对黄土高原风尘搬运动力与沉积控制因素的新认识

风尘是地球表层系统的重要组成部分,广泛参与地球系统中不同时空尺度的物理、化学和生物过程,对全球气候和生态环境产生重要的影响。中国北方地区发育了世界最广、最厚的风尘沉积,记录了至少22 Ma以来东亚季风演化和亚洲内陆干旱化历史。半个多世纪以来对风尘沉积的气候记录和黄土高原的成因进行了大量研究并取得了丰硕成果,然而对黄土高原风尘物质沉积过程的认识还存在很多问题。例如,近年来基于物源示踪研究对传统的风尘搬运过程提出了新认识,认为虽然黄土主体是风成的,但以前忽略了河流对于碎屑物质的搬运贡献。我们在前人研究基础上从沉积学角度分析风尘沉积过程,发现青藏高原两期抬升与区域构造运动对粉尘沉积起着不亚于气候变化的重要控制作用;同时从沉积-侵蚀和地貌发育过程探讨风力与流水这两种最常见的外动力方式在黄土沉积和黄土高原发育过程中所起的作用,认为风尘的沉积和黄土高原的形成是侵蚀与搬运沉积作用的长期动态平衡过程,风力和流水在其中所起的作用都不是单一不变的,在不同时期和不同区域有可能会同时充当建设者和破坏者的角色。     

Holocene aeolian activities linked to Indian summer monsoon in the middle reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River

Journal of Geographical Sciences - Widespread aeolian deposits on the Tibetan Plateau (TP) have provided valuable palaeoclimatic information. However, the primary factors (e.g., climate factors,...     

Formation and evolution of sand deserts in Xinjiang,Northwest China：Ⅱ. The palaeo-environmental reconstruction

Based on the palaeoclimatic and palaeoenvironmental evidences of geological history and human history periods, this paper reviews the researches and progresses on the development of the sandy deserts in Xinjiang. It pointed out that the features of tectonic structure in Xinjiang had made both the Tarim Basin and the Junggar Basin being influenced greatly by the foehn effects originated from the planetary wind system of westerly, the East Asian ocean-continental monsoon and the topographical mountain-valley winds. The regional patterns of climate and environment since the Quaternary were characterized by the overall persistent drought accompanied by fluctuations in the secondary scale. Formations of aeolian sediments in the basins and at the margins are a potential response to global climate change, particularly the aridification of the Asian hinterland deduced by the uprising of the Tibetan Plateau and its surrounding highlands. For the question about the formation time of the Taklamakan Desert, because the research methods, objects and information carriers used in previous studies are different, there are many disputes in the academic circles at present. Evidences from aeolian deposits/rocks at the edge and in the hinterland of these sandy deserts and their chronological data indicate that an arid climate and land surface aeolian processes have occurred at the edge of the Tarim Basin and its hinterland areas since the Tertiary period. However, the duration time of these processes at mass scale should have begun after the middle Pleistocene and lasted to the Holocene. Occurrence of dune fields in recent 2000 years in the oasis areas should be greatly influenced by human factors.     

中国西北部新疆地区沙漠的形成与演化——Ⅱ.古环境重建(英文)

Based on the palaeoclimatic and palaeoenvironmental evidences of geological history and human history periods, this paper reviews the researches and progresses on the development of the sandy deserts in Xinjiang. It pointed out that the features of tectonic structure in Xinjiang had made both the Tarim Basin and the Junggar Basin being influenced greatly by the foehn effects originated from the planetary wind system of westerly, the East Asian ocean-continental monsoon and the topographical mountain-valley winds. The regional patterns of climate and environment since the Quaternary were characterized by the overall persistent drought accompanied by fluctuations in the secondary scale. Formations of aeolian sediments in the basins and at the margins are a potential response to global climate change, particularly the aridification of the Asian hinterland deduced by the uprising of the Tibetan Plateau and its surrounding highlands. For the question about the formation time of the Taklamakan Desert, because the research methods, objects and information carriers used in previous studies are different, there are many disputes in the academic circles at present. Evidences from aeolian deposits/rocks at the edge and in the hinterland of these sandy deserts and their chronological data indicate that an arid climate and land surface aeolian processes have occurred at the edge of the Tarim Basin and its hinterland areas since the Tertiary period. However, the duration time of these processes at mass scale should have begun after the middle Pleistocene and lasted to the Holocene. Occurrence of dune fields in recent 2000 years in the oasis areas should be greatly influenced by human factors.     

