大牛地气田低电阻率-高声波时差气层的形成与分布

大牛地气田下石盒子组的盒2、3段具有3种类型的气层,即正常Ⅰ型气层（具有高电阻率和相对较低的声波时差）、Ⅱ型低电阻率-高声波时差气层和Ⅲ型低密度气层。其中前两类气层主要为高产气层。以岩心分析化验资料、常规测井资料、特殊测井资料结合其他地质研究资料,分析了Ⅱ型低电阻率-高声波时差气层的成因。研究结果表明,微裂缝和好的储层物性引起的泥浆侵入,储层微孔喉发育引起的束缚水饱和度增大以及绿泥石黏土矿物包壳等因素是形成这类气层的主要原因,其中微裂缝是主要成因。结合裂缝预测成果,进一步验证了这类气层在平面上的分布。     

鄂尔多斯盆地塔巴庙地区上古生界气藏高产地质因素分析

鄂尔多斯盆地塔巴庙地区上古生界气藏为一套致密低渗砂岩储层,产层分布在下石盒子组、山西组及太原组,其中测试高产层集中分布在盒3段及盒2段。这里在对产层特征进行研究的基础上,通过对各地质参数与产能的相关性研究,对控制高产的主要地质因素进行了分析讨论,结果表明,优质的储层条件是产层获得高产的基础,产层含气丰度及地层能量是控制高产的主要地质因素。产层电阻率的大小能反映出含气丰度大小,依据电阻率分布来评价高产层的平面分布,并提出了下一步主要勘探开发目标区。     

鄂尔多斯盆地富县地区上古生界致密砂岩储层特征

富县地区上古生界致密砂岩储层包含多套含气层段,最具有开发价值的高产层段位下石盒子组盒8段、山西组、本溪组,但不同层组之间的产气量差异明显。利用测井、录井、试气、矿物薄片等资料,对储层物性,岩石特征,成岩作用进行分析研究,认为该地区上古生界主要含气层段的成岩作用已普遍进入晚成岩A阶段,高产气层主要储层特征表现为储层非均质性较弱,并发育裂缝。储层非均质性是含气层段产能主要的影响因素。     

鄂尔多斯盆地杭锦旗探区二叠系下石盒子组盒1段致密砂岩气层测井评价方法

通过储层"四性"关系研究,分析了鄂尔多斯盆地北部杭锦旗探区致密砂岩储层岩性对物性的控制作用及测井曲线对储层岩性、物性和含气性的响应特征。认为二叠系下石盒子组盒1段砂岩石英含量、粒度和孔隙结构是影响物性和含气性的主要因素,储层"四性"关系具有砂岩粒度与石英含量控制物性、物性控制含气性的基本特点。利用交汇图版法与双孔隙度曲线叠合法对研究区二叠系下石盒子组盒1段气层进行了综合识别。根据储层的岩性、物性、孔隙结构等参数,结合单井测试产能特征,将杭锦旗探区二叠系下石盒子组盒1段气层划分为3类进行综合评价,气层以Ⅱ类为主,其次为Ⅰ类。     

鄂尔多斯盆地大牛地气田上古生界低孔渗砂岩储层评价

大牛地气田目前已发现的气藏有盒三、盒二、盒一、山二、山一和太一气藏。其中以块状砾岩相、含砾粗砂岩相、大型交错层理砂岩相是最好的岩石相类型;各层段岩石学特征的差异主要体现在岩石类型、骨架成分和填隙物类型成分上,储层岩石粒度、泥质含量、碎屑成分是影响储层物性的主要因素;研究区储层总体上属低孔、低渗储层,盒三 二段、山一段储集物性较好,盒一段、山二段、太原组储集物性较差;研究区储层总体上属于小孔、微细喉储层,盒三 二段、太原组的孔隙结构最好,山西组次之,盒一段最差;将储集岩按照组或段分为三类：盒三 二段,盒一段和山西组,太原组,分别进行了分类评价。大牛地气田上古生界主要目的层段具有整体含气的特点,储层品质的优劣决定了其含气性的好坏,因此寻找高产富集带可归结于寻找优质储层发育带。岩性圈闭的分布与各期河道、分流河道的主体发育位置趋势一致,有利储集相带、高产富集区的预测应以有利沉积相带为基础展开。     

