侧限条件对振弦式应力计在混凝土应力量测中的影响性研究

通过在混凝土中直接埋设应力计和在量测区包裹橡皮泥后埋设应力计的对比试验,研究了振弦式钢筋应力计的侧限条件对混凝土应力测量结果的影响.试验结果表明:基于各截面上混凝土与应力计量测区钢筒的应变一致假定,振弦式应力计能较准确地测量混凝土的应力,但其测量值偏小;采用橡皮泥包裹应力计量测区的柔性侧向约束条件与应力计标定时的自由边...     

浅谈原岩应力及测量方法

随着地下工程作业深度的增加,岩体的原岩应力也越来越大.为了保证工程作业时岩体的稳定,讨论了原岩应力的形成、影响原岩应力的因素及几种原岩应力的测量方法,并对这几种测量方法进行了比较,提出今后测量原理原岩应力应改进的地方.     

正交各向异性岩体钻孔周围应力分布的应力变分法分析

利用孔径变形法和孔壁应变法测量地应力必然涉及到钻孔周围岩体应力的分布规律,由于各向异性岩体孔周应力的分布复杂,很难用求解偏微分方程的方法得到应力分布的解析表达式,而应力分布又影响着地应力分析结果的准确性。通过构造应力函数,采用应力变分法对钻孔周围的应力进行求解,为准确分析各向异性岩体的地应力提供理论基础。     

条形药包爆炸时岩体中应力波参数的计算分析

水利、铁道、冶金等工业部门,在基坑开挖、隧道掘进,矿山开采等作业中通常用圆柱状条形药包.此外,某些工程如洞库爆炸也可看成条形药包.显然,这类药包在岩体中爆炸时,应力波的传播和动应力的分布均不同于球形药包的爆炸而具有自己的特点.这些特点直接影响爆破破岩机理和对地下工程施加动荷载的特征,以及对它的动态稳定性的评价.     

利用液压应力计直接测定软岩应力的模型试验研究

通过对各种地应力测量方法的对比研究,格鲁兹(Glotzi)压力盒的考查,模拟材料的试验研究,和CYG-00型液压应力计与试件加压方向成不同夹角(0°、45°、90°)的模拟试验,我们首次提出了采用“液压钻孔应力计”直接测定软岩应力的方法和原理。本文介绍液压钻孔应力计的结构原理、使用方法和模拟试验结果。     

高输入阻抗晶体管加速度遥测放大器

在岩体土力学科研中,需要测定岩土在爆炸振动情况下的动力学参数,如加速度、速度、位移、压力等. 为了获得所需参数的测量,采用压电晶体加速度计作为传感元件,以测量爆破振动加速度.它有如下优点:体积小、灵敏度高、被测振动频率范围宽. 放大器要满足爆破测量要求,能适用于强烈爆破振动加速度测量是困难的,因为前置放大器不仅要有高输入阻抗,而且要耐震,能承受较高的瞬态冲击电压而不被击穿,并且传输     

基于Hock-Brown强度准则的高应力判据理论分析

如何评价工程岩体中赋存的应力状态一直是工程设计人员所要面对的基本问题之一.应力状态评价需综合考虑岩体强度和岩体中赋存的应力两个要素,其评价结果反映了地下结构围岩在二次应力场作用下满足岩体强度准则时可能的变形破坏响应.通过对前人研究成果的分析,总结出高应力作用下地下结构的基本变形破坏规律.利用Hoek-Brown强度准则...     

不耦合装药下爆炸应力波传播规律的试验研究

通过室外爆破试验,利用预埋研制的PVDF压力传感器对耦合及水不耦合延长药包装药爆破时爆炸应力波的中远场压力进行测量,拟合实测结果,得到4种不耦合系数下爆炸应力波峰值随传播距离衰减的指数关系式。分析试验结果可知： ①在试验所涉及的范围内,不耦合装药时爆破应力波峰值衰减幅度小于耦合装药（即K =1）时爆破应力波峰值衰减幅度,验证了水介质作为炸药爆轰产物与岩体间的弹性缓冲层作用,减少了粉碎孔壁岩体造成的能量耗散,增加了能量传递,加大了爆炸的作用范围;②当不耦合系数K = 3.29时,应力波峰值衰减指数表现出大于K =1.79及大于K =2.57时应力波峰值衰减指数的趋势,表明过大的不耦合系数造成了不耦合介质--水过多的能量耗散（在高温高压下水并不完全是弹性的）,削弱了不耦合装药爆破的优势;③在不耦合装药爆破中,存在最佳的不耦合系数,此时爆炸应力波峰值衰减最慢,爆炸能得到充分利用,达到最优的爆破效果。研究结果对不耦合装药爆破的设计及工程应用有一定的指导意义。     

