内蒙古东部地区小叶杨物候变化与气象条件的关系

利用数理统计方法对近20-30 a内蒙古东部主要牧业试验站的气候变化及小叶杨的物候变化进行探讨,研究小叶杨的物候变化与气象条件的关系。结果显示：近20-30 a来大于等于0℃的初日提早,终日推后,积温显著增加。上半年的物候现象(花芽开放期、展叶始期、展叶盛期和开花始期)提前;下半年物候现象(叶全变色期、落叶末期)及开花盛期均推迟。小叶杨自然物候现象存在着明显的地域性差异。小叶杨上半年的物候期与气温呈显著负相关,而下半年的物候期与气温呈显著正相关;物候期变化对温度的响应较强,其关系有可能是非线性的。日照和降水对物候期变化的影响,由于其地理位置和生育时段的不同而呈现各不相同的关系。小叶杨物候期的变化对降水和日照的响应不明显。     

青藏高原植物返青期变化及其对气候变化的响应

基于连续的植被指数（NDVI）、气温和降水数据,提取了1982—2009年青藏高原典型台站邻近区域的植物返青期以及0℃和5℃旬均温始期的时序数据,分析了其时空变化特征,探讨了青藏高原冬、春季的气温、降水变化对植物返青期的影响。结果表明：1) 青藏高原典型台站邻近区域植物返青期多年平均值在东西向和南北向上存在显著差异;1982—2009年间,青藏高原典型台站邻近区域植物返青期整体呈提前趋势。2) 青藏高原典型台站0℃和5℃旬均温始期整体呈提前趋势,5℃旬均温始期提前趋势更为显著。3) 青藏高原植物返青期随着冬、春季气温升高和降水增加而提前。与降水相比,返青期与气温的相关程度更高。冬季气温比春季气温对植物返青期的影响更大。     

1986-2010年巴楚木本植物物候变化特征及其对气候变化的响应分析

利用巴楚国家基本气候站1986-2010年的气象观测数据和地面物候观测资料,采用气候倾向率和气候趋势系数方法,分析气温、降水、日照时数的变化特征;木本植物选用新疆杨(Populus bolleanalanche),垂柳(Salix babylonica),杏树(Prunus armeniaca),苹果树(Malus pumila),沙枣树(Fdeagnys Qxycarpasehlecht),对植物物候期与气候变化的相互关系进行研究。研究表明：近25年来巴楚气候增暖现象较明显,增温率为0.18～0.95℃/10a,春、秋季变暖的趋势大于冬、夏季;降水量变化趋势不明显,整体呈现减少趋势,气候倾向率为-0.61 mm/10a,春、夏降水量呈减少趋势,冬、秋两季降水量均呈增多趋势;年日照时数呈减少趋势,气候倾向率为-30.34h/10a。除春季日照时数表现为增加趋势外,其他季节均表现为不同程度的减少趋势。其中,以冬季减幅最显著,平均减少-27.09h/10a。近25a来喀什木本植物芽开放期、展叶始期、开花始期表现为一致的提前趋势, 叶变色始期和落叶始期表现推迟的趋势;影响植物物候期的主要气候因子为气温和日照时数,随气温升高、日照时数增多,植物生长季延长。木本植物春季物候期与春季气温和春季日照时数呈负相关,且相关性显著,而与冬季气温和冬季日照时数几乎没有显著相关性。木本植物物候与秋季温度呈正相关,秋季气温升高,物候期推迟。在生产生活中,根据植物的物候期变化安排农、林业生产有重要的意义。     

