色球和白冕的MHD加热机制

扼要地介绍了色球和日冕加热问题的研究历史。随着空间太阳观测技术的进步，人们认识到色球和日冕加热机制主要与ＭＨＤ过程有关。因此，在本文中着重介绍四种ＭＨＤ色球和日冕加热机制：（１）阿尔芬波；（２）ＭＨＤ波动；（３）场向电流；（４）磁重联。由于这四种加热机制的有效性都需要通过高分辨率观测来判定，所以空间太阳     

太阳紫外高分辨观测

对近年来的紫外空间观测仪器（包括在研项目）作了扼要介绍，并对一些关键问题如烃基污染致使仪器灵敏度迅速下降，镜面紫外反射率低下及改进，探测器换代的必要性和困难等作了评述，文中还介绍了目前取得的紫外观测结果对宁静太阳及太阳活动区物理中的一些基本问题如色球和日冕加热，太阳风的加速，色球和过渡区中的物质流以及耀斑触发和能量传输方面所提供的有价值的诊断信息。     

太阳活动区冕环若干研究进展

日冕加热是太阳物理中一个基本问题。随着一批高性能仪器（如TRACE、SOHO、Yohkoh）投入观测，作为太阳日冕中一种基本结构的冕环，其观测资料日益丰富。冕环加热是日冕加热的一个重要组成部分，越来越得到人们的重视。在简要介绍冕环最新观测和研究进展后，以其一维模型为基础，着重讨论了现有冕环加热结构和加热机制的研究进展。     

宁静日冕和冕洞研究现状

主要论述宁静日冕洞，以及日冕加热问题的研究现状。讨论了宁静日冕的理论模型、观测模型和混合模型，以及冕洞区大气模型和太阳风加热问题。最后对计划中的日冕空间探测作了简要介绍。     

太阳过渡区的结构与特性

太阳过渡区是位于色球与日冕之间的一个高度动态的等离子体区域.通过对太阳紫外光谱的研究发现,过渡区的主要结构是以磁场集中为特征的网络组织.首先回顾太阳过渡区的研究历史,接着从整体上介绍太阳过渡区的结构及观测特征,然后介绍过渡区各种结构和现象的主要模型和物理解释,并结合作者的认识进行必要的评论,最后对未来的研究方向提出看法.     

太阳软X射线观测进展

太阳软x射线观测在太阳物理的研究中，特别在日冕结构、磁场和日冕等离子体活动等物理现象的研究中起着重要的作用。太阳软x射线观测主要有光谱和成像观测两种．随着观测技术、方法和内容的发展，太阳软x射线观测揭示了太阳物理的许多重要的科学现象，并在预报、监测空间天气变化，预警空间灾变天气等方面也有着重要的应用．     

日冕物质抛射的理想MHD模型研究

概括了日冕物质抛射的一些观测结果和它们与其它太阳活动现象的相关性。简要回顾了较早期日冕物质抛射的理论研究,着重介绍了最近研究得较多的理论机制,即能量储存机制,以及其中的磁通量绳突变模型与其它理论模型的MHD数值和解析研究以及相应的重要应用．     

第23周峰年云南天文太阳射电观测研究选题

基于云南天文台射频谱仪的频率设置,第２３周太阳峰年期,我们作了下列观测研究选题;（１）质子耀斑的初始能量释放过程及粒子加速研究。（２）通过微波－分米波运动Ⅳ型爆发观测,开展日冕物质抛射研究。（３）射电快速精细结构及微耀斑研究。（４）通过频谱观测发展日冕磁场的诊断方法、反演磁场的拓扑结构。（５）开展太阳突变事件中的射电先兆研究,为日地空间环境警报提供射电观测依据。     

第23周峰年云南天文台太阳射电观测研究选题

基于云南天文台射电频谱仪的频率设置,第２３ 周太阳峰年期,我们作了下列观测研究选题：（１） 质子耀斑的初始能量释放过程及粒子加速研究。（２） 通过微波———分米波运动Ⅳ型爆发观测,开展日冕物质抛射研究。（３） 射电快速精细结构及微耀斑研究。（４） 通过频谱观测发展日冕磁场的诊断方法、反演磁场的拓朴结构。（５） 开展太阳灾变事件中的射电先兆研究,为日地空间环境警报提供射电观测依据     

