超压盆地中泥岩的流体压裂与幕式排烃作用

流体压裂是在异常高流体压力体系的低渗泥岩中流体活动的主要输导通道。流体压裂不仅导致低渗泥岩的幕式压实作用,而且为油气运移,储集的研究提供了新的理论模式。超压盆地泥岩的压实演化可划分为两个阶段,即连续压实和幕式压实阶段,其中幕式压实阶段又可根据导致流体压裂的主控因素进一步划分为两个亚阶段,即水力压裂和生烃压裂,前者主要由于泥岩欠压实和新生流体源的增压所致,后者则主要由于泥岩中有机质生烃及烃类裂解后增     

柴北缘腹部深层异常高孔-渗储层成因分析

根据钻井岩芯及铸体薄片鉴定结果,结合扫描电镜、物性统计及测、录井资料,探讨了柴北缘腹部埋深大于3 000 m的异常高孔-渗储层的形成原因及主控因素。结果表明深部异常高孔-渗储层主要分布在古近系下干柴沟组,是一套辫状河三角洲到滨-浅湖沉积,粒度较细,以粉砂岩和细砂岩为主,岩性为长石岩屑砂岩和岩屑长石砂岩。孔隙类型以原生粒间孔为主,其次为次生溶蚀孔隙和少量裂隙,孔-喉匹配性好。深部异常高孔-渗带主要受控于沉积环境,后期成岩作用和异常高压系统也促使了优质储层的形成。古近系下干柴沟组发育的辫状河三角洲分流河道砂体和滨-浅湖砂体具有良好的成分成熟度和结构成熟度,泥质杂基含量较低,是形成优良储层的基础条件;早期碳酸盐胶结物和高含量的刚性颗粒在深埋过程中有效抵御了压实作用对孔隙的破坏;储集层上、下部发育大套厚层泥岩,在沉积成岩过程中泥岩层内流体排出受阻而滞留在孔隙空间内,孔隙流体承担了部分负荷从而削弱了正常压实作用对中间砂岩层的影响,保存了大部分原生孔隙,在柴北缘腹部深层形成了优质碎屑岩储层。     

东营凹陷古近系砂岩透镜体钙质界壳形成机理及其对油气成藏的影响

砂岩透镜体 / 泥岩接触带钙质界壳是含油气盆地泥岩（烃源岩）－流体（油、气、水）－砂岩（储集岩）相互作用过程中的产物。烃源岩－地层水相互作用生成的有机酸促使烃源岩中矿物、特别是碳酸盐矿物的溶解。烃源岩中生成的烃类流体和地层水，在驱动力的作用下，向临近的砂岩透镜体内运移，同时携带含碳酸盐的有机酸一起运移。烃源岩－水溶液作用后的流体重新进入到一个新的储集岩，在新的物理化学环境中要与储集岩再次发生作用。流体与储集岩作用的直接结果是方解石和白云石沉淀到储集岩中，它们将占有原岩的部分孔隙空间，形成胶结物，进而形成钙质界壳。这样形成的碳酸盐胶结物为晚期胶结物，主要为含铁方解石和铁白云石。砂岩透镜体碳酸盐胶结物含量与孔隙度、渗透率和含油饱和度存在很好的负相关性。钙质界壳的存在使得孔隙结构也发生变化：原生孔隙被碳酸盐胶结物充填，发育的次生孔隙是碳酸盐胶结物的晶间和晶内微孔隙；压汞曲线较陡，排驱压力和中值压力高；喉道偏细，分选较差。东营凹陷牛35井沙三中段2 939 ～3 003 m井段6个主要砂层组的精细解剖表明，砂岩透镜体 / 泥岩接触带钙质界壳是控制砂岩透镜体成藏的重要因素。     

苏北溱潼凹陷戴南组一段次生孔隙形成与分布特征

次生孔隙是戴南组一段（E2d1）砂岩储层的主要孔隙类型，其分布与油气聚集关系密切。本文在沉积、成岩作用研究基础上，探讨了次生孔隙成因机理，指出有机酸的溶解作用是形成戴南组一段次生孔隙的主要原因，并根据有机质成熟生烃和粘土矿物的转变导致的泥岩压实异常特征，进行次生孔隙的横向分布预测，取得了凹陷不同构造带次生孔隙分布与油气聚集规律的新认识。     