南京下蜀黄土红外释光地层年代学

下蜀黄土地层年代学对于理解季风环流时空格局演化及其与青藏高原阶段性隆升的关系十分重要。作者基于下蜀黄土红外释光测年和下蜀黄土及黄土高原洛川;剖面磁化率序列的对比分析,认为下蜀黄土第一层黄土层形成于末次冰期,最底部的黄土层与洛川的 L5相当。因而下蜀黄土应相当于黄土高原LS以来的风成堆积,其底界年代约为 500 ka。也就是说,在 500 ka左右黄土堆积的南界已达长江下游地区。这可能是因为其时青藏高原的隆升已到达一特殊高度,对东亚季风演化的影响成为一个转折点,加强了东亚季风的强度。     

河漫滩相沉积与风成沉积粒度判别函数的建立及在红土中应用

以长江南通段、婺江金华段的河漫滩沉积物和洛川、新疆昭苏的马兰黄土为训练样本,推导出河漫滩相沉积与风成沉积粒度的Fisher判别函数,并用启东河漫滩沉积物、南京下蜀黄土和伊犁马兰黄土对判别函数进行验证。第四纪红土的判别结果显示：新余、南平等地红土具有典型河漫滩沉积特征;长沙、金华、南昌、九江等地红土即具有风成又具有河漫滩沉积的特征,且风成沉积特征随着纬度减小及地形起伏增加而减小。结合现代降尘的粒度组成推测,中亚热带网纹红土的物质来源有近源也有远源。近源组分为来自附近河漫滩泛滥平原沉积物的风力二次搬运,在沉积后依旧保留了河漫滩沉积的大部分粒度特征;远源组分可能与黄土类似,由冬季风从北方物源区搬运而来。     

1.8 Ma BP以来陇西断岘黄土剖面沉积特征及其反映的腾格里沙漠演化

 六盘山作为青藏高原的东北构造边界，东西两侧有着明显的风成沉积差异。通过对陇西盆地六盘山西侧山麓剥蚀面上厚约223 m的断岘黄土-古土壤剖面的古地磁、磁化率和粒度分析，该剖面具有1.8 Ma BP以来完整的风成沉积旋回。主要应用砂粒百分含量(＞63 μm)作为指示风成物质来源区沙漠范围和气候干旱的直接指标，初步发现腾格里沙漠自1.8 Ma BP以来至少有2次大的扩张与变化过程，分别发生在1.1和0.8 Ma BP前后。研究表明腾格里沙漠的扩张与变化可能同全球性的冰量增加和冬季风增强以及区域性的青藏高原隆升有成因上的联系。     

新疆地区沙漠形成与演化的古环境证据

通过回顾新疆沙漠形成演化过程的研究与进展,指出新疆构造地貌特征使塔里木和准噶尔两大盆地区域受行星系西风、海陆季风或地形山谷风等的焚风效应的影响,第四纪以来的气候环境格局总体表现为持续的干旱化过程并伴随次级规模的波动过程;盆地及其边缘风成沉积的形成,是对青藏高原隆升引起的全球气候环境变化尤其是亚洲内陆干旱化的响应。在塔克拉玛干沙漠的形成时代上,由于研究方法、对象和信息载体的不同,目前存在较多争议;来自沙漠边缘及腹地的古风成沉积及其年代学证据指示塔里木盆地边缘或腹地在第三纪时即已存在干旱性的气候和地表的风营力过程;但在沉积规模和连续性上,它们的存在是否代表大范围沙丘地乃至古塔克拉玛干沙漠的出现以及其后是否与现今规模的塔克拉玛干沙漠有继承关系,需要进一步的研究来解释。来自沙漠外围昆仑山北坡和天山北坡的风成黄土沉积表明现代规模的塔克拉玛干和古尔班通古特沙漠都是在中更新世以后形成的,并在末次冰期时经历了显著的气候变化,但不同区域有不同的干湿波动过程。     

黄土高原最老红粘土的发现及其地质意义

黄土高原红粘土的形成演化与青藏高原隆起、亚洲季风形成演化等有着十分密切的关系。黄土高原中部厚达303m的朝那黄土-红粘土剖面的古地磁年代学表明红粘土形成于8．1Ma，是目前黄土高原上发现的最老的红粘土沉积。这个事实表明大约在8．1Ma：本区构造活动频繁，断裂十分发育，使得鄂尔多斯夷平面解体，六盘山地区呈断块上升，而六盘山以东地区下沉接受红粘土沉积。这可能指示了毗邻的青藏高原有一次显著的构造隆升。     

