以黄磷炉渣为原料制备碳酸钙晶须

<正>黄磷炉渣是以磷矿石、硅石、焦炭等为原料,在高温电炉中生产黄磷时产出的固体废弃物,我国目前黄磷炉渣产量约为450万t/年,黄磷炉渣富含CaO和SiO2,可用于生产含钙和含硅产品。本文采用黄磷炉渣制备白炭黑后的残留废液为     

烃源岩不同性质有机酸的分离及其检测方法

烃源岩中的有机酸来源于有机质,但有机质具有不同的赋存形式,有机酸具有不同性质,这将影响有机酸与不同赋存有机质的关系,进而影响分离和检测方法。文章在总结前人对有机质赋存形式和有机酸性质等特征的基础上,提出烃源岩中的有机酸并以非单一的形式存在,具有水溶性、脂溶性和难溶性有机酸三种类型,游离有机质中存在水溶性和脂溶性有机酸,而结合有机质中存在水溶性、脂溶性和难溶性有机酸。因此在检测方法上需采取分步分离的方法,且根据有机酸的性质选取合适的检测方法,即水溶性有机酸利用离子色谱检测,索氏抽提得到的脂溶性有机酸利用气相色谱—质谱检测,通过酸解抽提残渣得到的难溶性有机酸利用红外光谱检测,全面系统地认识烃源岩中有机酸含量和类型等特征。这对进一步探讨烃源岩各种类型有机酸特征和演化规律,深化烃源岩有机质生烃以及有机—无机相互作用等机理都具有重要意义。     

棕刚玉烟尘回收的环境意义及其矿物学研究

电弧炉冶炼棕刚玉中会产生大量烟尘,如直接排放到大气中,将严重污染大气环境。为全面评估棕刚玉冶炼电炉烟尘对环境的影响,作者对贵州某厂７５００ｋＶＡ和３０００ｋＶＡ两组电炉在采用电收尘及布袋尘前后的大气环境状况进行预测计算与分析。对棕刚玉烟尘的研究表明,棕刚玉烟尘主要由Ｏ、Ａｌ、Ｓｉ、Ｋ等元素组成的玻璃态共融物球粒构成。结晶物质主要是硫酸钾、棕刚玉、褐铁矿、Ｋ２Ｓ４Ｏ６和石英。部分钾元素以硫酸钾晶体形     

铀—金共生理论与实践

铀、金地化性质有很大不同，但可共生、其内因是铀、金都是变价元素、铀、金的沉淀都是从高价态向低价态转变的过程，外因是还原体的存在。文中还讨论了铀－金共生与铀－金矿床及找矿意义。     

共生生金菌与锰的相互作用机制

共生生金菌的生长具有周期性的变化特征，与锰相互作用也表现出了周期性的变化规律。该细菌影响着含锰溶液体系的ｐＨ和Ｅｈ，能将低价态的锰氧化为高价态的锰。细菌氧化锰主要借助于各种酶和不同代谢物的作用而完成。     

褐煤高温水萃物生物产气及化学组成变化

微生物与煤的相互作用过程复杂，为了深入分析煤中有机物在生物产气过程中的作用及变化规律，选取义马褐煤和实验室保存的产甲烷菌群作为研究对象，研究褐煤水溶性有机物产气特征及其产气前后化学组成变化。利用去离子水在70℃下萃取褐煤得到水溶性有机物、水萃余煤，分别以其作为底物开展生物产气实验，并利用甲醇对产气后的残煤进行有机萃取，采用GC、HPLC-MS和GC-MS方法分析产气量变化及发酵液和煤甲醇萃取物的化学组成。结果表明，褐煤原煤、水溶性有机物和水萃余煤的产气量分别为0.46、0.45和0.15 mmol/g。产气初期水溶性有机物化学组成复杂，分子量主要集中在200~300 Da，生物产气后化合物种类减少，分子量降至150~200 Da，并且产气后发酵液中检测到一些分子中具有苯环结构的含氮和氧杂原子的化合物。水萃余煤生物产气后的甲醇萃取物中出现少量水溶性化合物如甲酰胺、乙酰胺、亚硫酸二甲酯等。70℃萃取得到的义马褐煤水溶性有机质能被产甲烷微生物利用产气，经过生物产气后煤中非水溶性有机物会转变成水溶性有机物。本研究探索了褐煤中水溶性有机物在生物产气过程中的潜在作用，为阐明煤生物产气的物质基础提供了实验依据。      

整顿“阴阳标签”，必须用“霹雳手段”

最近,发展改革委点名指出,家乐福在我国部分城市的连锁店存在虚构原价、低价招徕顾客高价结算、不履行价格承诺、误导性价格标示等欺诈行为。同时被点名的还有另一国际零售巨头沃尔玛。     

锰在风化作用中的地球化学行为及其在找矿中的意义

干燥气候下,锰矿石的化学风化受大气和壤中O_2、CO_2、S_2逸度控制,锰矿物呈固相转变,不存在Mn、Fe元素迁移现象。热带、亚热带潮湿气候,低价锰矿物不稳定,地表易氧化成高价锰;高价锰矿物稳定,易形成次生富锰矿。碳酸盐建造中锰矿可次生富集,碎屑岩建造中锰矿易流失迁移。这种差异是锰矿找矿中的主要障碍。     