日冕物质抛射研究进展

作为一种大尺度的太阳高能活动现象，日冕物质抛射（ＣＭＥ）的发现令人瞩目，其强烈的行星际和地球物理效应更引起了天文、空间和地球物理学家的共同关注。在本文中介绍了自ＣＭＥ发现以来的２２年中观测和研究所取得的进展，以及它给太阳物理学带来的影响，并分析了研究工作所面临的困难和障碍，展望了ＣＭＥ研究的前景。     

On the Sudden Depression of Radio Emission From Plasma Above a Fast-Moving Sunspot

We present a very rare case of unexpected depression of radio emission above a sunspot using solar observations from RATAN-600. The sunspot had a very high proper motion on the solar surface. The depression lasted for 5 days without significant changes in area or magnitude of magnetic field of the associated sunspot. The observations show that the depression cannot be explained by the absorption of the emission during its propagation through the overlying magnetosphere of the AR or through the cold and opaque matter of a prominence. The theoretical interpretation of the phenomenon is based on the hypothesis that the motion of the sunspot on the photosphere leads to the significant expanding of the magnetic loop originated at this sunspot. The extension of the twisted magnetic rope results in the loss of equilibrium of the system: the closed magnetic structure (the twisted magnetic loop) seems destined to transform into an open one. The only mechanism of plasma heating which would be `switched off' in such a non-equilibrium configuration is that based on the quasi-static topological relaxation of a force-free magnetic field towards a configuration of minimum energy. Relaxation of magnetic fields does not occur in a non-equilibrium state. As a consequence, the energy release in the twisted magnetic rope and the temperature of the plasma of the local radio source have to fall down abruptly. Thus, the discussed phenomenon argues in favor of the relaxation model of plasma heating.     

Role of 3d-dispersive Alfven waves in coronal heating

Coronal heating is one of the unresolved puzzles in solar physics from decades. In the present paper we have investigated the dynamics of vortices to apprehend coronal heating problem. A three dimensional (3d) model has been developed to study propagation of dispersive Alfvén waves (DAWs) in presence of ion acoustic waves which results in excitation of DAW and evolution of vortices. Taking ponderomotive nonlinearity into account, development of these vortices has been studied. There are observations of such vortices in the chromosphere, transition region and also in the lower solar corona. These structures may play an important role in transferring energy from lower solar atmosphere to corona and result in coronal heating. Nonlinear interaction of these waves is studied in view of recent simulation work and observations of giant magnetic tornadoes in solar corona and lower atmosphere of sun by solar dynamical observatory (SDO).     

The role of space techniques in the understanding of solar variability

The unique advantages of space observations are recalled, and the difficulties in performing reliable measurements of solar variability from space are stressed. The elements of a strategy aimed at improving the accuracy of absolute as well as relative measurements are given. We show with more details how space observations are crucial in determining the causes, the amplitude and the previsions of solar variability. We show how they would permit to gain a better view of the solar interior, of the origin and of the effects of the solar magnetic field. Is the quiet Sun constant? Is the magnetic flux constant? The answer to these questions is likely to be given by space experiments. We state that the understanding of solar variability and its prediction is an extremely difficult and ambitious task which will take a long time. It is urgent that space agencies realize this and start as soon as possible a long term program for measuring the solar constant and the spectral irradiance in various spectral regimes.     

Nanoflares and heating of the solar corona

Coronal heating by nanoflares is presented by using observational, analytical, numerical simulation and statistical results. Numerical simulations show the formation of numerous current sheets if the magnetic field is sheared and bipoles have unequal pole strengths. This fact supports the generation of nanoflares and heating by them. The occurrence frequency of transients such as flares, nano/microflares, on the Sun exhibits a power-law distribution with exponent α varying between 1.4 and 3.3. For nanoflares heating α must be greater than 2. It is likely that the nanoflare heating can be reproduced by dissipating Alfven waves. Only observations from future space missions such as Solar-B, to be launched in 2006, can shed further light on whether Alfven waves or nanoflares, heat the solar corona.     