Palaeomagnetic study of Palaeoproterozoic granitoids from the Voronezh Massif, Russia

A palaeomagnetic investigation has been carried out of rocks from the eastern part of the Voronezh Massif, which constitutes, together with the Ukrainian Shield, the Sarmatian segment in the southern part of the East European Craton. The samples were collected in a quarry close to the town of Pavlovsk (50.4°N, 40.1°E), where a syenitic-granitic body intrudes Archaean units. U–Pb (zircon) dating has yielded an age of 2080  Ma for the intrusion.
  Two characteristic magnetic components, A and B, were isolated by thermal and alternating-field demagnetization. Component A was obtained from granites and quartz syenites (11 samples) and has a mean direction of D = 229°, I = 28°, and a pole position at 12°N, 172°E. This pole is close to a contemporary mean pole (9°N, 187°E) for the Ukrainian Shield, which implies that the Voronezh Massif and the Shield constituted a single entity at 2.06  Ga. These poles differ from contemporaneous poles of the Fennoscandian Shield, indicating that the relative positions of the two shields were different from their present configuration about 2100  Myr ago.
  A component B, isolated only in quartz monzonites (five samples), has a mean direction D = 144°, I = 49°, and a pole position at 4°N, 251°E, which is close to late Sveconorwegian (approximately 900  Ma) poles for Baltica. This suggests that the East European Craton was consolidated some time between 2080 and 900  Ma. Comparison with other palaeomagnetic data permit us to narrow this time span to 1770–1340  Ma.     

淮河上游全新世黄土及沉积成因

The dust source and transporting system are two indispensable aspects in the process of loess-palaeosol accumulation. It has been proved that the dust of the Loess Plateau mainly comes from the northwestern inland gobi and desert, transported by the East Asia monsoon systems and westerlies. However, there are little researches with respect to the dust source and deposition dynamics of the upper reaches of the Huaihe River. In the present study, we investigated and collected the YPC section with high resolution in the upper reaches of the Huaihe River. The chronological frame was reconstructed by optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating and correlated with the published loess time series. By comparison of the magnetic susceptibility (MS) and grain size (GS) of loess-soil profile among YPC profile, XJN profile (western Loess Plateau) and the JYC profile (southern Loess Plateau), we find similar climate change and pedogenic process between the upper reaches of the Huaihe River and the Loess Plateau, both experienced an extreme dry and the weakest pedogenesis during the last glacial, followed by a transitional episodes from the cold-dry last glacial to the warm-humid mid-Holocene and increased pedogenesis in the early Holocene, then a most humid-warm and strong pedogenesis in the mid-Holocene, and climate deterioration and decreased pedogenesis occurred during the late Holocene. But the MS of loess-soil profile sequences in the upper reaches of the Huaihe River was much lower than those in the Loess Plateau, and the GS was much coarser than those in the Loess Plateau. Comparison of GS for these three profiles revealed that there were different dust sources, which belonged to different aeolian transporting systems. The loess in the upper reaches of the Huaihe River was a wind blown deposition of near source, while the coarser dust mainly came from loose alluvial deposits of alluvial and proluvial fans of the Yellow River. The yielding and carrying dynamics of the dust in the Huaihe River is the northeast wind prevails in the winter half year.     

陇西六盘山黄土及最近1．8Ma B．P．以来的构造运动与气候变化

对陇西盆地六盘山西侧山麓剥蚀面上断岘剖面的古地磁、磁化率和粒度分析表明,该剖面具有1.8 M a B.P.以来完整的黄土-古土壤沉积序列。断岘剖面以下7级黄河阶地的发育形成以及在1.1和0.8 M a B.P.前后所指示的腾格里沙漠扩张变化,反映了第四纪早更新世以来青藏高原阶段性隆升对黄土高原西部环境变化影响,以及在青藏高原隆升过程中构造与气候的变化与耦合响应。     

Provenance and tectonic implications of Orán Group foreland basin sediments,Río Iruya canyon,NW Argentina (23° S)

