nitrogen lost through denitrification and ammonia volatilization comprised 1.9% - 6.2%, averaged 2.8%, of the total input, and the loss through seepage comprised 5.9% - 8.9% of the total.The estimated nitrogen attached to the enclosure wall comprised 3.7% - 13.3% of the total, and was highest in shrimp monoculture systems. Compared with the classic shrimp farming industry, the closed shrimp polycul-ture systems may improve the nitrogen utilization efficiency, and hence reduce the environmental impacts on coastal waters. The nitrogen discharging rates for all the studied polyculture systems ranged from 3.0% to 6.0% of total input nitrogen.     

虾类微量元素含量的主成分分析

应用主成分分析法对湛江几种养殖对虾和海捕天然对虾的微量元素的含量进行综合评价。结果表明:虾体中微量元素含量均衡;综合排名依次为野生斑节对虾、野生凡纳滨对虾、养殖斑节对虾、养殖凡纳滨对虾,两种野生对虾的综合排名均高于养殖对虾;野生斑节对虾综合得分为1.6708,微量元素含量最均衡,营养价值最高,养殖凡纳滨对虾营养价值最低,综合得分为-1.20943。