碳汇管理政策影响分析模型与应用

应用数理统计方法构建评价碳汇管理政策影响分析模型,模拟农田碳汇管理政策的影响。山东省冬小麦种植的案例研究表明,在常规耕作、秸秆还田和休耕3种政策措施两两组合构成的3种情景下,农田碳汇管理政策的绩效及农户作物种植行为存在较大差异。基于利益最大化的基本经济学假设,研究政府在采用不同碳汇管理政策措施的背景下,农民选择不同碳汇管理措施的机会成本及收益变化,模拟农民调整作物种植行为的决策过程。研究表明,利用以县(市、区)为基本单元的农业生产数据和农产品价格、农作物播种面积等数据,可以构建农田碳汇管理政策影响分析模型,模拟不同碳汇管理政策下农民决策行为,推算出采用各种碳汇管理措施下作物种植面积的变化,从而为评价区域农田碳汇管理政策的影响提供依据。     

环渤海地区化肥投入变化及其适宜性分析

农田化肥投入过量导致资源浪费和环境污染问题,成为全球关注的焦点和热点.以环渤海地区为例,利用1989-2008年统计年鉴相关数据资料,分析了区域化肥投入的总量变化、区域变化和单位农作物播种面积变化的差异.通过建立农田化肥肥效指标,评价了环渤海地区及其分省(市)的化肥施用效率,研究提出了单位农作物播种面积的化肥施用适宜量,为实现合理施用化肥、提高化肥施用效率和保护农田生态环境提供了参考依据.     

全球变化下作物物候研究进展

作物物候是农作物重要的植物属性,不仅反映作物的生长发育状况,其变化也影响作物产量,是一种能够指示气候变化的综合响应指标。以气温升高为主要标志的全球气候变化对作物物候产生了重要影响,开展全球气候变化下作物物候变化特征及其影响机制研究对于揭示全球变化对作物生长发育过程影响及其产量形成机制具有重要的理论意义和实践价值。目前,作物物候变化及其影响因素是国内外研究的焦点和热点问题,前人已开展了大量而卓有成效的研究工作。本文侧重介绍全球气候变化下作物物候变化的主要研究进展,包括作物物候变化的驱动因子及其影响机制和作物物候主要研究方法,并探讨未来研究仍亟待解决的关键科学问题,以期为深入认识全球气候变化对农业物候的影响机理以及指导区域农业生产实践提供理论依据。     

1989-2009年河南省农作物地理集聚及其演化机制

以河南省17 种农作物为对象,采用1989-2009 年的地市级数据,对农作物的集聚特点、专业化格局及其演化机制进行分析。研究结果表明:河南省农作物的集聚水平低且整体增长缓慢,尤其是遍在农作物;部分农作物有分散化的趋向,而水稻的集聚程度一直很高,较大程度上影响了河南省农作物整体的集聚水平;经济作物的集聚与区域专业化程度均高于粮食作物,且分布格局变化不大,仍集聚于研究时段初始时的优势区域;蔬菜类作物专业化程度较低,其空间分布与城市化水平高度相关,不断向郑汴地区集聚;水果类作物不断向豫西山地尤其是三门峡市集中,而部分水果类作物如葡萄、桃等则出现分散化的趋势。总体来说,各市域间农作物结构相似度高,分工与专业化生产初现雏形。在此基础上,构建了基于演化经济地理学的“稳定—变化—选择—适应”过程分析框架,对河南省农作物集聚与专业化格局的形成演化机制进行阐释。     

气候变化和人类活动对南方红壤丘陵区森林生态系统影响模拟研究——以江西泰和县为例

在全球气候变化和人类活动的影响下,森林生态系统结构、功能以及空间格局都将发生不同程度的变化。明晰景观尺度上未来森林的动态变化,对森林可持续发展具有重要意义。选择江西省泰和县为研究区,综合利用土地利用模型（CA-Markov）和森林景观动态模型（LANDIS-II）,并结合生态系统过程模型（PnET-II）,模拟气候变化、土地利用、采伐以及综合情景下未来40年（2010-2050年）阔叶林、针叶林的面积及生物量变化。结果表明：① 气候变化对森林面积影响较小,采伐使森林面积显著减少,土地利用变化使森林面积的变化更加剧烈;② 针叶林和阔叶林对不同干扰方式的响应表现出较强差异,针叶林对采伐的响应更加剧烈;③ 多模型综合模拟方法有助于区域森林管理,为南方红壤丘陵区森林结构优化和功能提升提供科学建议。     