低渗低阻产水气藏气水层识别:以广安气田须家河组为例

广安气田上三叠统须四段和须六段气藏发育了构造气藏、构造-岩性气藏和岩性气藏.储层具有低孔、低渗、低阻和高束缚水饱和度特征.空间上,储层孔渗相关关系变化大,气水分布复杂,气水层识别困难.根据岩心对测井的标定,研究了须四段和须六段四性关系,认识到储层为细砂岩、中砂岩和粗砂岩,具有低自然伽马、低补偿密度、低电阻率和高声波时差特征,而物性与含气性无明显相关性.采取了分层、分区块建立储层孔隙度、渗透率模型,提高了物性解释精度.不同气藏类型具有不同的气水分布,应用阵列感应、核磁共振和综合判识3种方法进行了气水层识别,提高了广安气田气水层识别精度.这些方法在广安气田的应用表明可以准确识别构造气藏和构造-岩性气藏的气、水层,但对构造幅度低的岩性气藏识别精度不高,因为在这些岩性气藏中气水分异不彻底,气层与气水同层、水层含水饱和度是渐变的.      

苏里格气田西区低阻气层成因分析

苏里格气田西区上古生界二叠系的主要含气目的层为盒8段及山1段,而此区域高阻气层与低阻气层共存,运用电阻率难以区分气层与水层,这给测井评价带来很大难度。因此正确认识低阻气层的成因,对准确识别储层中流体类型十分重要。本次研究从沉积背景、储层岩性、储层物性和钻井工程的角度出发,对低阻气层的成因和特点进行了分析,认为粘土矿物分布,泥浆滤液侵入是造成气层低阻的主要因素,而高不动水饱和度是引起该区气层低阻的最主要原因。另外高地层水矿化度,也是造成该区低阻的成因。通过此次研究,其成果可为该区低阻气层的正确识别和评价提供重要依据。     

鄂尔多斯盆地北部塔巴庙地区上古生界低压力异常及其与产气性的关系

通过对鄂尔多斯盆地北部塔巴庙地区上古生界地层压力的分布规律、压力历史恢复及其与产气性关系的详细分析,认为上古生界气藏现今属异常低压-常压气藏,各气藏及同一气层的不同区域多为不同的压力系统,气藏横向连通范围有限,与阿尔伯达埃尔姆沃斯地区典型的的深盆气藏有较大的区别;上古生界烃源岩流体压力的演化历史恢复结果及平衡深度法计算证实上古生界泥岩在最大埋深时(早白垩世末)古压力系数达1.46~1.62;现今上古生界储层的异常低压是由历史中的古高压演化而成的,目前塔巴庙地区上古生界为一个高低压相间共存的复杂压力系统;区域压力封盖层——上石盒子组控制了上古生界天然气成藏,目前发现的天然气在纵向上集中分布于下石盒子组、山西组及太原组;上古生界气层压力与气层分布、无阻流量、物性、气藏流体特征有较密切的关系,相对高压力的盒3段、盒2段、太原组为较有利层段,92%的高产气井分布在压力系数大于0.95的区域内,地层压力较低的山1段产气性较差。研究资料显示盒3、2段有明显的富集成藏过程。盒3、2段为下生上储富集型气藏,太2段表现为自生自储近距离聚集型气藏。     

来凤地区龙马溪组含气页岩测井识别——以WY1井为例

湖北龙马溪组海相页岩是除四川盆地外可能实现页岩气勘探突破点之一,测井技术是一种十分成熟的油气勘探开发研究手段,本文以来凤地区WY1井的测井为基础,对龙马溪组含气页岩层段测井响应特征进行系统研究。结果表明,WY1井龙马溪组含气页岩层段具有高自然伽马、高铀、高钍、高补偿中子、高声波时差及低密度的测井响应特征,深、浅侧向电阻率低于下伏宝塔组碳酸盐岩,高于砂质页岩,且正差异反映岩层中发育高角度裂缝的层段。通过测井曲线叠合以及交会图版分析发现,含气页岩层自然伽马—岩性密度测井叠合曲线及声波时差—岩性密度测井叠合曲线具有明显的正差异,而自然伽马—补偿中子和声波时差—补偿中子呈现明显的负差异,且声波时差—岩性密度叠合测井曲线对于含气层段的指示作用最为准确;声波时差—补偿中子测井交会图、补偿中子—自然伽马测井交会图以及深侧向电阻率—补偿中子测井交会图对于富有机质含气页岩的识别作用最明显。     