张家口克山病地区土壤硒的地球化学形态研究

对张家口克山病地区土壤中硒的７种地球化学形态：水溶态、交换态、有机态（富啡酸态与胡敏酸态）、酸溶性铁锰氧化物态、硫化物态以及硅酸盐态进行了测定,分析总结了各种形态存在的影响因素,从而得出土壤中的有效性硒成能够直接参与硒的生物地球化学循环,并对人体健康产生影响的结论。     

一神潜在的硅灰石资源─—黄磷渣

本文叙述了新型工业矿物硅灰石的矿物学特征、物理性质、应用领域和应用概况，讨论了贵州黄磷渣的化学成分、矿物组成及物理性质，认为黄磷渣是一种可供利用的潜在硅灰石资源。     

Coal fly ash interaction with environmental fluids: Geochemical and strontium isotope results from combined column and batch leaching experiments

The major element and Sr isotope systematics and geochemistry of coal fly ash and its interactions with environmental waters were investigated using laboratory flow-through column leaching experiments (sodium carbonate, acetic acid, nitric acid) and sequential batch leaching experiments (water, acetic acid, hydrochloric acid). Column leaching of Class F fly ash samples shows rapid release of most major elements early in the leaching procedure, suggesting an association of these elements with soluble and surface bound phases. Delayed release of certain elements (e.g., Al, Fe, Si) signals gradual dissolution of more resistant silicate or glass phases as leaching continues. Strontium isotope results from both column and batch leaching experiments show a marked increase in ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratio with continued leaching, yielding a total range of values from 0.7107 to 0.7138. For comparison, the isotopic composition of fluid output from a fly ash impoundment in West Virginia falls in a narrow range around 0.7124. The experimental data suggest the presence of a more resistant, highly radiogenic silicate phase that survives the combustion process and is leached after the more soluble minerals are removed. Strontium isotopic homogenization of minerals in coal does not always occur during the combustion process, despite the high temperatures encountered in the boiler. Early-released Sr tends to be isotopically uniform; thus the Sr isotopic composition of fly ash could be distinguishable from other sources and is a useful tool for quantifying the possible contribution of fly ash leaching to the total dissolved load in natural surface and ground waters.     

Characterization of activated carbon obtained from Saudi Arabian fly ash

This study investigated the potential application of heavy oil burning fly ash as a precursor to prepare activated carbon. The raw fly ash obtained from a power plant is cleaned by nitric acid/hydrochloric acid and activated at 550–800 °C with hold times of 30 and 60 min to obtain fly ash activated carbon. The phosphoric acid is used as a chemical agent to improve the surface characteristics of the cleaned fly ash. The effects of process variables such as amount of chemical reagents, activation time and temperature were investigated according to two-levels full factorial design. The resultant activated carbons were characterized in terms of Brunauer, Emmett and Teller surface area and total and pore volume. The maximum specific surface area was found of 148.30 m²/g at 800 °C temperatures with 60 min holding time. The test showed that the surface area and pore volumes of the material are also significantly enhanced by the activation process.     

Technical Note Reactive silica and strength of fly ashes

The use of fly ash in geotechnical engineering depends greatly on its pozzolanic reactivity. Though many factors influence the reactivity of fly ash it is well recognized that reactive silica and lime content play a major role. A new, accurate and reliable method for the determination of reactive silica content of fly ash has been established. The reactive silica content, obtained as acid soluble silica in about 2 to 3 N hydrochloric acid, is found to correlate well with unconfined compressive strength of fly ashes. The reactive silica content of fly ash is also important in the stabilization of soils using fly ash. © Rapid Science Ltd. 1998     

粉煤灰对污水处理的效果及其环境影响试验研究

循环流化床燃烧产生的粉煤灰按不同比例与污水充分混合,其对污水中P的去除率可达90%以上;对COD的去除率为45%左右;对NH3-N的去除效果较差,最高不超过11%。由于粉煤灰含有大量钙,可以与粉煤灰中的磷酸盐形成沉淀,故采用循环流化床产生的粉煤灰可以有效处理含P较高的污水。文章研究了粉煤灰中重金属在污染水中释放规律,如Pb、Cd、Cu、Cr及Ni等,由于粉煤灰与污水浸泡后pH值呈碱性,且污水中含有大量有机物质,使反应体系呈还原状态。因此,粉煤灰中的重金属可以稳定存在,粉煤灰在污水中几乎不释放重金属,所以未加任何处理的粉煤灰在浸泡过程中不会对环境产生重金属污染。为此,粉煤灰可用于井下采空区回填,也可用于路基填充等。由于粉煤灰中少量碱性物质溶于水中,可使地下水pH值升高。     