Foreland basins are important recorders of tectonic and climatic processes in evolving mountain ranges. The Río Iruya canyon of NW Argentina (23° S) exposes ca. 7500 m of Orán Group foreland basin sediments, spanning over 8 Myr of near continuous deposition in the Central Andes. This study presents a record of sedimentary provenance for the Iruya Section in the context of a revised stratigraphic chronology. We use U‐Pb zircon ages from six interbedded ash layers and new magnetostratigraphy to constrain depositional ages in the section between 1.94 and 6.49 Ma, giving an average sedimentation rate of 0.93 ± 0.02 (2σ) km Myr^?1. We then pair U‐Pb detrital zircon dating with quartz trace‐element analysis to track changes in sedimentary provenance from ca. 7.6 to 1.8 Ma. Results suggest that from ca. 7.6 to ca. 6.3 Ma, the Iruya watershed did not tap the Salta Group or Neogene volcanics that are currently exposed in the eastern Cordillera and Puna margin. One explanation is that a long‐lived topographic barrier separated the eastern Puna from the foreland for much of the mid‐late Miocene, and that the arrival of Jurassic‐Neogene zircons records regional tectonic reactivation at ca. 6.3 Ma. A second major provenance shift at ca. 4 Ma is marked by changes in the zircon and quartz populations, which appear to be derived from a restricted source region in Proterozoic‐Ordovician meta‐sediments. Considered in conjunction with the onset of coarse conglomerate deposition, we attribute this shift to accelerated uplift of the Santa Victoria range, which currently defines the catchment's western limit. A third shift at ca. 2.3 Ma records an apparent disconnection of the Iruya with the eastern Puna, perhaps due to defeat of the proto Rio‐Iruya by the rising Santa Victoria range. This study is one of the first applications of quartz trace‐element provenance analysis, which we show to be an effective complement to U‐Pb detrital zircon dating when appropriate statistical methods are applied.     

An early Holocene erosion phase on the loess tablelands in the southern Loess Plateau of China

A Holocene loess profile to the west of Xi'an China was studied multi-disciplinarily to investigate the relationships between soil erosion and monsoonal climatic change. The proxy data obtained from this aeolian loess and palaeosol sequence indicate large-scale variations of climate in the southern Loess Plateau since the last glaciation. A rainwash bed, indicative of a wetter climate, excessive runoff and erosion on the loess tablelands, was identified relating to the early Holocene before the onset of the “climatic optimum”. This is synchronous with the early Holocene physiographic erosional stage identified in the valleys in North China. It means that severe erosion took place when the region was undergoing climatic amelioration during the early Holocene. The evidence presented in this paper shows that the erosion occurred as a regional response to a monsoonal climatic shift in the southern Loess Plateau. During the last glaciation, prior to the erosion phase, the land surface on the tablelands had been largely stable except for the rapid accumulation of aeolian dust and the resultant increase in its elevation. Relatively slow dust accumulation and intensive bio-pedogenesis responding to the Holocene “climatic optimum” followed the erosion phase. The loess tablelands were most vulnerable to erosion during the large-scale monsoonal climatic shift from dry-cold glacial to humid-warm post-glacial conditions in the southern Loess Plateau.     

临夏盆地三千万年来沉积物粒度特征及其构造意义*

本文通过对临夏盆地长达30m.y.的连续沉积(临夏群)共计779个样品的粒度特征分析,划分出七大完整的沉积旋回。粒度曲线明显地表示出青藏高原的强烈隆升始于距今3.4Ma前。该文还初步确定出青藏高原地区两次夷平过程最终结束的年代。     

黄土高原现代天然降尘的组成、通量和磁化率

黄土高原现代天然降尘的季节性变化研究表明，矿物粉尘是天然粉尘的主要组成成分，有机质和污染物以夏季粉尘中含量最高，粉尘的磁化率在80－150单位之间，明显高于冰期黄土，指示着间冰期时原始粉尘的磁化率就已受到气候条件的影响，粉尘沉积通量的季节性变化在高原北部较大，中部和南部变化较小，年累积通量也是北部明显高于基本相当的其它地区，分析粉尘沉积的气候过程认为，黄土坑原的天然防尘主要表现为常态存在的非尘暴降尘，大部分为近距离低空再搬运粉尘，其沉积通量与地表的干燥度密切相关，部分来自内陆远源沙漠，通过高空西风气流转输，冬季风粉尘在大部分黄土高原略高于其它季节粉尘，而在西北部显著增高。     

