秦皇岛一次飑线冰雹天气分析

利用常规探测资料、自动站观测资料、多普勒天气雷达资料等对2014年6月26日发生在秦皇岛市的一次飑线冰雹天气过程大尺度环流背景、雷达回波特征及灾害性冰雹大风形成原因进行了分析。结果表明:本次飑线过程是受高空冷涡后部冷空气、低层暖切变共同作用的结果;飑线过境前后,气象要素变化比较明显,风向突变、风力猛增、气压涌升、气温急降、相对湿度上升;本次强风暴影响系统尺度为中α尺度,"弓"形回波结构明显,同时有雷暴出流边界;速度图上的风速大值区、后侧入流、中低层径向辐合及垂直风廓线图中低层风的转变信息等对大风的预警有明显的预示作用,且从雷达四维变分分析可知850 h Pa辐合上升运动较强,中层有干冷空气入侵;回波垂直剖面图上飑线前沿低层存在有界弱回波区,中高层有回波悬垂。     

2017年秋季河北一次飑线引发的雷暴大风过程分析

利用常规地面高空观测资料、地面自动站资料、NCEP 1°×1°再分析资料、卫星云图、多普勒天气雷达资料等,对2017年秋季发生在河北省中部的一次由飑线引发的雷暴大风天气进行分析。结果表明：本次雷暴大风过程发生在高空冷涡底部,槽后冷空气与低层暖平流叠加配合地面冷锋的有利天气背景下,由飑线回波直接造成。环境条件中水汽和热力达到了中国华北地区产生强雷暴大风的平均值,大气温度直减率和垂直风切变比夏季更适宜,但能量不如夏季充足。飑线的强度、形态与夏季产生雷暴大风的雷达回波特征无异,但依据低层径向速度大值区预警秋季飑线大风需提高阈值。秋季飑线过程中地面同样伴随风场辐合、雷暴高压等中尺度系统,冷池密度流作用有利于地面大风产生。     

贵州一次暖区飑线大风与大冰雹的雷达结构特征分析

利用常规高空和地面探测、观测资料,地面加密自动站分钟数据资料以及榕江站、贵阳站C波段多普勒天气雷达探测资料,分析了2020年3月23日贵州强对流天气的环流形势,并重点分析了榕江飑线大风及长顺大冰雹雷达回波特征。结果表明:(1)此次飑线大风与大冰雹发生在南支槽前暖区,地面热低压发展推动辐合线移动、低层西南暖湿气流、中层干冷空气、合适的0℃和-20℃高度均为此次飑线大风及大冰雹的产生提供了有利的环境条件。(2)雷达回波大冰雹特征突出:强回波悬垂,有界弱回波区,弓形回波,中心强度强(60 dBz以上)且50 dBz强回波伸展超过-20℃高度达到9 km以上,垂直积分液态水含量最高达到了70 kg/m~2,连续超过两个体扫VIL≥60 kg/m~2,回波顶高连续超过两个体扫在15 km以上。(3)飑线雷达回波大风特征明显:弓形回波形态特征明显且移动较快,移速约40 km/h,低层径向速度大,中层径向辐合大风区下传,速度零线通过观测站后大风加速。(4)短临预警业务中,对飑线大风天气,应重点关注低仰角速度大值区、中层径向辐合和弓形带状回波生成后移动发展对下游地区的影响;对大冰雹天气,应重点关注大于50 dBz强回波垂直扩展的高度、VIL和ET高值区的维持等。     

3.23贵州暖区飑线大风与大冰雹的雷达结构特征分析

利用日常业务常规高空和地面探测、观测资料,地面加密自动站分钟数据资料以及榕江站、贵阳站C波段多普勒天气雷达探测资料,分析了2020年3月23日贵州榕江飑线大风及长顺大冰雹的成因及雷达回波特征 。结果表明：（1）此次飑线大风与大冰雹发生在南支槽前暖区,地面热低压发展推动辐合线移动、低层西南暖湿气流、中层干冷空气、合适的0℃和-20℃高度均为此次飑线大风及大冰雹的产生提供了有利的环境条件。（2）雷达回波大冰雹特征突出：强回波悬垂,有界弱回波区,弓形回波,中心强度强（60dBz以上）且50dBz强回波伸展超过-20℃高度达到9km以上,垂直积分液态水含量最高达到了70kg/m2,连续超过两个体扫VIL≥60kg/m2,回波顶高连续超过两个体扫在15km以上。（3）飑线雷达回波大风特征明显：弓形回波形态特征明显且移动较快,移速约40千米/小时,低层径向速度大,中层径向辐合大风区下传,速度零线通过观测站后大风加速。（4）短临预警业务中,对飑线大风天气,应重点关注低仰角速度大值区、中层径向辐合和弓形带状回波生成后移动发展对下游地区的影响;对大冰雹天气,应重点关注大于50dBZ强回波垂直扩展的高度、VIL和ET高值区的维持等。     