基于AVO属性体的含气指数反演在致密砂岩储层的应用

川东北须家河组为一套砂泥岩互层的陆相碎屑岩沉积,砂岩极其发育,但物性差,属于特低孔低渗储层,此类砂岩储层含气后,纵横波速度、密度等弹性参数没有明显变化,地震波形等异常特征微弱,仅利用叠后地震属性不能有效地进行含气检测;此外,通过流体替换试验以及正演模拟证实了该区地层含气后所引起的AVO异常较为微弱,对含气区域的刻画能力也有限。根据钻、测井资料分析可知,该区砂岩储层含气之后会引起声波时差测井值一定程度的增大,中子明显下降,有较为明显的挖掘效应。因此,这里利用中子-声波测井曲线交汇重构含气指数曲线,在AVO属性体的基础上进行含气指数反演,突出AVO属性异常,增强了AVO属性对含气性的预测能力。     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Analysis of F, Al, Mn, Zn, Fe, Cu, Ca and Mg concentrations in brick teas from main producing areas in China

Brick-tea-type fluorosis is a peculiar endemic disease in China, which had been discovered in minority areas of western China since 1980, and distributed mainly in Tibet, Inner Mongolia, Gansu, Xinjiang, Qinghai and parts of Sichuan Province. The prevalence rate of fluorosis in Tibetan and Mongolian nationality people was higher. Epidemiological investigation showed that fluorosis morbidity and degrees were different in different brick-tea drinking areas, and it was probably caused by drinking various kinds of brick tea from different regions. Therefore, we collected 33 samples of brick tea from six provinces where minority nationalities were accustomed to drinking a large quantity of brick tea. F concentrations were determined by the combustion hydrolysis-ion selective electrode method. The results showed that among the brick teas, the F concentrations ranged from the minimum 74.1 mg/kg in Yunnan Province to the maximum 991.2 mg/kg in Sichuan Province. Besides, there was a great difference among the various kinds of brick tea, and F concentrations decreased in the order of Kang brick tea, Green brick tea, Black brick tea, Mi brick tea, Fu brick tea, Chitsu ping tea, Puerh tea, and Tuo tea. The average F concentration in brick teas was 431.92 mg/kg.     

贵州安顺地区岩腊片区水淹坝岩溶内涝成因分析

水淹坝岩溶内涝是安顺市西秀区发育最大范围的岩溶内涝,严重制约了当地经济发展。本文以岩溶地下水系统为单元,通过开展1:10000水文地质调查、地球物理勘探、水文地质钻探等手段,查明内涝所在区的岩溶发育特征、水文地质条件。在此基础上分析得出,水力坡度小、岩层倾角缓造成地下河管道淤塞;人类工程活动使有水落水洞口堵塞,加之广阔的集雨面积和连续的强降雨是造成水淹坝岩溶内涝的主要原因。通过对水淹坝内涝成因分析,为岩溶内涝灾害综合整治提供参考依据。     

等离子体质谱法测定岩石中的锆、铪、铌、钽

本文建立了用HF、HNO3 在高压釜内溶解样品 ,准确测定花岗岩样品中Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf的ICP MS分析方法。分析结果与推荐值的偏差在 5 %以内。该方法具有简单、准确、测定元素多的特点。本文还对高压釜酸溶和碱熔方法进行了对比实验。     

湖北宜昌王家湾五峰组顶部Chondrites的发现及其环境意义

本文报道了湖北宜昌王家湾剖面五峰组笔石页岩段观音桥层发现的遗迹化石Chondrites的分布及其生态特点。结合生物相和同期上扬子海盆相对海平面的变化,分析了盆地水体底域在缺氧一富氧转折时期的古氧相变化特征：指出五峰组笔石页岩段上部地层沉积底域为典型的缺氧环境,在其与上覆观音桥段之间的沉积转换面附近发生了从无氧到有氧的转变,观音桥段中Hirnantia动物群繁盛于富氧的海底环境。     