气候变化对阴山北麓木本植物物候期的影响

本文基于内蒙古农牧业气象观测站1994—2015年旱柳、榆树和小叶杨三种木本植物物候观测资料及同期气候数据,采用线性倾向估计、Pearson相关系数等方法,探讨了气候变化对阴山北麓木本植物物候的影响。结果表明：近22 a,阴山北麓旱柳、榆树和小叶杨的花芽开放期和落叶末期均表现为提前趋势,且落叶末期提前幅度较大,平均每10 a分别提前2.9 d、3.6 d、4.6 d。生长季缩短,平均生长季长度为182 d。气温是影响旱柳、榆树、小叶杨春季花芽开放期的关键气象因子,春季气温每升高1℃,花芽开放期提前4.1 d;而落叶末期对降水量较为敏感,水分条件是阴山北麓木本植物落叶末期的主要限制因子。     

石家庄春季自然物候对气候变化的响应研究

分析了石家庄1965-2007年杨絮始落、鸭梨始花和刺槐盛花3种植物物候期的变化特征以及对气候的响应规律。结果表明：（1）石家庄春季物候期普遍提早,早春的物候期提前天数多,晚春物候期提早天数少。石家庄春季物候现象普遍存在着2～3年的周期。（2）通过计算石家庄春季物候与气温、日照和降水量的相关关系,发现与气温的关系最好,与降水日数表现出弱的相关性,与日照关系不明显,说明气温是影响石家座春季物候的主导气象因子,GDD是衡量植物热量供应的较好指标,而日照对物候期影响表现出不同物种和不同物候现象间的差异性特征。（3）石家庄春季物候期与ENSO事件也表现出一定的关系,在暖事件年以物候期偏早为主,在冷事件年无明显早晚趋势。     

基于SPEI的近百年天津地区气象干旱时空演变特征

基于1921—2016年天津地区降水、气温观测数据,对全球降水气候中心降水(GPCC-P)、东英吉利大学气候研究中心气温(CRU-T)进行适用性评估后发现GPCC-P和CRU-T均能较好地反映天津地区降水和气温的变化。在此基础上,进一步利用GPCC-P、CRU-T计算的标准化降水蒸散指数(SPEI)分析天津地区近百年干旱时空演变特征并判断其未来变化趋势。结果表明:(1)天津干旱主要发生于1940年代初期、1990年代末和2000年代初期,四季均以轻旱和中旱为主,干旱高频季节由秋、冬季逐渐转为春、夏季。(2)天津全区SPEI气候趋势在6个时期除秋季整体呈"升、降、升"分布特征外,春、夏、冬季均表现为"升、降"的分布特征,且夏季下降趋势最为显著,1961—2010年宁河每10 a下降0.30。(3)1921—1970、1931—1980、1941—1990年天津春、冬季湿润化趋势由降水主导,而夏、秋季则由气温和降水协同影响;1951—2000、1961—2010、1971—2016年春季干旱趋势主要受气温影响,夏、冬季则为气温和降水协同影响,随着全球变暖,气温升高对干旱的影响逐渐增强。(4)1921—2016年天津地区四季SPEI与PDO呈负相关关系,春、夏季相关性从西北向东南递减,而秋、冬季相关性则由东南向西北递减。(5)未来夏季天津全区、冬季天津西南部呈干旱化趋势,春季干旱化趋势、秋季湿润化趋势不明显。     

木本植物物候变化及其对气候变化的响应

选取青海省4个农气观测站的木本植物物候期及气候资料，分析物候期变化及其对气候变化的响应关系。结果表明：（1）木本植物物候现象存在着明显的地域性。（2）呈现出作物生长季延长的趋势。（3）对气温的响应：上年9月至当年4月的平均气温升高1℃，全省小叶杨平均叶芽开放期提早5d，展叶普期提早4d，开花始期提早4d；上年9月至当年6月的平均气温升高1℃，全省平均种子成熟提早3d左右；上年9月至当年8月的平均气温升高1℃，全省平均叶全变色期约推迟4—5d，叶芽开放至秋季叶全变色期平均间隔日数延长12d。（4）小叶杨对降水的响应不明显。对日照的响应：日照时数增多10h，物候气提早或推迟小于1d。     