江西一次极端雷暴大风过程的中尺度特征与成因分析

使用常规观测资料、区域自动站资料、多普勒天气雷达资料、风廓线雷达产品以及GFS (Global Forecast System)0.5°×0.5°再分析资料,分析了2018年3月4日江西极端雷暴大风过程的中尺度特征及其成因,并探讨了该过程的极端性。结果表明:(1)该过程由强飑线横扫江西造成,飑前低压、飑锋、雷暴高压、尾流低压特征清晰。(2)飑线系统进入江西后强烈发展的有利环境条件:低层强暖湿平流、中层干空气、地面增温、低层增湿形成了"上干冷、下暖湿"异常不稳定层结;中层低槽东移、多层急流叠加、地面辐合线共同形成强抬升条件;中低层强的风垂直切变使得飑线生命史延长。(3)飑线与引导气流交角增大,移速异常加快;鄱阳湖地区平坦地形和丰富水汽都可能对地面大风产生增幅作用。(4)南昌站地面低压、下沉对流有效位能(DCAPE)、850 h Pa与500 hPa温度差、925—1 000 h Pa风垂直切变等物理量极端异常,与其多年旬平均差值超过2σ(σ为均方差),对极端雷暴大风潜势预报有一定的指示性。另外,风廓线雷达产品1.0 km以下大风速区提前雷暴大风30 min出现,高层折射率结构常数(C_n~2)大幅跃升提前雷暴大风10～20 min出现,均对其临近预警有一定的参考价值。     

广西一次槽前型暖区飑线的中尺度分析

利用自动站加密观测资料、常规观测资料、NCEP资料以及FY2G、雷达资料,对发生于2016年4月22日的广西暖区飑线过程进行了中尺度分析。结果表明:(1)飑线移动快速(100km·h-1),主要引发湿对流天气(雷暴大风和短时强降雨);飑线过境前气压下降,过境时气温和露点骤降、气压涌升、风向突变、风速陡增,过境后气压再次下降;具有尾流低压、雷暴高压、飑锋和飑前低压等飑中系统特征。(2)此次暖区飑线是在500h Pa高空槽加深东移的大尺度背景下发生的,飑线A初始对流的触发与云贵准静止锋前的地面辐合线密切相关,飑线B初始对流则由红河与玉溪间的露点锋及其锋前西南风和东南风的辐合线所触发,对流触发后随高空槽和中层基本气流向东偏南方向移动发展,影响广西。(3)虽然没有冷锋伴随而下,此次暖区飑线依然是在较强的环境下维持,有较强垂直风切变、较高对流有效位能、层结曲线和露点曲线向上形成"喇叭"状配置(上干下湿对流不稳定);地面辐合线、边界层暖切对飑线的发展和维持有重要作用。     

广东一次强飑线的地面中尺度结构特征分析

利用广东省2 400余个地面自动气象站的观测资料及广州雷达站的多普勒雷达资料对2016年4月13日广东一次强飑线过程的地面中尺度特征和雷达特征进行了分析,结果表明:(1)飑线在发展旺盛时,沿着飑线方向略落后于飑线处有3个强辐合中心,强中心位于飑线凸起处;辐散区落后于飑线,大风区位于辐散中心前侧梯度最大处。大风区造成的气旋式涡度中心略落后于辐合中心。(2)飑线在地面表现为一条中尺度θ_se锋区。(3)飑线强盛阶段的地面中尺度场上可看到扰动高压处于辐合线顶点后侧偏右区域,扰动高压大小与阵风大小有一定正比关系。扰动低压超前于辐合中心,能作为飑线发展和大风是否出现的判断依据。(4)在飑线的弓形回波阶段的顶点处存在下击暴流,顶点后侧的弱回波通道表明伴有后侧入流急流RIJ,RIJ对弓形回波的形成、地面大风和飑线的维持和快速移动具有重要的作用。     

“威马逊”台前飑线环境场及多普勒雷达回波特征

利用常规观测资料、多普勒天气雷达资料、地面自动站加密资料、NCEP 1°×1°的再分析资料等对2014年7月18日发生在湘赣地区一次台前飑线过程的环境条件及多普勒天气雷达特征进行研究。结果表明:台前飑线产生前,对流层低层较好的水汽条件、条件不稳定层结以及两者结合形成的高CAPE值均为其发生发展提供了良好的条件;台风倒槽是此次台前飑线过程主要影响系统,露点锋、地面辐合线为其提供了抬升触发和维持加强机制;台前飑线西移北上的过程中出现"弓形"回波、中层径向辐合(MARC)、速度大值区、阵风锋。本次台前飑线和以往研究的西风带飑线存在以下差异:本次飑线低层垂直风切变主要是以风速差为主;中高层的冷空气侵入并不明显;在成熟阶段,气压场上也没有明显的雷暴高压,但有明显正变压;本次飑线过程是发生在暖湿的环境条件下,后侧入流为相对湿度较大的东南急流,雨水蒸发并没有西风带飑线强烈;雷达速度图上虽有MARC特征但最大正负速度差值并不是很大(15~27 m/s)。上述特征可能是该台前飑线过境湖南过程中没有造成极端大风的主要原因之一。     