考虑岩体应力的结构面中应力波传播特性分析

应力波在含结构面岩体中的传播一直是岩石动力学的一个重要课题。深部岩体应力会影响岩体结构面的力学特性,进而影响应力波的传播规律。基于时域递归分析方法,首先对考虑岩体应力情况下应力波与非线性岩体结构面的相互作用进行了分析,推导出了波的传播方程。研究中假定岩体结构面法向满足非线性双曲变形模型（Barton-Bandis模型,简称B-B模型）,切向满足库仑滑移模型。其次,对一些特殊情况,如结构面水平或垂直分布、波阵面水平分布等,进行了计算模型和波的传播方程的简化分析。通过对比,发现岩体应力对应力波的传播特性有明显的影响。最后,参数研究分析了岩体应力特性、节理特性及入射波频率等对透、反射系数的影响规律。     

基于应力多边形与震源机制解的深部岩体应力状态预测方法初探

深部岩体应力量值确定一直是区域地应力场研究中的热点和难点问题,常用的深部岩体应力量值预测方法多以拟合经验公式外推确定为主,缺乏理论依据且可靠性低。研究工作基于应力多边形理论,结合侧压力系数K与震源机制解应力形因子R,在大范围应力预测结果基础之上,对深部应力量值进行了精细限定。以河北易县紫荆关地区的原地应力测量为参考,结合震源机制解资料,估算获得6、11、19km深度处最大侧压力系数K_(max)分别为1.07±0.07、1.14±0.14、1.09±0.09,最小侧压力系数K_(min)分别为0.85±0.15、0.88±0.12、0.86±0.14,并以此计算最大、最小水平主应力,结果的相对偏差在6%～17%之间;利用震源机制解和水压致裂法联合确定的研究区最大水平主应力方向为N44.4°E。研究提出并建立的联合震源机制参数R和应力多边形限定深部应力状态为深部岩体应力状态估算提供了新的途径。     

A piezometer for Stress Wave Measurement in Rock Mass

A new type of stress piezometer, RS stress gage, is presented in this paper. This new type of stress gage make use of piezoelectricity of piezocrystal to measure dynamic stress and read the magnitude directly. To avoid the bad matching of the gage and rock mass in situ, the shell of the gage is made of rock core from in situ. It has been proved that the new stress gage can work well during the measuring of the stress of blast wave in rock mass as long as it was made fine, calibrated accurately, and inserted carefully.     

Influence of an Inclined Rock Stratum on In-Situ Stress State in an Open-Pit Mine

In-situ stress plays a major role with respect to deformation and stability around underground or surficial excavations located at significant depth. Many sedimentary rock masses are more or less horizontally bedded. However, a possibility exists to have one or few inclined rock strata such as dikes in these horizontally bedded formations. It is important to know how the in situ stress changes from a purely horizontally bedded situation to a horizontally bedded rock mass that contains one or few inclined rock strata. This paper presents such an investigation using the largest open-pit metal mine in China—as a case study. This mine has a bedded rock mass with one steeply inclined rock stratum. For the bedded rock mass, the vertical stress was calculated based on the overburden above each lithology. The available in situ stress measurements conducted at the mine were used to estimate the ratios of horizontal to vertical stress. Numerical modeling was performed for the two scenarios: (a) the horizontally bedded system subjected to both the in situ and boundary stresses and (b) the mine lithological system that includes an inclined stiffer (denser) stratum intruding softer horizontally bedded system subjected to only boundary stresses to investigate the influence of an inclined rock stratum on the computed stress field. Thirty points were selected to compute the stresses on six planes of the inclined rock stratum. Due to the discontinuous nature of the geologic system at the interface between the stiffer inclined stratum and softer horizontally bedded system, one principal stress has become normal to the interface plane and the other two have become parallel to the interface plane with all three being perpendicular to each other. Presence of the stiffer inclined rock stratum has given rise to (a) increase in normal stresses up to about 120 % in the inclined rock stratum and (b) new shear stresses approximately in the range ?10.0 to 15.0 MPa. This means, because most of the rock masses are not purely horizontally bedded, estimation of in situ stress through measurements as well as application of in situ stress in numerical modeling associated with underground or surficial excavations located at significant depth is a difficult exercise. A better way to estimate the in situ stresses for complex geologic systems may be through application of appropriate boundary stresses to the geologic system in a numerical model.     