天山新疆段植被物候特征及其气候响应

基于MODIS的MCD12Q2数据,采用趋势分析和相关性分析方法,结合遥感降水和气温数据产品,探求了天山新疆段2001—2014年植被物候的时空变化及其影响因素的相对作用。天山新疆段植被物候始期呈明显的垂直地带性分布特征,集中于3月10日至5月15日,全区14年平均值为3月20日;植被物候末期具有纬度地带性分布特征,集中于10月1日至10月25日。天山新疆段植被物候始期在山区呈不显著推迟趋势,绿洲和平原呈不显著提前趋势;植被物候末期主要呈不显著提前趋势;降水量和气温是影响天山植被物候期的重要因素。物候始期受当年春季气温的影响最为显著,也受到前一年冬季降水量的影响,其与降水量呈正相关,与气温呈负相关。夏季和秋季降水量是天山新疆段植被物候末期的主要影响因素。     

1961—2008年淮河流域气温和降水变化趋势

利用淮河流域170个地面气象观测站观测数据,统计分析了淮河流域1961—2008年间气温和降水的时空变化趋势。结果表明:48 a间淮河流域年平均气温呈显著上升趋势,冬季平均气温的增温幅度最大,春、秋次之;年极端最低气温亦呈显著上升趋势,年极端低温日数(满足该站极端低温阈值)则呈明显下降趋势;流域西北部年极端最高气温呈显著下降趋势,流域西部年极端高温日数(满足该站极端高温阈值)呈显著下降趋势;降水量总体变化趋势未通过统计检验,但1990s开始,秋季降水量呈下降趋势,2000年之后年降水量明显增加,夏季降水量亦增加;春季和秋季降水日数呈显著下降趋势,夏季和冬季无明显变化。     

气候变暖对呼和浩特地区自然物候的影响

分析了1982—2007年气候变暖对内蒙古呼和浩特、武川自然物候的影响,结果表明:①春季,土壤表层解冻呼和浩特晚于武川,其余物候呼和浩特早于武川;秋季物候均为武川早于呼和浩特。且两地物候间距均为"豆雁始(绝)见>气象水文物候期>植物始花(落叶)";两地植物物候间呈显著的正相关,豆雁始(绝)见呈显著负相关,气象水文物候期间相关不显著;②两地年、春、秋季平均气温呈增加趋势,植物物候春季提前,秋季延迟趋势显著,与气温有很强的响应关系;豆雁在呼和浩特始见提前,绝见延迟,武川与此相反,豆雁与气温有一定的响应关系;气象水文物候期也具有春季提前,秋季延迟的趋势,与气温相关不显著。     

Impacts of ocean gateway and basin width on Tertiary tropical climate variability in a prototype model

Using a simple tropical climate model, we investigated possible impacts of changes in oceanic seaways (Panama and Tethys) and ocean basin sizes (great Pacific and narrow Atlantic) on tropical climate variability during Tertiary. Our model showed that the opening of seaways had little influence on climate variability in the tropical Pacific because the climate variability in the Pacific Ocean’s large basins were internally generated, regardless of the variation in the tropical Atlantic Ocean. Conversely, the climate variability in the tropical Atlantic Ocean was highly dependent on the tropical Pacific Ocean; thus, an opening seaway, particularly the Panama seaway, was crucial in generating the interannual variability in the tropical Atlantic Ocean. We also found that in the Pacific Ocean, basin size strongly modified the period and amplitude of the interannual variability of both the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans due to ocean wave dynamics.     