局地土地利用变化现实情景研究

局地土地利用变化表现为时序短、空间倾向性强且多为人类强制干扰, 其变化过程与结果 是区域尺度响应与反馈国家尺度、全球尺度最有效的途径。城市化、农业结构调整和土地整理是 目前我国局地土地利用变化的几种主要利用方式。城市化是一个不可逆过程, 农村景观转为城市 景观, 改变了诸如地表反照率、粗糙度等下垫面特征, 局地生境与物种的数量与种类发生改变, 逐 步形成以人类为主的均质化景观格局; 农户微观土地利用选择行为是局地农业产业结构调整的 原动力, 不同类型农户在投资、生产与经营等经济活动的差异将导致局地土壤结构、水分、养分等 土壤条件及环境改变; 土地整理是一个复杂的系统工程, 在一定程度上改变了局地土壤性状与土 壤生物, 更甚的是改变了局地斑块- 廊道- 基质模式的景观格局。因此, 为进一步加深局地土地利 用变化情景的理解, 厘定“人- 地协调系统”的理论框架, 进行局地土地利用变化的情景模拟和生 态环境效应研究将是未来局地土地利用变化的研究方向。     

农户对气候变化适应行为的有效性评价

气候变化对以自然资源为生计基础的农业人口的影响非常显著,更好地理解农户对适应行为的有效性评价对于制定合适的适应政策、提高农民适应气候变化的能力非常重要。利用陕北黄土丘陵沟壑区农户调查样本数据,分析农户适应行为有效性感知特征,并结合调查地2000—2014年的统计年鉴数据中常用耕地面积和粮食产量指标,从客观层面验证适应行为的效果,最后运用多元线性回归分为3个模型辨识影响农户对适应行为有效性评价的显著因素。结果表明:(1)具有高适应效能感知的适应行为大部分被受访农户使用;2000—2014年研究区的粮食产量在波动中上升,说明适应行为有一定的实际效果;(2)影响农户对适应行为有效性评价的显著因素包括农户属性中的非农业收入、农业收入、种植规模、性别、看电视和赶集的频率,农户对气候变化的感知中的本地自然灾害变化、气候变化导致作物播种时间、收获时间、作物产量变化和病虫害,2005—2015年的降水等。     

湿地景观模拟模型的研究与应用

目前,在全球范围内有很多湿地的景观出现破碎化现象,为了探讨未来湿地景观的演化规律,湿地景观模拟模型将成为预测未来湿地景观演化的重要手段之一。分析了湿地景观变化的驱动因子,将湿地景观模拟模型归纳为基于过程的湿地景观模型和基于格局的湿地景观模型。基于过程的湿地景观模型(如PBS、SWEDI、BTELSS和WLS模型等),侧重反映湿地景观变化的生态学过程,但所需基础数据不易监测,建立模型难度大,不易推广;湿地景观格局模型(如CA-Markov、ANN、CLUE-S和GM模型等),一般是基于土地利用变化的通用模型,将湿地作为一种景观类型,侧重考虑湿地景观格局的变化,未能充分考虑其生态过程。对湿地景观模拟模型的研究予以展望,认为需要(1)加强湿地景观驱动机制的定量化研究;(2)促进湿地景观格局-过程模型耦合;(3)注重湿地景观模拟模型的尺度推绎;(4)应该提高湿地景观模拟模型的普适性,使其能够预测全球变化背景下不同区域尺度的湿地景观演化规律。     

气候变暖对甘肃种植业结构和农作物生长的影响

采用对农作物生长有指标意义的≥10℃积温和<0℃负积温与农作物适宜种植面积、生长发育速度及产量进行对比统计分析研究,得出气候变暖对农作物种植结构发生了较大改变,冬小麦西伸北扩,棉花面积迅速扩大,多熟制向北和高海拔地区推移。农作物生长发育速度发生了明显变化,春播作物提早播种,喜热和喜温作物生育期延长,越冬作物推迟播种,生育期缩短。喜热作物棉花气候产量明显增加。     

