土壤分形结构对其水力性质的指示作用

研究土壤的水力性质是进行生态水文模拟、农业水分管理和环境监测的关键,然而强烈的空间变异造成土壤的物性特征异常复杂,特别是水力性质测定困难,试验结果随机性强,耗费大量人力物力,却难以准确描述。本文在综合分析了国内外30余种量化土壤水力性质的研究方法的优劣后,系统总结了分形理论在土壤物性特征研究中的应用,剖析了分形理论与土壤水力性质之间的关系,旨在探讨土壤分形结构在水力性质领域的发展前景,以及在测定水力特性参数时所具备的优势。结果表明：(1)采用分形方法定量研究土壤结构具备可行性;(2)分形结构方法能够指示水力性质,并能为快速准确刻画不同尺度下的土壤水分分布特征提供科学依据;(3)利用已知土壤水力性质建立分形模型可以有效反演土壤结构。     

基于分形理论研究土壤结构及其水分特征关系

为定量获得土壤结构对其水力性质的指示作用,室内实验选用华北平原子牙河流域原状土样为研究对象,用张力计法和激光粒度分析仪分别测定土壤水分特征曲线和样品粒度分布,基于分形理论计算土壤粒度分布的分形维数,采用实验测定与模型验证相结合的方法对水分特征曲线进行分析.结果表明,土壤颗粒粒度分布在[10 μm,50 μm]区间内的分段分维值是表征土壤粒度累积分布显著上升段特征的关键参数,与0~80 kPa吸力范围内的土壤水分特征曲线幂函数模型拟合参数(a、b)有极显著相关关系.研究区内土壤水分特征曲线以分形形式表达的幂函数模型为:θ=100.78×(3-D)S(D-3)/3,利用土壤结构分形特征能够有效指示其水力性质.      

非饱和土壤水力参数预测的分形模型

综述了利用分形几何理论,可在土壤水力性质,包括土壤水分特征曲线及水力传导系数与土壤结构分维之间建立起一定的函数关系式.这些函数关系式大多与Campbell定律具有相同或相似的幂定律形式,一方面揭示了Campbell定律的物理实质,另一方面可用于土壤持水量及水力传导系数的预测.     

土壤饱和导水率空间预测的不确定性分析

当土壤转换函数应用于土壤水力性质估计时,对于预测值的不确定性往往容易被忽视。为了有针对性地提出减少这种不确定性的方法和措施,提高土壤转换函数的实际应用能力,以两种现有的土壤转换函数(Vereecken和HYPRES模型)为例,将其应用于山东省平度市土壤饱和导水率的空间预测,并利用拉丁超立方抽样(LHS)方法对预测结果的不确定性进行了分析。结果表明,饱和导水率空间预测的不确定性主要来源于土壤基本性质的空间插值误差和土壤转换函数自身的预测误差。当Vereecken模型应用于饱和导水率空间预测时,预测结果的不确定性主要由土壤基本性质空间插值误差所决定,土壤转换函数预测误差的影响较小,而HYPRES模型则是受二者的双重影响。     

基于连续分形理论的土壤非饱和水力传导度的研究

土壤的孔隙是具有连续分形性质的物理结构,根据土壤孔隙分形结构建立了非饱和水力传导度模型。模型包括综合系数、分形维数和临界体积比3个参数,综合系数为不同土壤基质势对应的非饱和水力传导度与饱和传导度之间的水力联系,与土壤质地有关;分形维数反映土壤孔隙结构对于非饱和水力传导度的作用,土壤不同尺寸孔隙之间的连通性则通过临界体积加以描述。模型具有较为明确的物理解释。将模型应用于5种不同土壤的结果表明,所提出的非饱和水力传导度模型具有较好的模拟效果。     

不同滤波算法在土壤湿度同化中的应用

为研究不同滤波算法在土壤湿度同化中的有效性,以及土壤湿度模拟结果对模型参数的敏感性,结合简单生物圈模型SiB2,设置敏感性实验,探求土壤饱和水力传导度对土壤湿度模拟结果的影响;并在此基础上,采用集合卡尔曼滤波（EnKF）、无迹卡尔曼滤波（UKF）和无迹粒子滤波（UPF）开展土壤湿度实时同化实验。结果表明：土壤饱和水力传导度能显著影响土壤湿度模拟精度;利用EnKF、UKF、UPF同化站点观测数据,均能改善土壤湿度模拟结果;3种同化方法在不同土壤层的同化效果不同,在土壤表层,EnKF的有效性优于UKF和UPF,在根域层和土壤深层,3种滤波方法有效性在降雨前后相差较大。因此,针对性地选择同化方法,是提高土壤湿度模拟精度的有效手段。     

基于作物Cd富集系数的土壤有效态Cd化学浸提方法筛选

土壤中镉(Cd)被作物吸收的程度及其生态风险取决于土壤中Cd的赋存形态,基于Cd有效形态的污染土壤风险评价及在此基础上制订污染土壤修复安全阈值是Cd污染农田土壤风险评价和治理亟待解决的问题。目前针对土壤中重金属有效态的化学浸提方法较多,但缺乏针对不同性质土壤中有效态Cd的普适性浸提方法已成为Cd污染土壤风险评价技术瓶颈。本研究采集了全国9个不同性质农田土壤,以水稻、小白菜和玉米为测试作物,通过外源添加方法制备Cd污染土壤,结合土壤培养和盆栽实验,测定了5种常用化学浸提方法,包括中性无机盐浸提方法(CaCl₂浸提法)、弱酸浸提法(HCl浸提法)、络合螯合剂浸提方法(DTPA和ETPA浸提法)和组合浸提方法(Mehlich-3(M3)浸提法)对不同性质土壤中有效态Cd浸提效果及其与作物Cd吸收的量化关系,筛选适用于不同性质土壤中有效态Cd的通用浸提方法。结果表明,不同化学浸提法提取的土壤有效态Cd含量间具有显著差异,不同浸提方法对土壤中Cd的浸提率(%)为DTPA≈EDTA≈HCl> M3≈CaCl₂。不同化学浸提态Cd与作物Cd吸收的相关...     

