变性台风“麦德姆”(1410)环流中的锋生现象及其对降水的影响

利用中国气象局热带气旋年鉴、FY-2D（0.1°×0.1°）云顶亮温、逐时自动气象站降雨量、常规观测资料和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,运用锋生函数对台风“麦德姆”（Matmo,1410）影响辽东半岛和山东半岛期间的降水特征进行了诊断分析。结果表明：1）Matmo影响辽东半岛和山东半岛期间,其低压环流与西风带高空槽相互作用,在其西侧和东北侧分别有冷锋和暖锋锋生,两条锋带均向东移。强锋生区首先在低层生成,随后尽管高空锋区向下延伸,但并未与低层冷锋重合,低层冷锋锋生强度减弱。2）山东半岛和辽东半岛的降水均发生在台风低压环流的锋生过程中,但山东半岛的降水明显多于辽东半岛。这与锋生强度密切相关,辽东半岛的锋生强度和垂直运动较山东半岛明显偏弱。3）强降水与台风环流内冷、暖平流活动密切相关,冷暖平流交汇之处对强降水有较好的示踪作用。山东半岛始终处于冷暖平流交汇处,其西侧斜压不稳定加强,上升运动发展,强降水出现在冷锋带上暖平流区内;而辽东半岛由冷平流转为暖平流时,对流运动向其东北方向发展,强降水位于辽东半岛东北部。     

Antecedent mid-tropospheric frontogenesis caused by the interaction between a tropical cyclone and midlatitude trough: a case study of Typhoon Rusa (2002)

This study examines antecedent mid-tropospheric frontogenesis (AMF) resulting from the interaction between Typhoon Rusa (2002) and a midlatitude trough over the Korean Peninsula. In this event, the AMF contributed to the first peak in the time series of rainfall in Gangneung (37.75°N, 128.90°E), occurring about 12 h before the time of the extratropical transition (ET) process of the tropical cyclone (TC). Using observations and high-resolution model outputs, we showed that the AMF contributed to the antecedent rainfall in Gangneung during the first rainfall period when Gangneung was located outside of Rusa's sphere of direct influence. A Weather Research Forecasting (WRF) model experiment was conducted to diagnose the frontogenetical features and associated precipitation processes in detail. The experiment revealed that the AMF was mainly forced by the horizontal deformation forcing (HDF). The direction of the HDF was oriented from southwest to northeast in the middle part of the peninsula. The HDF increased positively due to the confluence of the southeasterlies from the TC and the northwesterlies emanating from the midlatitude trough. The experiment also suggested that the mid-tropospheric moisture originated from the subtropical ocean and deposited into the frontal region by the southerlies on the eastern periphery of the TC, which enhanced the convergence of moisture flux in the frontal region during the first rainfall period. The thermally direct circulation associated with the AMF lead to the mid-tropospheric saturation, which enhanced the precipitation of the first rainfall event together with the orographically forced convection at the low level above Gangneung.     

冷空气影响辽东半岛热带气旋降水的数值试验

Matsa（0509）是直接登陆辽东半岛的变性台风,利用MM5v3模式对2005年8月8~9日在山东半岛和辽东半岛发生的暴雨过程进行模拟,并通过敏感试验研究冷空气对辽东半岛热带气旋降水的影响。结果表明:冷空气入侵热带气旋外围,对辽东半岛地区对流云团的强度、上升运动及其降水具有明显的增强作用。对流层中下层弱冷空气和对流层中上层较强冷空气的作用,使辽东半岛地区的回波强度和上升运动明显加强,有利于半岛地区暴雨增幅,其中对流层中上层较强冷空气对辽东半岛暴雨的作用显著。无冷空气影响或对流层中下层强冷空气作用时,辽东半岛上空的上升运动和回波强度明显减弱,强对流维持时间短,半岛地区的降水量明显减少。     