用于煤层底板突水机理研究的岩体原位测试技术

底板突水是底板受采动应力和承压水水压共同作用的结果。开拓和采动打破了原有地应力的平衡状态,为达到新的平衡,某些应力相对集中的地方,会释放应变能,使岩体构造发生变化;而承压水的水压对底板隔水层的作用主要是压裂扩容作用与渗水软化作用。本文介绍了由岩体原位应力测试技术、室内三轴渗透仪测定技术和计算机有限元模拟技术组成的岩体应力测试综合技术及其在煤层底板突水预测中的应用。      

Investigating the capability of deformation rate analysis method in stress estimation: a case study of water conveyance tunnel of Gotvand Dam

Knowledge of the magnitude and orientation of the initial in situ stress of rock mass in underground spaces in mining, construction, and oil projects are so vital; hence, putting it aside could not only cost a lot rather incur some irrecoverable damage. Various methods are available to estimate in situ stress in rock mass. However, the most commonly used one, i.e., hydraulic fracturing (HF) method is considered expensive and time consuming. As a matter of fact, laboratory methods based on drilled “core” have become prevalent these days considering them simple, cheap, and quick. Taking into account one such procedure, i.e., deformation rate analysis (DRA), the current research tries to review the DRA capability in determining the magnitude of initial in situ stress is in different parts of stress–strain curve. Further, an investigation was made about the usage of DRA method for both brittle and ductile rocks. To compare the DRA and hydraulic fracturing methods in in situ stress measurement, the water conveyance tunnel of Gotvand Dam was selected as a case study. The DRA tests were conducted on core samples prepared from blocks of tuff (as brittle) and soft sandstones (as ductile) from shallow quarry. The results show that the DRA method is suitable for all types of intact rock and that this could easily estimate in situ stress values. A comparison between in situ stress values obtained by DRA and those of HF method show the feasibility of geotechnical project, simplicity, speed, and low cost.     

大埋深高地应力关山隧道围岩变形破坏分析

甘肃省关山隧道是一条受高地应力影响的大埋深硬脆性闪长岩铁路隧道,位于青藏高原东北缘,构造活跃,运动速率较大,且方向变化显著的六盘山挤压隆升构造区。在隧道开挖过程中围岩变形破坏现象明显,围岩等级低于前期岩体质量分级,表现出强烈的岩体质量劣化和各向异性。针对该问题,除了采用矿物成分和微结构分析寻找原因,还通过现场结构面统计分析对围岩质量劣化和各向异性进行描述,同时运用自行研发的钻孔电视进一步分析开挖前后一定时间间隔内围岩的渐进式变形和破坏。钻孔电视试验结果表明,尽管闪长岩作为一种硬脆性岩体,单轴抗压强度（UCS）高于现场地应力值,但其变形和破坏却普遍发生,开挖过程中新生裂隙迅速发育,原先在高地应力下闭合的裂隙也会重新张开和发展,围岩劣化,稳定性降低。为了进一步分析围岩的变形破坏过程,设计了变压力大小和方向的单轴抗压试验,试验中闪长岩的单轴压力值低于单轴抗压强度,试验结果与钻孔电视试验观测结果吻合,证明了在开挖引起的地应力剧烈变化条件下硬脆性闪长岩结构劣化,存在变形破坏的可能性。在大埋深高地应力条件下,除了岩体的各向异性,地应力的变化也是硬脆性围岩稳定性的重要考量因素。     

Approaches to stress monitoring in deep boreholes for future CCS projects

There is no monitoring technology available to observe possible changes of stress in the rock mass of a CO₂ reservoir or its cap rock formations. Any development of a stress-monitoring technique must be related to the natural regional stress conditions and must be adjusted to the possibly changing in situ stress conditions due to CCS activity. As a step towards an in situ stress-monitoring probe, a lab scale device was developed and used for investigations on the practicability of a hard-inclusion tool for stress monitoring. In situ stress conditions, as deduced from the Altmark Gas Field, were applied to evaluate the efficiency and the limits of this stress-monitoring technique. At lab-scale the applied stresses resp. stress differences with moderate amounts of 9?C15?% of the vertical stress component Sv coincide sufficiently with the resulting strain answers of the hard inclusion tool (i.e., a steel tube corresponding to the liner in the borehole). Therefore, it was possible to re-calculate the stresses and to compare them with the applied ones. The resulting coincidence, however, can be disturbed at high pressure levels due to rock failure around the borehole with extended deformations. In addition, the results are influenced by the mechanical behaviour of the surrounding rock mass type. Nevertheless, a further development of a hard inclusion probe for monitoring of stress changes in deep boreholes can be successful and may be the only possible way to detect stress changes without fracturing damages in deep boreholes.     