大牛地气田上古生界压力封存箱与储层孔隙演化

针对大牛地气田二叠系和石炭系泥岩发育高压封存箱,与之相对应层段的砂岩具异常高孔隙这一现象,通过对砂岩高孔隙段的发育现状、成岩作用特征和不同阶段压力封存箱形成与储层孔隙演化关系进行研究后认为:①砂岩高孔隙发育段主要分布在上、下石盒子组、山西组,层位性强,具可对比性,与相应层段泥岩"欠压实"密切相关;②该区压力封存箱开始发育于砂岩正常压实之前,压力封存箱的形成,极大限制了层内的流体流动,阻碍了砂岩的进一步压实和胶结作用,从而对下石盒子组砂岩原生孔隙的保护有积极作用;③箱内山西-太原组烃源岩有机质成烃的有机酸性水溶蚀对形成次生孔隙最为有利;④晚成岩作用期砂岩内部异常高孔隙压力抑制了成岩作用的发生,使孔隙空间得到了有效保护;⑤烃源岩生烃过程中产生的超高压,引起砂岩破裂形成裂缝,不但增加了储层渗透性,也成为天然气运移的主要通道和成藏动力;⑥由于压力封存箱的封闭,溶蚀的物质不能有效带出系统,溶蚀与充填的消长影响,在盒3、盒2段成藏过程中,气水重力分异,对上部盒3、盒2段成藏有利,但对下部盒1、山1、山2段次生孔隙保存不利,同时对其成藏也有消极影响。     

柴西北缘鄂博梁地区砂岩成岩作用研究

鄂博梁构造带位于柴达木盆地西北缘,其成岩作用十分复杂,其储集性能主要受沉积相和成岩作用控制,砂岩储层为典型的低孔低渗储集岩,非均质性强。该区流体活动复杂,各种成岩作用都有一定程度的发育,胶结作用最为发育,即对压实作用有一定的抵消作用,同时也大大填充了孔隙空间,破坏储集性能;压实作用广泛发育,对孔隙空间主要为破坏作用;溶蚀作用多见,形成大量次生孔隙,对储层的储集性能有利;交代作用多发生,其明确的显示了流体活动的时间顺序。研究区的流体活动信息主要表现为:该区既存在酸性流体活动,又存在碱性流体活动,还有油气的充注,且均具有多期次性。     

砂岩压实作用研究现状及进展

砂岩压实作用研究主要包括压实作用机制、影响因素和响应特征三方面内容,重点阐述了砂岩压实作用模型与数值模拟研究、压实作用物理模拟与数值模拟融合研究两方面的新进展,结果表明:1）压实作用模型包括机械压实作用和化学压实作用模型,机械压实作用模型重点介绍了石英砂岩的粒间体积-深度曲线;而化学压实作用模型是与压溶作用相关的溶解作用和胶结作用,着重介绍了压溶成因的石英胶结作用。2）压实作用物理模拟与数值模拟的融合研究,主要是在压实作用机理认识基础上,通过压实模拟实验,建立基于实验数据的压实作用模型,进而开展数值模拟研究。最后指出压实作用研究趋势将朝着砂岩组分更加复杂的压实作用模型、压实作用与流体流动耦合、垂向-侧向多动力学机制、砂岩-泥岩协同机制、构造-沉积-成岩"三相"耦合的压实作用数值模拟等方面发展。     

四川盆地蜀南地区上三叠统须家河组低孔低渗储层特征及形成机理

蜀南地区须家河组为一套辫状河三角洲平原分支河道沉积的岩屑砂岩、长石岩屑质石英砂岩和岩屑质石英砂岩。埋藏深度变化较大（0～2 673 m）,大部分埋深800～2 000 m,平均孔隙度4.64%,平均渗透率0.147×10-3μm2,属于低孔低渗储层。造成低孔低渗的主要原因是:（1）在构造背景上,须家河组沉积时研究区靠近刚由海变陆而隆升的物源区,沉积物搬运距离较短,分异程度低,大量的泥岩、千枚岩等塑性岩屑及杂基被保存下来,同时碎屑颗粒分选磨圆程度较差,均不利于原生孔隙的形成;（2）在沉积条件上,由于辫状河河道水动力不稳定,侧向改道迅速,早期泥岩易被冲蚀,导致砂泥混杂,砂岩中含较多杂基,堵塞充填原始孔隙;（3）早期持续快速的埋藏过程,压实作用强烈,岩屑压实变形被挤入粒间孔隙中,同时普遍发育的石英次生加大使得砂岩越发致密,孔隙消失殆尽。（4）研究区须家河组远离沉积中心,缺乏烃源岩成熟产生的酸性流体溶蚀改造,导致次生孔隙不发育。     