城市郊区农户作物选择演化机制分析——基于河南省杏花营村和贺砦村的比较研究

基于农户行为经济学、演化经济地理学相关理论,结合案例村农户30多年作物选择行为变化,从微观视角探讨改革开放以来城市郊区农户作物选择的演变机制。研究发现:受外部社会经济发展及制度环境变迁影响,城市郊区农户作物选择行为呈现明显的阶段变化;农户越来越倾向于选择集约程度和利润相对较高的经济作物,而放弃种植粮食作物;农户作物选择是自然条件、市场邻近、工业化和城镇化、制度环境等因素共同作用的结果;农户作物选择行为是不断的路径破坏—创造—再破坏—再创造的过程。     

2003~2014年中国种植业产值增长及贡献因素分析

基于统计数据,采用对数平均迪氏分解模型,从全国和省域2个尺度研究农作物播种面积、单位面积产值、增加值率、价格变化等因素对2003~2014年中国种植业增加值的影响方向与程度,以期为农业政策调整和差别化的种植业生产策略制定提供依据。结果表明：① 12 a间种植业增加值增加了25 608.4亿元;农产品生产价格指数的提升、单位面积产值的快速增加叠加上农作物播种面积的稳定增长,导致研究期间种植业增加值的明显上升;种植业增加值呈现“北进中移”的发展趋势,长江中下游区、黄淮海区、西南区等省域的种植业增加值明显增加。② 各因素对各省域种植业增加值的作用方向和作用强度呈现出一定的差异性,农产品价格指数的明显提升和单位面积产值的快速增加是大部分省域种植业增加值快速增长的主要推动力,而农作物播种面积的稳定增加也起到比较明显的正向促进作用;新疆和内蒙古农作物播种面积的正向效应明显,北京、上海和浙江农作物播种面积的负向效应明显;东部沿海省域和直辖市增加值率的负向效应比较明显。     

大都市郊区农户生计多样化及对土地利用的影响——以北京市大兴区为例

以北京市大兴区为例,采用农户调查数据,设计不同资源群体农户分类评价指标体系,利用非系统聚类方法将农户划分为5类(①中等资源禀赋,中等非农收入;②高等资源禀赋,中等非农收入;③中等资源禀赋,低等非农收入;④纯农户;⑤非农户),进而分析了不同资源群体农户的生计多样化特点及对土地利用的影响。研究表明:(1)在大都市郊区,农户类型1～3、纯农户和非农户分别采取了农业和非农兼顾、留在农业和脱离农业的生计策略。(2)农户类型1～3和纯农户中,70%农户生计多样化指数分布在2～3之间,且依然呈现粮食作物播种面积较大,选择比例最高,其次是经济作物。(3)农户类型1～3和非农户中,以就地转移方式非农就业是农户家庭劳动力安排的主要选择,且非农就业劳动力年龄最轻和教育水平最高。(4)大都市郊区土地非农化的转型特点促使农户从类型1～4被动地向类型5转化,土地利用效益低下也持续推动了农户生计多样化,同时,农户生计多样化会引发粮食生产能力停滞不前、土地流转和产权调整大规模顺势而生、土壤养分富集等土地利用现象。     

A spatiotemporal calculus for reasoning about land-use trajectories

Earth observation images are a powerful source of data about changes in our planet. Given the magnitude of global environmental changes taking place, it is important that Earth Science researchers have access to spatiotemporal reasoning tools. One area of particular interest is land-use change. Using data obtained from images, researchers would like to express abstractions such as ‘land abandonment’, ‘forest regrowth’, and ‘agricultural intensification’. These abstractions are specific types of land-use trajectories, defined as multi-year paths from one land cover into another. Given this need, this paper introduces a spatiotemporal calculus for reasoning about land-use trajectories. Using Allen’s interval logic as a basis, we introduce new predicates that express cases of recurrence, conversion and evolution in land-use change. The proposed predicates are sufficient and necessary to express different kinds of land-use trajectories. Users can build expressions that describe how humans modify Earth’s terrestrial surface. In this way, scientists can better understand the environmental and economic effects of land-use change.     