巴南银针产区茶叶气候适宜性与气候品质评价

气候条件是一个地区是否适宜茶树生长以及茶叶品质优劣的决定因素之一。为揭示重庆市名优茶产品巴南银针的主产区茶树生长的气候优势,本文以巴南银针茶叶产区为研究对象,基于气候条件与气象灾害发生情况统计,分析茶叶种植区气候可行性;综合气象因子对茶树生长与品质形成的影响,分析春茶生长期影响茶树生长与茶叶品质形成的主要气象因子特点;基于气候适宜度理论以及气候品质评价模型,定量分析巴南银针茶叶产区茶叶生长的气候适宜性以及气候品质等级。结果表明:巴南银针茶叶产区热量条件优越,无早春冻害,能够确保茶树安全越冬以及春茶的早采高产;春茶生长期,从一芽一叶开采期开始计算,气候适宜度平均值0.75,并维持在较高水平,气候条件适宜茶树的种植以及茶叶生产;春茶气候品质等级维持在2级到1级,气候条件利于春茶品质成分积累,保证了优质茶的生产。     

Corporate responses to the CDM: the Indian pulp and paper industry

The key outcomes of the 2006 Nairobi Conference on Climate Change are described, with a particular emphasis on adaptation, the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) and the future of the United Nations climate change regime beyond 2012. Based on an analysis of the key issues being negotiated, the Nairobi Conference can be understood as an important step in the larger process towards a future climate change regime. Its significance is in establishing the confidence and trust between the key players that will be necessary for the successful completion of the current phase of negotiations and agreement on the post-2012 climate change regime.     

The potential transient dynamics of forests in New England under historical and projected future climate change

Projections of vegetation distribution that incorporate the transient responses of vegetation to climate change are likely to be more efficacious than those that assume an equilibrium between climate and vegetation. We examine the non-equilibrium dynamics of a temperate forest region under historic and projected future climate change using the dynamic ecosystem model LPJ-GUESS. We parameterized LPJ-GUESS for the New England region of the United Sates utilizing eight forest cover types that comprise the regionally dominant species. We developed a set of climate data at a monthly-step and a 30-arc second spatial resolution to run the model. These datasets consist of past climate observations for the period 1901?C2006 and three general circulation model projections for the period 2007?C2099. Our baseline (1971?C2000) simulation reproduces the distribution of forest types in our study region as compared to the National Land Cover Data 2001 (Kappa statistic?=?0.54). Under historic and nine future climate change scenarios, maple-beech-basswood, oaks and aspen-birch were modeled to move upslope at an estimated rate of 0.2, 0.3 and 0.5?m?yr^?1 from 1901 to 2006, and continued this trend at an accelerated rate of around 0.5, 0.9 and 1.7?m?yr^?1 from 2007 to 2099. Spruce-fir and white pine-cedar were modeled to contract to mountain ranges and cooler regions of our study region under projected future climate change scenarios. By the end of the 21^st century, 60% of New England is projected to be dominated by oaks relative to 21% at the beginning of the 21^st century, while northern New England is modeled to be dominated by aspen-birch. In mid and central New England, maple-beech-basswood, yellow birch-elm and hickories co-occur and form novel species associations. In addition to warming-induced northward and upslope shifts, climate change causes more complex changes in our simulations, such as reversed conversions between forest types that currently share similar bioclimatic ranges. These results underline the importance of considering community interactions and transient dynamics in modeling studies of climate change impacts on forest ecosystems.     

Aridity in Vojvodina, Serbia

For investigating aridity in Vojvodina, two parameters were used: the De Martonne aridity index and the Pinna combinative index. These indices were chosen as the most suitable for the analysis of climate in Vojvodina (a region in northern part of Serbia). Also, these indices were calculated from data obtained from 10 meteorological stations for the period from 1949 to 2006. The spatial distribution of the annual and seasonal De Martonne and the Pinna combinative indices as well as the mean monthly values of the De Martonne index and aridity trends of these indices are presented. There were two, four, and five types of climate on a yearly, seasonal, and monthly basis in Vojvodina, according to the De Martonne climate classification which consists of a total of seven types. In addition, semi-humid and humid climate types were represented in the region, on a yearly basis. The winter season was dominated by wetter types of climate, while the summer season was characterized by drier ones. During the spring and autumn seasons, there were types of climate which range between both aforementioned types. Two out of three climate types, which can be identified using the Pinna combinative index, were registered in Vojvodina region. The most dominant climate type was the semidry Mediterranean with formal Mediterranean vegetation, while the humid type was only identified in one small part of southwestern Vojvodina. The calculated values of both aridity indices showed that there were no annual trends. Therefore, it can be considered that there were no recent aridity changes during the observed period. For paleoclimate, the general story is more complex. The lack of aridity trends in the recent period from 1949 to 2006 supports the fact that Vojvodina has very well preserved loess–palaeosol sequences from the Middle and Late Pleistocene, which indicates that crucial point for their preservation was caused by the weak aridity variability in the region.     