Alteration of Chalcocite in Tamoshan,Siujen,Kuangsi

It is the purpose of this paper to state briefly the alteration of chalcociteand its products.The specimens were collected by W.Y.Chang' fromTamoshan~2,about 675 m above sea-level.The exact locality of occurrence ison the west slope of the Yao Mountain~(?),12 km SE of Chichenchieh~4,15 kmNE of Tungmu~(?),and 48 km SW of the Siujen~(?) City.     

Chemical characteristics of groundwater in parts of mountainous region, Alvand, Hamadan, Iran

Eighty-seven groundwater samples have been collected from a mountainous region (Alvand, Iran) for hydrochemical investigations to understand the sources of dissolved ions and assess the chemical quality of the groundwater. Most water quality parameters are within World Health Organization acceptable limits set for drinking water. The least mineralized water is found closest to the main recharge zones and the salinity of water increased towards the north of the basin. The most prevalent water type is Ca–HCO₃ followed by water types Ca–NO₃, Ca–Cl, Ca–SO₄ and Mg–HCO₃. The Ca–NO₃ water type is associated with high nitrate pollution. Agricultural and industrial activities were associated with elevated level of NO₃⁻. Mineral dissolution/weathering of evaporites dominates the major element hydrochemistry of the area. Chemical properties of groundwater in Alvand region are controlled both by natural geochemical processes and anthropogenic activities.     

Roles of xenomelts,xenoliths, xenocrysts,xenovolatiles, residues,and skarns in the genesis,transport, and localization of magmatic Fe-Ni-Cu-PGE sulfides and chromite

Most sulfide-rich magmatic Ni-Cu-(PGE) deposits form in dynamic magmatic systems by partial melting S-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren to weakly-mineralized immiscible Fe sulfide xenomelts into which Ni-Cu-Co-PGE partition from the magma. Some exceptionally-thick magmatic Cr deposits may form by partial melting oxide-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of the miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren Fe ± Ti oxide xenocrysts into which Cr-Mg-V ± Ti partition from the magma. The products of these processes are variably preserved as skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles, which play important to critical roles in ore genesis, transport, localization, and/or modification. Incorporation of barren xenoliths/autoliths may induce small amounts of sulfide/chromite to segregate, but incorporation of sulfide xenomelts or oxide xenocrysts with dynamic upgrading of metal tenors (PGE > Cu > Ni > Co and Cr > V > Ti, respectively) is required to make significant ore deposits. Silicate xenomelts are only rarely preserved, but will be variably depleted in chalcophile and ferrous metals. Less dense felsic xenoliths may aid upward sulfide transport by increasing the effective viscosity and decreasing the bulk density of the magma. Denser mafic or metamorphosed xenoliths may also increase the effective viscosity of the magma, but may aid downward sulfide transport by increasing the bulk density of the magma. Sulfide wets olivine, so olivine xenocrysts may act as filter beds to collect advected finely dispersed sulfide droplets, but other silicates and xenoliths may not be wetted by sulfides. Xenovolatiles may retard settling of – or in some cases float – dense sulfide droplets. Reactions of sulfide melts with felsic country rocks may generate Fe-rich skarns that may allow sulfide melts to fractionate to more extreme Cu-Ni-rich compositions. Xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles are more likely to be preserved in cooler basaltic magmas than in hotter komatiitic magmas, and are more likely to be preserved in less dynamic (less turbulent) systems/domain/phases than in more dynamic (more turbulent) systems/domains/phases. Massive to semi-massive Ni-Cu-PGE and Cr mineralization and xenoliths are often localized within footwall embayments, dilations/jogs in dikes, throats of magma conduits, and the horizontal segments of dike-chonolith and dike-sill complexes, which represent fluid dynamic traps for both ascending and descending sulfides/oxides. If skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and/or xenovolatiles are present, they provide important constraints on ore genesis and they are valuable exploration indicators, but they must be included in elemental and isotopic mass balance calculations.     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.