双TC和梅雨锋共同作用下的一次暴雨过程分析

通过NCEP再分析资料计算各种物理量和应用卫星云图、雷达资料,并用WRF中尺模式做数值模拟,从动力过程、水汽输送过程、中小尺度系统等3个方面对TC和梅雨锋共同作用在浙北产生的一次暴雨过程进行分析。结论如下:(1)动力过程特点:300 hPa急流出口区辐散,中层3支气流汇合形成变形场锋生,产生强烈上升运动。低层TC外围的东南气流输入暖平流和湿位涡,使海上台风倒槽向北传播发展,最终形成气旋。TC高层流出气流对梅雨锋南侧垂直环流的维持有利;(2)水汽主要由两个TC外围的环流输送;(3)卫星云图和雷达回波显示有不同的降水云团合并且有加强的过程。用WRF中尺模式做数值模拟显示:700 hPa中小尺度的切变线或辐合区与强降水回波相对应。过程主要特点是中低层两个TC外围的气流与西风带气流在华东地区汇合,形成变形场锋生,产生强烈的辐合上升。在不同的气流汇合后产生了强急流输送水汽,加强垂直环流和中小尺度的辐合,是强降水产生的主要原因。西南季风经过台风绕流后在合适的环境场下仍有可能到达华东地区,这时往往与中纬度西风带汇合,在这种情况下会加强梅雨降水。     

2010年5月6日重庆强对流过程的天气学分析

利用常规观测、NCEP/NCAR再分析、FY-2E卫星、多普勒雷达以及自动站观测资料,对2010年5月6日重庆强风雹、暴雨天气过程进行了天气学分析。详细讨论了各尺度天气系统的发展演变及相互作用关系,并在此基础上提出了此次强对流发生的天气背景概念模型。研究结果表明:这次强对流过程发生在中纬度气旋、反气旋和高空槽增强发展的背景下,地面气旋与反气旋之间的冷锋也在南移中逐渐增强,而中纬度系统与西南地区低压和副热带高压间构成的鞍形场在重庆北侧造成锋生,一方面使得冷锋西段增强,另一方面通过次级环流与中层急流正反馈相互作用,加剧重庆中低层辐合抬升运动,既降低了大气稳定度,又为对流的触发形成提供了有利条件。与此同时,重庆低层始终位于西南地区低压东北部,偏南气流不仅输送了充足的水汽,其伴随的暖平流还与太阳辐射共同造成了重庆低层的显著升温,形成了条件不稳定层结。5月5日夜间冷锋移至重庆地区,锋面附近的强辐合造成了对流的初始发展,这一过程很可能与冷锋进入四川盆地后的下坡地形有关。另外,此次天气过程中副热带高空急流造成的强垂直风切变和高空辐散也为对流的强烈发展提供了有利条件。     

The Persistent Heavy Rainfall over Southern China in June 2010：Evolution of Synoptic Systems and the Effects of the Tibetan Plateau Heating

This study investigates influencing weather systems for and the effect of Tibetan Plateau （TP）’s surface heating on the heavy rainfall over southern China in June 2010, focusing on the four persistent heavy rainfall events during 14-24 June 2010. The ma jor weather systems include the South Asian high, midlatitude trough and ridge, western Pacific subtropical high in the middle troposphere, and shear lines and eastward-moving vortices in the lower troposphere. An ensemble of convection-permitting simulations （CTL） is carried out with the WRF model for these rainfall events, which successfully reproduce the observed evolution of precipitation and weather systems. Another ensemble of simulations （SEN） with the surface albedo over the TP and its southern slope changed artificially to one, i.e., the surface does not absorb any solar heating, otherwise it is identical to CTL, is also performed. Comparison between CTL and SEN suggests that the surface sensible heating of TP in CTL significantly affects the temperature distributions over the plateau and its surroundings, and the thermal wind adjustment consequently changes atmospheric circulations and properties of the synoptic systems, leading to intensified precipitation over southern China. Specifically, at 200 hPa, anticyclonic and cyclonic anomalies form over the western and eastern plateau, respectively, which enhances the southward cold air intrusion along the eastern TP and the divergence over southern China;at 500 hPa, the ridge over the northern plateau and the trough over eastern China are strengthened, the southwesterly flows along the northwestern side of the subtropical high are intensified, and the positive vorticity propagation from the plateau to its downstream is also enhanced significantly;at 850 hPa, the low-pressure vortices strongly develop and move eastward while the southwesterly low-level jet over southern China strengthens in CTL, leading to increased water vapor convergence and upward motion over the precipitation region.     