一次导致大风的暖区飑线后侧入流分析

长生命史飑线极易造成大范围灾害性大风天气,研究其结构及其维持机制对灾害性大风天气预报有重要参考意义。利用浙江地面加密观测和雷达资料、美国国家环境预报中心/国家大气研究中心（NationalCentersforEnvironmentalPrediction/NationalCenterforAtmosphericResearch）FNL(Final Operational Global Analysis)再分析资料及高分辨率模式模拟结果对2018年3月4日江南地区出现的一次造成大风的暖区飑线后侧入流进行分析,探讨飑线维持机制。结果表明,飑线发生在南支槽前高低空一致西南气流的暖区环境中,环境具有0～6 km中等到强垂直切变、高对流有效位能、中层和近地面有明显干区的特征;3 h负变压异常指数对此次过程具有一定的指示作用。飑线表现为“TS”结构,但层云区相对较窄;反射率因子核位于中层径向辐合下方下沉气流中。模式模拟结果表明,后侧入流及下沉气流在系统内部、后部分别强迫出逆时针和顺时针垂直环流,构成了飑线最主要结构特征;后侧入流紧靠系统后缘而位于对流层中层,促使上升气流由倾斜转为垂直;此后后侧入流...     

山西秋季一次飑线过程的云图特征及维持机制

利用Himawari-8卫星红外、水汽云图和FY-2E卫星可见光云图资料,以及多普勒天气雷达拼图和常规气象站、自动气象站、高空观测资料,对2017年9月21日发生在山西境内的一次飑线天气过程进行云图特征及维持机制分析。结果表明:(1)蒙古冷涡是本次飑线过程的大尺度天气影响系统,地面冷锋东移至不稳定潜势区触发了飑线云系的生成;高低空系统配置结构的转变及地面中尺度高压外流冷空气与环境风场形成的中尺度气旋和辐合线,是飑线发展和维持的机制;对流云团在地面冷锋与850 hPa切变线之间合并发展,地面中尺度高压与低压的发展促使气压梯度增大,导致飑线增强,是飑线过境时地面大风形成的原因。(2)初生阶段,飑线形成于云顶亮温低值区后侧梯度大值区、云顶纹理粗糙区、干湿边界偏湿区一侧,冷云盖略超前于飑线;发展阶段,飑线回波在云顶亮温低值区加强,并沿着亮温低值中心移动的方向移动;成熟阶段,飑线雷达回波与云顶亮温低值区重合。(3)弧状云线、上冲云顶和对流云带一侧的暗影是对流云团加强发展的前期征兆。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Retrieval of outgoing longwave radiation from COMS narrowband infrared imagery

Hourly outgoing longwave radiation(OLR) from the geostationary satellite Communication Oceanography Meteorological Satellite(COMS) has been retrieved since June 2010. The COMS OLR retrieval algorithms are based on regression analyses of radiative transfer simulations for spectral functions of COMS infrared channels. This study documents the accuracies of OLRs for future climate applications by making an intercomparison of four OLRs from one single-channel algorithm(OLR12.0using the 12.0 μm channel) and three multiple-channel algorithms(OLR10.8+12.0using the 10.8 and 12.0 μm channels; OLR6.7+10.8using the 6.7 and 10.8 μm channels; and OLR All using the 6.7, 10.8, and 12.0 μm channels). The COMS OLRs from these algorithms were validated with direct measurements of OLR from a broadband radiometer of the Clouds and Earth's Radiant Energy System(CERES) over the full COMS field of view [roughly(50°S–50°N, 70°–170°E)] during April 2011.Validation results show that the root-mean-square errors of COMS OLRs are 5–7 W m-2, which indicates good agreement with CERES OLR over the vast domain. OLR6.7+10.8and OLR All have much smaller errors(～ 6 W m-2) than OLR12.0and OLR10.8+12.0(～ 8 W m-2). Moreover, the small errors of OLR6.7+10.8and OLR All are systematic and can be readily reduced through additional mean bias correction and/or radiance calibration. These results indicate a noteworthy role of the6.7 μm water vapor absorption channel in improving the accuracy of the OLRs. The dependence of the accuracy of COMS OLRs on various surface, atmospheric, and observational conditions is also discussed.