2.5 Ma以来柴达木盆地的气候干湿变化特征及其原因

长期以来，一直认为柴达木盆地第四纪气候在波动中向干旱方向发展。原因是青藏高原的隆升阻挡了来自印度洋、孟加拉湾的水汽。然而，来自柴达木盆地新的证据表明，柴达木盆地第四纪气候演变的总体趋势是冰期越来越干燥，间冰期干燥程度却存在减弱的趋势。并且这种变化是呈阶段性的。最明显的阶段划分应在0.8-0.6Ma前后。这种现象可以用青藏高原的隆升做出比较合理的解释：青藏高原的隆升，不仅通过增强冬季亚洲高压（西伯利亚高压）使冬季风增强，使东亚季风区冰期气候更加干燥寒冷，而且还可以通过增强夏季亚洲低压（印度低压），使夏季风增强、间冰期气候更加温暖湿润，从而使得中国季风区冰期－间冰期的气候变差增大。可是，柴达木盆地位于青藏高原北缘，我国西北内陆区受夏季风影响较弱，间冰期或者湿润期湿润程度的增大如何与高原隆升和季风系统的调整相联系，还有待于进一步的研究。     

青海苏干湖表层沉积物粒度分布模式 与大气粉尘记录

位于干旱区柴达木盆地具有年纹层的苏干湖是以地下水补给为主的内陆封闭湖泊, 其表层沉积物粒度具有多组分峰态分布特征, Weibull 函数的拟合结果发现, 其粒度分布全部具 有4 个基本组分: 超细粒组分, 众数粒径在1 μm 上下; 细粒组分, 众数粒径在5~10 μm; 粗粒组分, 众数粒径在50~100 μm; 砂组分, 众数粒径在500 $m 左右。粒度主峰出现在细 粒组分或者粗粒组分。直接来自大气粉尘的冬季湖泊冰面样品及当地尘暴样品的Weibull 函数粒度拟合也显现出了相似的分布模式, 冰面样品的粒度主峰位于众数粒径在15~20 μmm 的 细粒组分, 砂组分(众数粒径452.9μm) 的出现指示出砂粒在冬半年沿冰面而进入湖泊中心。 尘暴降尘样品在尘暴季节(5 月份) 和非尘暴季节(11 月份) 的粒度分布普遍具有3 个组分, 缺少砂组分, 强沙尘暴事件样品则由4 个组分组成, 粒度主峰均位于众数粒径在100~200 μm 的粗粒组分。结果显示, 苏干湖湖泊沉积能够较好记录当地大气粉尘, 砂组分与湖泊周边干旱地表经历的近地面强沙尘活动有关, 粗粒组分记录了区域性的尘暴事件, 细粒组分主要反映 流域径流状况, 超细粒组分代表干旱区的大气背景粉尘和气溶胶。研究表明, 苏干湖内陆湖 泊沉积客观记录了区域大气粉尘和尘暴事件, 具有重建干旱区大气粉尘变化历史的潜在优势。     

金沙江金江街段河流阶地年代及对河谷水系演化历史的启示

100多年来,关于金沙江独特水系格局的形成历史一直是地学界争论的重要话题之一。多数学者认为,现代金沙江水系是古长江袭夺古红河上游发展过来的。红河海底扇5.5 Ma泥沙供给中断被认为与这一袭夺事件有关。然而,长期以来人们一直没有找到与这一时代相匹配的地貌证据。最近在金沙江金江街段找到了多达8级的河流阶地序列,ESR测年结果显示这些阶地的形成年代为1.07 Ma、0.70 Ma、0.65 Ma、0.51 Ma、0.47 Ma、0.44 Ma、0.30 Ma和0.18 Ma,结合GPS高程测量数据,推算最近1.0 Ma以来的河谷平均下切速率为147 mm/ka。以填充河谷地形为主要手段的古地形恢复结果（基于DEM数据）显示,古长江袭夺古红河上游形成现代金沙江水系发生在这一区域内海拔2000 m左右的古地形面解体之后,依照河谷平均下切速率外推,古地形面解体时代为5.5 Ma,即现代金沙江水系形成于5.5 Ma之后。我们的研究结果与红河海底扇的资料形成一个相互呼应的证据链,为重建现代金沙江水系格局形成历史提供重要依据。     

青藏高原古地理环境研究

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