砂泥岩中异常高流体压力的定量计算及其地质应用

高压异常段中砂泥岩的流体压力常有明显不同,但往往保持同步变化的特点。利用泥岩压实曲线可以计算地下流体压力一般平衡深度法所得结果接近泥岩的现压力,反推平衡深度法与其它经验关系法所得结果接近砂岩的现压力。泥岩现压力及其压实排水量可作为分析泥岩和砂岩古压力相对分布的借鉴。根据所得流体压力资料可以判断生油层的排烃深度与时间、油气纵向及平面运移方向与距离,以及有利于油气聚集的地区。     

沾化凹陷泥岩裂缝油气藏研究

沾化凹陷泥岩裂缝油气藏具有以下特征：（1）储层为暗色、厚层富含有机质的生油岩；（2）泥岩油气显示段具有高压异常；（3）主要分布于深凹陷区缓斜坡上，泥质岩油气显示段主要集中在断层带附近。泥岩裂缝性储集层的形成主要与异常高孔隙流体压力、局部构造变形及断裂作用有关，被非裂缝性泥岩所封闭形成自生自储的泥岩裂缝油气藏。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

Définition d'une limite multicritère ; stratigraphie du passage Campanien–Maastrichtien du site géologique de Tercis (Landes,SW France)Definition of a multi-criteria boundary; stratigraphy of the Campanian–Maastrichtian interval of the geological site at Tercis (Landes,SW France)

Lithostratigraphy, physicochemical stratigraphy, biostratigraphy, and geochronology of the 77–70 Ma old series bracketing the Campanian–Maastrichtian boundary have been investigated by 70 experts. For the first time, direct relationships between macro- and microfossils have been established, as well as direct and indirect relationships between chemo-physical and biostratigraphical tools. A combination of criteria for selecting the boundary level, duration estimates, uncertainties on durations and on the location of biohorizons have been considered; new chronostratigraphic units are proposed. The geological site at Tercis is accepted by the Commission on Stratigraphy as the international reference for the stratigraphy of the studied interval. To cite this article: G.S. Odin, C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 409–414.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

NONMETALS DEPOSITS

正20141520 Bo Ying(Key Laboratory of Metallogeny and Mineral Assessment,MLR,Beijing 100037,China);Liu Chenglin Saline Spring Hydrochemical Characteristics and Indicators for Potassium Exploration in Southwestern and Northern Tarim Basin,Xinjiang(Acta Geoscientica Sinica,ISSN1006-3021,CN11-3474/P,34(5),2013,p.594-602,5 illus.,3 tables,28 refs.)     

MATHEMATICAL GEOLOGY

正20141243Chen Ge(Hangzhou Research Institute of Petroleum Geology,PetroChina,Hangzhou 310023,China);Si Chunsong Study on Sedimentary Numerical Simulation Method of Fan Delta Sand Body(Journal of Geology,     

PROSPECTING EXPLORATION

正20142599Chen Sanming(Guangxi Key Laboratory of Concealed Deposits Exploration,Guilin University of Technology,Guilin541004,China);He Yuzhou Block Model and Reserves Estimation of Panzhihua Iron Deposit Based on 3D Geological Modeling(Journal of Guilin University of Technology,ISSN1674-9057,CN45-1375/N,33(4),2013,p.610-615,9illus.,1table,15refs.)     

STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY

正20140594 Bai Daoyuan(Hunan Institute of Geology Survey,Changsha 410016,China);Zhong Xiang Faults in the Jingzhou Basin and Their Tectonic Settings(Geotectonica et Metallogenia,ISSN1001-1552,CN44-1595/P,37(2),2013,p.173-183,6illus.,59refs.)Key words:basin evolution,tectonic setting,South China In the Upper Paleozoic and Jurassic se-     

STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY

正20141912Cao Hui(State Key Laboratory for Continental Tectonics and Dynamics,Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing 100037,China)Gravitational Collapse and Folding during Orogenesis:A Comparative Study of FIA Trends and Fold Axial Plane Traces(Geology in China,ISSN1000-3657,CN11-1167/P,40(6),2013,p.1818-1828,9illus.,35refs.,with