超强台风“威马逊”（1409）强度和降水特征及其近海急剧加强原因

利用常规观测资料以及海南省中尺度自动站资料、海口多普勒雷达产品、FY系列卫星云图和NECP 1°×1°再分析资料,分析了2014年第9号超强台风＂威马逊＂（1409）在海南岛登陆前后其强度和降水特征及其近海急剧加强的原因。结果表明：＂威马逊＂登陆海南省文昌市翁田镇时强度维持或略有减弱,登陆前其中心附近极大风速超过74 m·s-1,最低海平面气压899.2 h Pa,为1949年建国以来登陆我国大陆最强台风;＂威马逊＂从7月18日10时到当日15时登陆文昌前的5 h内,其中心附近最大风速增大了5 m·s-1,最低气压下降了20 h Pa,其超强台风量级从18日11时开始维持时间达17 h;＂威马逊＂眼壁回波造成的海南北部地区强降水具有降水效率高、对流发展不够强盛的混合性降水特征,而其螺旋雨带＂列车效应＂造成的海南西部地区极值降水则具有典型的对流性降水特征;西太平洋副热带高压、低空急流、西风槽和南亚高压是＂威马逊＂近海持续加强的主要影响系统;低层辐合与高层辐散、弱的环境风垂直切变和适宜的海面温度、深厚的暖涡是＂威马逊＂近海急剧加强的原因。     

IMPACTS OF TWO TROPICAL CYCLONES EXPERIENCING EXTRATROPICAL TRANSITION DURING NORTHWARD PROGRESSION ON THE RAINFALL OF LIAODONG PENINSULA

Both of Typhoon Winnie (9711) and Matsa (0509) underwent an extratropical transition (ET) process when they moved northward after landfall and affected Liaodong Peninsula. However, Matsa produced half as much rainfall as Winnie, although it struck Liaodong Peninsula directly while Winnie passed through the Bohai Sea. The relations between the ET processes and the precipitation over Liaodong Peninsula are examined. The result shows that the precipitation difference between Winnie and Matsa was closely related to the interactions between the westerly systems and typhoons during their ET processes. Winnie was captured by the upper westerly trough and then coupled with it when moving to the mid-latitudes, and the positive anomaly of moist potential vorticity (MPV) was transported downward from the upper troposphere over the remnant circulation of the tropical cyclone (TC). It was favorable to the interaction between tropical warm and wet air and westerly cold air, causing convective cloud clusters to form and develop. The rain belt composed of several meso-β cloud clusters over the Liaodong Peninsula, resulting in heavy rainfall. On the other hand, Matsa did not couple with any upper trough during its ET process and the positive anomaly of MPV in the upper troposphere and its downward transfer were weak. Only one meso-β cloud cluster occurred in Matsa’s rain belt during its ET process that tended to lessen rainfall over Liaodong Peninsula.     

Simulating an Extreme Wind Event in a Topographically Complex Region

Complex topography modifies local weather characteristics such as air temperature, rainfall and airflow within a larger regional extent. The Cape Peninsula around Cape Town, South Africa, is a complex topographical feature responsible for the modification of rainfall and wind fields largely downstream of the Peninsula. During the passage of a cold front on 2 October 2002, an extreme wind event associated with tornado-like damage occurred in the suburb of Manenberg, however synoptic conditions did not indicate convective activity typically associated with a tornado. A numerical regional climate model was operated at very high horizontal resolution (500 m) to investigate the dynamics of the event. The model simulated an interaction between the topography of the peninsula and an airflow direction change associated with the passage of the cold front. A small region of cyclonic circulation was simulated over Manenberg that was embedded in an area of negative vorticity and a leeward gravity wave. The feature lasted 14 min and moved in a north to south direction. Vertically, it was not evident above 220 m. The model assessment describes this event as a shallow but intense cyclonic vortex generated in the lee of the peninsula through an interaction between the peninsula and a change in wind direction as the cold front made landfall. The model did not simulate wind speeds associated with the observed damage suggesting that the horizontal grid resolution ought to be at the scale of the event to more completely understand such microscale airflow phenomena.     