海口永庄气候平均差值的订正分析

根据海口、永庄两站2006年1~12月对比观测气象资料进行分析,得出海拔高度和周围环境不同是形成海口与永庄两地气候差异的主要原因。利用两地气候平均差值与有关气象要素存在很好相关关系,应用回归法建立气候平均差值的订正方程。经检验,方程回归效果较好,因此,可利用气候平均差值订正方程将永庄站的气象资料订正到搬迁前等长序列,并求取各气候要素的各个时段历史平均值。     

2006年全球气候异常，多项纪录被打破

 以世界气象组织发布的2006年全球变化状况的报告为基础，结合全球相关的资料报道，总结了2006年全球的气候变化特征：2006年为近百年来第5个最暖年，全球出现了大范围的气候异常，包括欧洲最暖的秋天、澳大利亚的严重干旱、非洲大角地区的极端干旱和严重洪涝、菲律宾群岛的暴雨，以及北极海冰面积的进一步减少等。     

气候变化对苏尼特草原NDVI的影响

利用苏尼特草原地区1982—2006年NOAA AVHRR的NDVI数字遥感影像,以及1998-2007年逐旬的SPOT VAG-NDVI数据集,结合研究区域内苏尼特左旗、苏尼特右旗、朱日和、二连浩特4个气象站点的同期降水、气温数据,对植被盖度与不同组合方式的降水及气温数据进行了相关分析,探讨了植被盖度与气象因子的关系。结果表明：苏尼特草原生长季平均盖度、逐月盖度与降水呈正相关关系,与气温呈负相关关系,其中降水对盖度的影响存在着时滞及累积效应。     

Observed Impact of the South Asian Summer Monsoon on the Local Meteorology in the Himalayas

The South Asian summer monsoon(SASM) is the most important climate system in Asia.Using observational data from the HEST2006(Himalayan Exchange between the Surface and Troposphere 2006) campaign and large-scale grid data,this paper analyzed the SASM impact on local meteorological parameters including radiation,temperature,humidity,and wind in the Himalayas.The SASM experienced one active and one break period during the HEST2006 campaign.The local meteorological parameters exhibit great differences between the active period and the break period of the SASM.The radiation fluxes are greater in the break period than in the active period.The air temperature and specific humidity are lower,but soil temperature and wind speed are higher in the break period than in the active period.Further analysis indicates that the SASM greatly affects the meteorological features of the Himalayan region.     

异常弱的南极涛动和2006年我国春季沙尘气候形势

从2005/2006年冬季南极涛动的变异出发,讨论2006年我国春季沙尘气候形势,进而考察南极涛动对我国沙尘气候的预测能力。2005/2006年冬季南极涛动非常弱,在两半球间的经向遥相关的作用下,出现南半球中高纬西风减弱,欧亚西风减弱,欧亚冷空气活跃,西伯利亚、蒙古国、我国北方大部地区(包括华北)2005年冬季12月气温较多年平均偏低,这样就造成沙源地区的冻土层增厚,春季回暖后,沙尘物质条件丰富。因此,在弱南极涛动的影响下,春季蒙古气旋活跃,地面大风增加,我国华北地区春季沙尘天气频繁发生。