准格尔地区粉煤灰中镓的浸出率影响因素研究

为了粉煤灰的高附加值综合利用,采用酸浸法对准格尔地区循环流化床粉煤灰进行了镓的浸出实验研究,考察了多种因素对镓的浸出率的影响,包括粉煤灰粒度,酸的种类与浓度、酸浸温度与时间、固液比等。结果表明,提高镓的浸出率的适宜条件为:粉煤灰粒度200目,盐酸的浓度6 mol/L,酸浸温度应大于160℃,酸浸时间6 h,液固比在5∶1~6∶1之间为宜。在优选的工艺条件下,镓的浸出率可达80%以上。从粉煤灰中提取镓,使其作为一种资源加以利用,是提高粉煤灰综合利用价值的有效途径。     

Geotechnical Properties of Low Calcium and High Calcium Fly Ash

In this paper, a comparative study has been made for physical and engineering properties of low calcium and high calcium Indian fly ash. The grain size distribution of fly ash is independent of lime content. Fly ash particles of size >75 μm are mostly irregular in shape whereas finer fractions are spherical for low calcium fly ash. For high calcium fly ash, chemical and mineralogical differences have been observed for different size fractions. Compared to low calcium fly ash, optimum moisture content is low and maximum dry density is high for high calcium fly ash. Optimum moisture content is directly proportional and maximum dry density is inversely proportional to the carbon content. The mode and duration of curing have significant effect on strength and stress–strain behavior of compacted fly ash. The gain in strength with time for high calcium fly ash is very high compared to that of low calcium fly ash due to presence of reactive minerals and glassy phase.     

粉煤灰填筑高速公路路堤的可行性研究

粉煤灰具有自重轻、抗剪强度高、抗压性能好、渗透性能好固结快、容量大技术要求低等优点。作为高速公路路基填料可同时解决其存放占地及高速公路路堤填土需征地的问题。此项施工中应充分利用粉煤灰的活性、在最佳含水量下压实及采用相应措施加强排水.     

桐梓大竹坝井田C3煤层理化特征及工艺性能

大竹坝井田全区可采煤层C3,宏观煤岩类型主要为半亮型粉煤,其次为半暗型、半亮型块煤。煤种为中灰中高硫特低磷高热值贫煤。煤层瓦斯含量较高,且具有突出危险性,煤尘具有爆炸性,煤的自燃趋向性等级为Ⅰ级,属“容易自燃”煤层。伴生矿产硫铁矿分散在含煤岩系之粘土岩中,富集程度差,现阶段开采利用较为困难;其它稀散有益元素均达不到现阶段工业利用要求。具有低强度、低还原率、极易磨、弱结渣、高热稳定性、高熔灰分、中等可选的工艺性能。     

A geochemistry study of arsenic speciation in overburden from Mae Moh Lignite Mine, Lampang, Thailand

The aim of this study was to investigate the geochemical characteristics of arsenic in the solid material samples of the Mae Moh Mine and also the Mae Moh power plants fly ash samples were systematically studied. Arsenic concentration in overburden, coal lignite and fly ash are variable (depending on source of solid samples). The results show that the strata of overburden, J seam of coal and fly ash are rich in arsenic and also relatively soluble from fly ash; it occurs as a surface precipitate on the ash particle. The experimental study on speciation in the strata also indicates that the arsenic speciation of Mae Moh solid samples are mainly arsenate, As (V), which are approaching exceed 80%. Arsenic content in the main of overburden is in the range of 14.3–888.8 mg/kg, which is larger than the arsenic background soil values. Solid materials polluted wastewater; the arsenic speciation was present predominantly as arsenate in the surface water of a series of Mae Moh solid materials basins.     

煤中铀的赋存分布及其在利用过程中的迁移特征

煤炭与铀两种资源在空间配置和成矿上有关联性,其合理开发利用及污染控制是我国国民经济和社会持续发展的重大需求。基于大量文献调研及前期研究成果,探讨了铀在煤中赋存分布及其在洗选、燃烧、淋滤过程中的迁移特征,取得一些认识:①煤中铀的富集成矿与成煤大地构造演化相关联,西南富铀煤主要与峨眉山玄武岩及断裂构造有关;西北富铀煤一般分布在拗陷和断拗陷盆地开阔地带一侧并与上覆砂岩型铀矿有关。②煤中铀主要与煤中有机质（主要是腐殖酸）结合,富铀煤中铀可以微细粒含铀矿物形式存在,并与有机硫、硫化物紧密共生,故在选煤过程中,无论重选还是浮选,其洗选脱除率均不高（最高为68.3%）,部分煤浮选时铀甚至富集到精煤中;在煤燃烧过程中,铀或多或少都会以气相形式挥发到大气中。③富铀煤一般也同时富集V、Mo、Se、Re、Cr等高价态变价元素,这与有机体深埋分解造成的强还原环境有关,对于那些不变价元素如Sc、Y、La等的沉淀富集主要与腐殖酸形成的酸化条件有关;这些共生组合元素,在富铀煤的分选及煤矸石的淋滤过程中表现出一致的迁移行为。④电厂燃煤过程中铀主要富集（呈数量级的增加）到飞灰和底灰中,粉煤灰中铀淋出浓度一般随淋滤液pH的增加呈降低趋势,其萃取率随灰化温度的升高呈现降低趋势。研究结果为铀资源利用和环境污染控制提供参考和依据。