On the role of energetic particles in solar flares

The importance of energetic particles in the generation of solar flares and related phenomena has been underestimated if not completely neglected. A reexamination of their role in the light of recent observations carried out during the last solar maximum by a number of experiments on SMM and Hinotori satellites points out the continuous and violent evolution of the solar atmosphere. Most observed features can be better explained by the old idea that particles are trapped in magnetic loops above active regions where they are first heated and then accelerated by absorbing part of the wave energy flowing upwards continuously from the convection zone. Their catastrophic release into the chromosphere as a consequence of an instability in the region such as chromospheric heating or due to the emergence of new magnetic flux is considered as being the flare proper. Since the trapping of the particles involves the generation of resonant waves, a reassessment of the isotopic overabundance problem as well as a search for these waves in interplanetary space are proposed.     

Magnetodynamic phenomena in the solar and stellar outer atmospheres

Magnetic effects causing anomalous heating and drastic flarings in the atmospheres of various types of stars are discussed. The best studied examples of these magnetic effects with spatially resolved observations are those in the case of the Sun, but no simple application of the solar knowledge to the stellar cases is allowed, since there are generally very large differences in the physical conditions between the Sun and other types of stars. We examine possible effects of the magnetic field in the respective situations of several types of stars which show X-ray and radio emissions indicating the presence of such activities, and it is concluded that the magnetic field may be playing important roles in producing anomalous heating and drastic flarings also in those stars having very different physical conditions, in ways seemingly very different from, but intrinsically closely related to, those in the case of the Sun.Invited review paper presented at the IAU Third Asian-Pacific Regional Meeting, held in Kyoto, Japan, between 30 September–6 October, 1984.     

Intermittent heating in a model of solar coronal loops

X-ray and EUV observations of the solar corona reveal a very complex and dynamic environment where there are many examples of structures that are believed to outline the Sun's magnetic field. In this present study, the authors investigate the temporal response of the temperature, density and pressure of a solar coronal plasma contained within a magnetic loop to an intermittent heating source generated by Ohmic dissipation. The energy input is produced by a one-dimensional MHD flare model. This model is able to reproduce some of the statistical properties derived from X-ray flare observations. In particular the heat deposition consists of both a sub-flaring background and much larger, singular dissipative events. Two different heating profiles are investigated: (a) the spatial average of the square of the current along the loop and (b) the maximum of the square of the current along the loop. For case (a), the plasma parameters appear to respond more to the global variations in the heat deposition about its average value rather than to each specific event. For case (b), the plasma quantities are more intermittent in their evolution. In both cases the density response is the least bursty signal. It is found that the time-dependent energy input can maintain the plasma at typical coronal temperatures. Implications of these results upon the latest coronal observations are discussed.     

Transition region and coronal plasmas: instrumentation and spectral analysis

The plasma conditions in the solar atmosphere and, in particular, in coronal holes are summarized, before space-borne instrumentation for observing these regions in vacuum-ultraviolet light is briefly introduced with the Solar Ultraviolet Measurements of Emitted Radiation (SUMER) spectrometer on the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) as example. Spectroscopic measurements of small plasma jets are then analyzed in detail. Magnetic reconnection is thought to be responsible for heating the corona of the Sun as well as accelerating the solar wind by converting magnetic energy into thermal and kinetic energies. The continuous outflow of the fast solar wind from coronal holes on ‘open’ field lines, which reach out into interplanetary space, then requires many reconnection events of very small scale sizes – most of them probably below the resolution capabilities of present-day instruments. Our observations of such an event have been obtained with the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) providing both high-resolution imaging and spectral information for structural and dynamical studies. We find whirling or rotating motions as well as jets with acceleration along their propagation paths in close spatial and temporal vicinity to the coronal jet. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

类太阳活动星的X射线观测与研究进展

扼要介绍了类太阳恒星星晚射线辐射的研究历史,综述了Ｘ射线辐射与恒星参量的关系,并对星冕的加热机制作了介绍。类太阳恒星的Ｘ射线辐射与表面磁场有关,因此测定晚型星表面的磁场很重要。