清代北疆作物种植结构对气候变化的响应

提取历史文献中有关清代北疆地区的农事记录,分析作物种植结构的变化,并与树轮重建的北疆5~8月温度序列进行对比,发现作物结构对气候有较好的响应,在3个偏冷阶段,即1732~1744、1776~1796、1828~1848年间,奏折记录显示以青稞、糜子、小麦喜凉、温作物为主。在3个偏暖阶段,即1745~1775年,1797~1827年,1849~1860年间,北疆开始试种豌豆、小麦、谷子喜温作物成功并逐年扩大种植面积。     

农地边际化过程中农户土地利用行为变化及其对粮食生产的影响

认识农地边际化过程中农户土地利用行为的变化及其对粮食生产的影响,对正确判断中国的粮食生产形势,制订相关政策以确保粮食安全具有重要意义。基于湖北省咸宁市4县1市1区的23个村组、1252个农户家庭的调查数据,对1981年以来农户土地利用行为变化的特征及其对粮食生产的影响进行分析。结果表明：① 农户用于粮食生产的劳动力与土地面积明显下降,农户用地方式出现“省工性”变化,劳动力被农机要素替代,农业机械、化学肥料与农药等物质投入显著上升。② 主要粮食作物的劳动生产率、土地生产率与商品率分别提高了4.61%、29.69%与50.56%,但区域主要粮食作物的总产量与农户家庭平均粮食占有量却分别下降了10.49%与10.50%,区域粮食安全的保障能力出现弱化。③ 丘陵山区主要粮食作物的“三率”提高幅度高于平原地区,丘陵山区的水稻总产量与家庭占有量均略有提高,但平原地区却出现了明显下降。产粮重心在空间上出现从平原地区向丘陵山区倾斜的现象。④ 稳定主要粮食作物的用地规模,促进农户规模经营,提高土地产出效率,是应对农地边际化作用的关键。从事规模化与专业化粮食生产的农区与农户,应成为国家惠农政策与粮食安全政策重点扶持的对象。     

Land consolidation engineering and modern agriculture: A case study from soil particles to agricultural systems

Land consolidation engineering is one of the very important ways to improve the quality of farmland and the level of agricultural productivity. Studies of land consolidation and crop cultivation still mainly focus on single land functional optimization or crop breeding and yields. However, whether the improved crop varieties were sown on healthy and fertile soils is still a question. This paper introduces new ideas and engineering measures for sandy land rehabilitation and modern agricultural development in the Mu Us Sandy Land, Shaanxi Province, Western China. The important roles of particles and aggregates in soil reconstruction were confirmed following three innovative microscopic theories, including micro-structure, micro-morphology and micro-mechanism. New soil was constructed based on the physical complementarity of sandy, clay and loess particles in the Yulin area, northern Shaanxi Province. Field experiments were carried out to study the appropriate mixture ratio of different soils and their suitability for different crops. The improved crop varieties were sown on healthy and fertile soils, which were chosen by coupling according to its soil ecological suitability and crop physiological adaptability. The fertility improvement practices in the new constructed soils with different crops integrated water and fertilizer management measures, which were also provided in the experiment. Overall, an integrated land optimization configuration with improved and optimized crop variety selection was suggested for engineering sandy land-oriented consolidation from the soil particles to the agricultural system.     

土地整治与现代农业:从土壤颗粒到农业系统——以陕西省榆林市为例（英文）

Land consolidation engineering is one of the very important ways to improve the quality of farmland and the level of agricultural productivity. Studies of land consolidation and crop cultivation still mainly focus on single land functional optimization or crop breeding and yields. However, whether the improved crop varieties were sown on healthy and fertile soils is still a question. This paper introduces new ideas and engineering measures for sandy land rehabilitation and modern agricultural development in the Mu Us Sandy Land, Shaanxi Province, Western China. The important roles of particles and aggregates in soil reconstruction were confirmed following three innovative microscopic theories, including micro-structure, micro-morphology and micro-mechanism. New soil was constructed based on the physical complementarity of sandy, clay and loess particles in the Yulin area, northern Shaanxi Province. Field experiments were carried out to study the appropriate mixture ratio of different soils and their suitability for different crops. The improved crop varieties were sown on healthy and fertile soils, which were chosen by coupling according to its soil ecological suitability and crop physiological adaptability. The fertility improvement practices in the new constructed soils with different crops integrated water and fertilizer management measures, which were also provided in the experiment. Overall, an integrated land optimization configuration with improved and optimized crop variety selection was suggested for engineering sandy land-oriented consolidation from the soil particles to the agricultural system.     