Microseism Induced by Transient Release of In Situ Stress During Deep Rock Mass Excavation by Blasting

During deep rock mass excavation with the method of drill and blast, accompanying the secession of rock fragments and the formation of a new free surface, in situ stress on this boundary is suddenly released within several milliseconds, which is termed the transient release of in situ stress. In this process, enormous strain energy around the excavation face is instantly released in the form of kinetic energy and it inevitably induces microseismic events in surrounding rock masses. Thus, blasting excavation-induced microseismic vibrations in high-stress rock masses are attributed to the combined action of explosion and the transient release of in situ stress. The intensity of stress release-induced microseisms, which depends mainly on the magnitude of the in situ stress and the dimension of the excavation face, is comparable to that of explosion-induced vibrations. With the methods of time–energy density analysis, amplitude spectrum analysis, and finite impulse response (FIR) digital filter, microseismic vibrations induced by the transient release of in situ stress were identified and separated from recorded microseismic signals during a blast of deep rock masses in the Pubugou Hydropower Station. The results show that the low-frequency component in the microseismic records results mainly from the transient release of in situ stress, while the high-frequency component originates primarily from explosion. In addition, a numerical simulation was conducted to demonstrate the occurrence of microseismic events by the transient release of in situ stress, and the results seem to have confirmed fairly well the separated vibrations from microseismic records.     

电爆冲击波对储层致裂效果影响因素的数值模拟研究

电爆冲击波在油气储层增渗解堵中具有巨大应用潜力,为了解各因素对电爆冲击波致裂效果的影响程度,本文采用ANSYS/LS[CD*2]DYNA软件,通过改变地应力、弹性模量、抗拉强度参数进行数值模拟。结果显示,地应力对致裂效果具有强烈的抑制作用,在双向等压地应力作用下,裂纹区形状为圆形,并且随着地应力的增大,岩体破裂度、破裂半径均逐渐减小。在双向不等压地应力作用下,随水平主应力差值增大,裂纹扩展方向由圆形逐渐转变为椭圆形,具有沿最大水平主应力方向扩展的特点;弹性模量对致裂效果具有重要影响,随着弹性模量的增大,岩体破裂度、破裂半径均呈增大趋势;随抗拉强度增大,岩体破裂度、破裂半径均减小。     

Estimation of the rock mass deformation modulus using a rock classification system

It is often difficult to directly obtain specific design parameters of interest. In these situations, estimation based on empirical correlations is an alternative. The deformation modulus of a rock mass, which is important to know for engineering projects, is measured by in situ tests, such as plate bearing, flat jack, pressure chamber, borehole jacking and dilatometer tests. Nevertheless, these in situ tests are expensive, time consuming and sometimes even impossible. Many attempts have been made to estimate the E modulus using easy-to-obtain parameters of a rock mass. This paper reviews previous studies and the equations that have been developed. In addition, this study presents a new relation developed using a database of 82 dilatometer test results gathered from two dam sites and a tunnel site. Statistical analyses were performed to correlate accessible rock parameters with measured E modulus values from in situ tests. Knowing that discontinuity characteristics and the strength of rock materials are the most important contributors to rock deformability, the focus was on identifying parameters that are affected by the mentioned properties. Among the tested parameters, RMR (Rock Mass Rating) showed the best correlation with the E modulus. Statistical analyses resulted in a new empirical equation that has an acceptable estimation ability.     

In-Situ strain measurement by photoelastic bar gages, 1. The method

A technique is described for measuring recoverable strain in situ using bridged photoelastic bar gages and a simple reflecting polariscope. Rosettes of 0.2 × 0.4 × 4-cm bars are bonded to the rock for 0.6 cm at each end. Change in strain is measured following overcoring with a 10-cm bit. Correction for strains in the order of 30 · 10^?6/°C, due to differential thermal expansion between rock and gage, are made by monitoring dummy gages mounted on free blocks. Bar gages have been satisfactorily tested against foil resistance gages. Rosettes mounted closely adjacent on a free granite block showed a reasonable homogeneity of response.