2013年6月26—29日江西梅雨锋暴雨天气过程分析

利用实况资料和NECP再分析资料,对2013年6月26—29日江西连续暴雨天气过程进行天气学分析。结果表明,在典型的梅雨环流背景条件下,南亚高压,副高和西南季风的爆发,加之高空低槽和中低层持续性切变等系统共同配合造成了此次暴雨过程。此次过程水汽条件充沛,有2条明显的水汽输送通道:一条从孟加拉湾由西南季风分别通过云贵高原和中南半岛北部输送至副高西北侧;另一条从南海西北部由副高西侧的偏南气流向北输送。两股水汽在副高西北侧汇合加强并沿副高边缘向江南上空输送。西南季风是此次梅雨锋暴雨的关键因素,一方面有利于水汽的输送,另一方面触发了一次次的强降水天气。西南季风加强的时段与几次降水加强时段一一对应。低层锋生作用对梅雨锋有维持和加强作用。梅雨锋区的南侧存在垂直反环流圈。有次级环流上升支触发时,降水增大,造成暴雨增辐。     

Diagnostic study on the structural characteristics of a typical mei-yu front system and its maintenance mechanism

In this paper, a typical mei-yu front process with heavy rainfall from June 12 to 15 in 1998 is analyzed. The results show that the mei-yu front is a front system which consists of an iso-θe dense area with strong horizontal gradient, a deep-convective cloud tower band, a passageway transporting warm and moist air flow from the summer monsoon surge in the mid and low levels to the south of the mei-yu front,and a migrating synoptic scale trough to the north of the mei-yu front, which transports cold and dry air southward in the mid and upper levels. The maintenance of the mei-yu front is realized by: (1) is a positive feedback between the moist physical process enhancing frontogenesis and the development of the strong convective system in front of the mei-yu front; (2) the sustaining system to the north of the mei-yu front which is a migrating synoptic scale trough transporting cold and dry air to the mei-yu front and positive vorticity to the mesoscale system in front of the mei-yu front.     

A numerical study on the effect of an extratropical cyclone on the evolution of a midlatitude front

The extratropical transition (ET) of tropical cyclone (TC) Haima (2004) was simulated to understand the impact of TC on midlatitude frontal systems. Two experiments were conducted using the Advanced Research version of the Weather Research and Forecast (WRF) model. In the control run (CTL), a vortex was extracted from the 24-hour pre-run output and then inserted into the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) global final (FNL) analysis as an initial condition, while TC circulation was removed from the initial conditions in the sensitivity run (NOTC). Comparisons of the experiments demonstrate that the midlatitude front has a wider meridional extent in the NOTC run than that in the CTL run. Furthermore, the CTL run produces convection suppression to the southern side of the front due to strong cold advection related to the TC circulation. The easterly flow north of the TC not only decelerates the eastward displacement of the front and contracts its zonal scale but also transports more moisture westward and lifts the air along equivalent potential temperature surfaces ahead of the front. As a result, the ascending motion and diabatic heating are enhanced in the northeastern edge of the front, and the anticyclonic outflow in the upper-level is intensified. The increased pressure gradient and divergent flow aloft strengthen the upper-level jet and distort the trough axis in a northwest-southeast orientation. The thermal contrast between the two systems and the dynamic contribution related to the TC circulation can facilitate scalar and rotational frontogenesis to modulate the frontal structure.     