Evaluation of farmland losses from sea level rise and storm surges in the Pearl River Delta region under global climate change

The Pearl River Delta on China’s coast is a region that is seriously threatened by sea level rise and storm surges induced by global climate change, which causes flooding of large areas of farmland and huge agricultural losses. Based on relevant research and experience, a loss evaluation model of farmland yield caused by sea level rise and storm surges was established. In this model, the area of submerged farmland, area of crops, and per unit yield of every type of crop were considered, but the impact of wind, flooding time, changes in land use and plant structure were not considered for long-term prediction. Taking the Pearl River Delta region in Guangdong as the study area, we estimated and analyzed the spatial distribution and loss of farmlands for different scenarios in the years 2030, 2050, and 2100, using a digital elevation model, land-use data, local crop structure, rotation patterns, and yield loss ratios for different submerged heights obtained from field survey and questionnaires. The results show that the proportion of submerged farmlands and losses of agricultural production in the Pearl River Delta region will increase gradually from 2030 to 2100. Yangjiang, Foshan, and Dongguan show obvious increases in submerged farmlands, while Guangzhou and Zhuhai show slow increases. In agricultural losses, vegetables would sustain the largest loss of production, followed by rice and peanuts. The greatest loss of rice crops would occur in Jiangmen, and the loss of vegetable crops would be high in Shanwei and Jiangmen. Although losses of peanut crops are generally lower, Jiangmen, Guangzhou, and Shanwei would experience relatively high losses. Finally, some measures to defend against storm surges are suggested, such as building sea walls and gates in Jiangmen, Huizhou, and Shanwei, enforcing ecological protection to reduce destruction from storm surges, and strengthening disaster warning systems.     

珠江三角洲地区未来海平面上升及风暴潮增水的耕地损失预测（英文）

The Pearl River Delta on China's coast is a region that is seriously threatened by sea level rise and storm surges induced by global climate change, which causes flooding of large areas of farmland and huge agricultural losses. Based on relevant research and experience, a loss evaluation model of farmland yield caused by sea level rise and storm surges was established. In this model, the area of submerged farmland, area of crops, and per unit yield of every type of crop were considered, but the impact of wind, flooding time, changes in land use and plant structure were not considered for long-term prediction. Taking the Pearl River Delta region in Guangdong as the study area, we estimated and analyzed the spatial distribution and loss of farmlands for different scenarios in the years 2030, 2050, and 2100, using a digital elevation model, land-use data, local crop structure, rotation patterns, and yield loss ratios for different submerged heights obtained from field survey and questionnaires. The results show that the proportion of submerged farmlands and losses of agricultural production in the Pearl River Delta region will increase gradually from 2030 to 2100. Yangjiang, Foshan, and Dongguan show obvious increases in submerged farmlands, while Guangzhou and Zhuhai show slow increases. In agricultural losses, vegetables would sustain the largest loss of production, followed by rice and peanuts. The greatest loss of rice crops would occur in Jiangmen, and the loss of vegetable crops would be high in Shanwei and Jiangmen. Although losses of peanut crops are generally lower, Jiangmen, Guangzhou, and Shanwei would experience relatively high losses. Finally, some measures to defend against storm surges are suggested, such as building sea walls and gates in Jiangmen, Huizhou, and Shanwei, enforcing ecological protection to reduce destruction from storm surges, and strengthening disaster warning systems.     

北京丰台区土地利用变化及其经济驱动力分析

采用GIS技术和统计分析技术,基于1984、1992和1995～2001年土地利用图件和数据,分析了1984年以来北京丰台区土地利用变化历史过程及其空间分异特征。土地利用变化的基本特点是农业用地面积大幅度下降,非农用地面积快速增加,且随着时间的推移,变化高峰地域在由内向外传递。对1999年土地利用类型数据与经济产值数据匹配结果表明:土地经济产出效益巨大差异的存在是驱动丰台区土地利用从农业用地,尤其是耕地向非农业用地转化的最大动力所在。利用1992～2001年的非农业用地与固定资产投资、人口,二、三产业增加值进行的相关分析显示,固定资产投资、人口增长和第二产业的发展对非农业用地扩展有着显著的作用。