1956～2012年浙闽登陆热带气旋降水精细化观测统计分析

选取我国东南沿海热带气旋登陆数目多、经济发达的浙江和福建两省,利用国家级地面气象站逐小时降水观测资料,结合热带气旋降水客观分离方法,对1956~2012年（共57年）浙、闽两省沿海登陆热带气旋降水开展客观分离,统计分析热带气旋登陆期间降水精细化时空分布特征。结果表明:热带气旋平均路径在登陆前6小时至登陆后24小时呈西北行,累积降水具有明显非对称分布特征,与主要水汽辐合区相吻合,登陆后24小时至48小时的降水分布与鄱阳湖水体以及局地地形有密切联系;伴随登陆进程,降水分布呈现显著变化,登陆前,浙、闽两省降水较强;登陆后,降水范围向内陆扩展到浙、闽两省以外地区;登陆点聚类分析指出,所有类别的较强降水时段均位于登陆前12小时至登陆后6小时,但不同类别的降水分布和演变特征具有显著差异,这种差异与局地地形和热带气旋环流所处位置关系密切;小时强降水统计分析显示,伴随着登陆进程强降水频次分布逐渐变化和向内陆地区推进,高频次强降水主要出现在登陆前、后6小时的浙、闽两省沿海地区,且以两省交界附近地区最为集中,与该地区明显的高大地形分布有着密切的关系。两省各台站由登陆热带气旋带来的小时降水极值差异较大,从10到143 mm均有分布,大部分极值在30至60 mm之间。其中,极值大于50 mm的站点主要分布在沿海地区,在浙、闽交界处较为集中,与小时强降水的频次分布一致。     

高空槽对9711号台风变性加强影响的数值研究

9711号台风Winnie是一个在中国大陆长久维持(2—3 d)并产生强降水的热带气旋(TC),在其深入内陆过程中变性加强为一个温带气旋。用MM5V3对不同强度高空槽影响下Winnie的变性加强过程进行了数值研究。结果表明:(1)Winnie变性加强过程表现为强锋面侵入台风内部、冷空气包裹台风中心、一个温带气旋在近地层锋面上强烈发展的过程;(2)Winnie在陆上的变性加强与西风带高空槽的强度密切相关。TC与不同强度高空槽相互作用过程中,较深槽携带较强冷平流、正涡度平流以及较强的槽前高空辐散,从而有利于TC的维持和变性发展。数值试验中,高空槽越强,Winnie变性加强越明显,温带气旋的发展越快;(3)模拟结果的位涡分析表明,Winnie的温带变性发展与对流层高层正位涡下传、低层锋区和TC低压环流三者之间的相互作用有关。     

“威马逊”（1409）强降水物理过程模拟诊断研究

利用WRF模式,结合三维降水诊断方程和降水效率定义,针对1409号超强台风“威马逊”临岸迅速加强为超强台风并登陆我国华南沿海这一时段的强降水物理过程开展了高分辨率数值模拟诊断研究。结果表明,“威马逊”主体环流区域内一直维持很强的平均降水强度（P_S）,陆地和海洋P_S的相对贡献基本呈反向变化,登陆期间陆面摩擦辐合增强,有利于水汽更多地向陆地区域辐合（Q_WVA代表垂直积分的三维水汽通量辐合/辐散率,此时段Q_WVA为正值）,造成登陆前短时段内陆地上空局地大气增湿（Q_WVL代表垂直积分的水汽局地变化率的负值,此时段Q _WVL为负值）,借助云微物理过程快速转化为液相和固相云水凝物（Q_CLL和Q_CIL分别代表垂直积分的液相和固相云水凝物局地变化率的负值,此时段Q_CLL和Q_CIL为负值）,促使陆地上空降水云系快速发展和降水强度增强,而当环流中心位于北部湾洋面时,海洋Q_WVA的相对贡献显著增强,登陆期间下垫面的变化导致水汽相关物理过程明显变化,进而造成降水云系和强降水中心的显著变化;与陆地相比,海洋表面蒸发的作用更强,变化更明显;“威马逊”影响华南沿海期间,主体环流圈内平均的Q_CLL和Q_CIL均基本呈现“正—负—正”的变化特征,当环流中心位于北部湾洋面（三次登陆时期）时水凝物含量以增加（减少）为主;“威马逊”主体环流区域内一直维持高降水效率,从主体环流圈接触陆地开始,陆地降水效率迅速升高,而海洋降水效率在绝大多数积分时段内维持较高数值,只在第二和第三次登陆后有所降低。     

三个路径相似降雨特征不同的热带气旋分析

比照路径相似台风的降雨制作台风降雨预报是台风业务预报的常规方法之一。但台风飞燕、桃芝及一次热带低庄路径虽极为相似，它们的降雨强度和降雨分布则差异很大。通过对台风飞燕、桃芝及一次热带低压的大气环流形势特征、物理量场诊断结果和卫星云图的对比分析，发现热带气旋影响地的前期环境场、热带气旋影响期间西风带低槽和副热带高压的强弱及其相互配置以及它们与热带气旋的相互作用是造成路径相似的三个热带气旋出现降雨差异的主要原因。该分析结果对台风降雨的业务预报有实际意义。     

华东登陆热带气旋降水不同分布的对比分析

利用CMORPH降水资料，将热带气旋（TC）登陆后的降水分为路径左侧降水（L型）和右侧降水（R型）两类，并针对登陆华东地区TC的 L型和R型降水的大气环流场、环境水平风垂直切变以及台风环流内的动热力条件进行对比分析，结果表明:2005～2014年间登陆华东地区的20例TC中包括12例L型和8例R型。总体来看，大气环流因子对于登陆华东TC降水分布起主要作用。L型降水TC高层南亚高压主要呈纬向带状分布，在登陆过程中路径左侧维持偏东风高空辐散气流，中层西风槽偏东，西太平洋副热带高压（简称副高）偏南，环境水平风垂直切变指向西南。R型降水TC高层南亚高压断裂，呈经向分布。TC路径左侧风场较均匀，右侧东南风高空辐散气流明显。副高的位置偏北呈块状，同时环境水平风垂直切变指向东北，有利于路径右侧降水。台风环流内，低层冷暖平流输送以及水汽辐合与降水落区也有较好对应关系。L型TC低层暖平流的输送使TC西南象限低层增暖，大气稳定度降低。同时水汽辐合区也主要位于西南象限，有利于TC路径左侧降水。而R型TC副高位置偏北可将南侧的东南暖湿气流向台风环流更西部输送，东北象限维持暖平流，有利于路径右侧降水发生。     

Investigation of the mei-yu front using a new deformation frontogenesis function

A new frontogenesis function is developed and analyzed on the basis of a local change rate of the absolute horizontal gradient of the resultant deformation. Different from the traditional frontogenesis function, the newly defined deformation frontogenesis is derived from the viewpoint of dynamics rather than thermodynamics. Thus, it is more intuitive for the study of frontogenesis because the compaction of isolines of both temperature and moisture can be directly induced by the change of a flow field. This new frontogenesis function is particularly useful for studying the mei-yu front in China because mei-yu rainbands typically consist of a much stronger moisture gradient than temperature gradient, and involve large deformation flow. An analysis of real mei-yu frontal rainfall events indicates that the deformation frontogenesis function works remarkably well, producing a clearer mei-yu front than the traditional frontogenesis function based on a measure of the potential temperature gradient. More importantly, the deformation frontogenesis shows close correlation with the subsequent(6 h later) precipitation pattern and covers the rainband well, bearing significance for the prognosis or even prediction of future precipitation.     

Predecessor Rain Events in the Yangtze River Delta Region Associated with South China Sea and Northwest Pacific Ocean (SCS-WNPO) Tropical Cyclones

Predecessor rain events(PREs) in the Yangtze River Delta(YRD) region associated with the South China Sea and Northwest Pacific Ocean(SCS-WNPO) tropical cyclones(TCs) are investigated during the period from 2010 to 2019.Results indicate that approximately 10% of TCs making landfall in China produce PREs over the YRD region; however,they are seldom forecasted. PREs often occur over the YRD region when TCs begin to be active in the SCS-WNPO with westward paths, whilst the cold air is still existing...     

暴雨预报中潜热能场的应用

利用能量天气学原理,统计了3种天气类型的暴雨过程中潜热能场的水平分布特征。对1999年8月11日出现在山东省的大范围暴雨天气过程(99.8),分别就潜热能场水平分布特征、潜热能场垂直分布特征、能量锋生特征进行了分析。结果表明,潜热能场对暴雨预报有较好的指示作用,仅仅是能量高值区并不一定能产生大降水,当较强的能量锋区(或冷空气)与高能轴交汇、能量锋生函数负值区域移入当地,低层辐合条件较好时,预示强降水将要发生。"99.8"大暴雨主要发生在能量锋区与高能轴线交汇的地方,进而沿高能轴右侧向锋区密度较大地区移动,高能轴顶端的右前方、冷槽的后部也是强降水易发生的地区。