油气藏水力压裂计算模拟技术研究现状与展望

水力压裂技术是油气藏尤其是页岩气开发中的核心技术,利用数值模拟方法进行压裂优化和产能预测又是水力压裂成功的关键。本文首先介绍了水力压裂技术的发展历程。然后从计算模型(二维模型、拟三维模型和全三维模型)和数值模拟方法(基于连续介质和基于非连续介质)两方面对油气藏开发领域的水力压裂计算模拟技术进行较全面的总结。最后,从以下3个方面指出现今研究的不足并提出了进一步的研究建议:(1)全三维模型的完善-全三维模型应当与真实的工程参数和监测数据结合,用于校正模型本身,而校正后的全三维模型又可预测和优化新的现场水力压裂作业; (2)数值模拟方法的选用-已有的水力压裂数值模拟方法种类繁多,需要针对各种方法的适用范围、计算效率和模拟效果等,进行全面的比较和优化; (3)页岩储层中天然裂缝网络的数值模拟-天然裂隙网络加剧了页岩储层力学性质的各向异性,同时水力裂缝沟通天然裂缝活化扩展是有利于储层的增渗增产,对压裂缝网的形态、尺寸和连通率等起着至关重要的作用。因此,数值计算过程中综合考虑页岩储层中天然裂缝与水力裂缝的相互作用,将是未来水力压裂模拟的热点。     

分形理论在描述土壤大孔隙结构中的应用研究

土壤大孔隙结构对土壤中水流及溶质运移以及地下水环境有着深刻影响。确定土壤大孔隙结构,可以很好地理解和预测水及溶质在有大孔隙土壤中的运移,保护地下水环境。由于土壤大孔隙的分布呈现分形规律,因此可以采用分形理论研究土壤大孔隙结构。根据CT对原状土柱各断面的扫描图像,得到了各断面土壤大孔隙的分形维数,为进一步研究土壤大孔隙的水力性质奠定了基础。     

辽东植被覆盖区分散流异常查证方法探讨

莺歌地分散流异常查证工作表明,在植被覆盖区采用低密度网格土壤测量和野外X荧光测量相结合的方法,完全可以达到异常查证目的,可大致查明异常源位置、性质和规模,是一种快速、简单、经济、有效的异常查证方法.     

土壤饱和导水率的多尺度预测模型与转换关系

运用联合多重分形方法研究不同土层土壤饱和导水率与土壤基本物理特性的多尺度相关性,建立不同土层土壤饱和导水率的多尺度预测模型,构建不同土层土壤饱和导水率之间的转换关系。结果表明:不同土层土壤饱和导水率与土壤基本物理特性的相关程度排序不同;在单一尺度和多尺度上,0~20 cm土层土壤饱和导水率与土壤基本物理特性的相关程度排序相同,20~40 cm土层土壤饱和导水率与土壤基本物理特性的相关程度排序不同;土壤饱和导水率多尺度预测模型的预测精度较高,0~20 cm土层和20~40 cm土层拟合值的均方根误差分别为0.035 0和0.029 0;0~20 cm土层和20~40 cm土层土壤饱和导水率转换关系的计算精度较高,拟合值的均方根误差为0.037 5。     

土壤水力特性空间变异的试验研究进展

土壤水力特性的空间变异是影响土壤中水分及溶质运移动态的主要因素.70年代以来国内外有关学者就土壤水力特性空间变异进行了大量的试验研究,通过对试验结果分析,得出了许多可供参考的结论,如水力特性空间变异尺度随研究区域尺度的增大而增大,且两者呈一定的比例关系,大多数水力特性遵从对数正态和正态分布,这些结论对于研究区域溶质(污染物)的迁移动态以及区域水盐动态预报十分重要的参考价值.     

Overview of numerical models for interactions between hydraulic fractures and natural fractures: Challenges and limitations

The intersection of natural fractures with hydraulic fractures results in formation of complex fracture networks, including non-planar fractures or multi-stranded fractures. On one hand, opening of these natural fractures improves productivity of the formation; on the other hand, coalescence of these fractures into a hydraulic fracture makes pressure analysis and prediction of fracture growth very complicated. Overall, interactions between natural fractures and hydraulic fractures pose more challenges in the fracturing design and its execution. Investigation and understanding of their interaction are crucial in achieving successful fracture treatments in formations with pre-existing natural fracture network. In this paper, we will review the numerical works that have been done in the last decade to model opening of natural fractures during hydraulic fracturing, focusing especially on mechanical models that address propagation of hydraulic fractures in naturally fractures reservoirs. Linear elastic fracture mechanics, cohesive element methods and continuum damage mechanics techniques utilized to understand interaction of hydraulic fractures with natural fractures are discussed here based on their capability to reproduce experimental results and field observations.     

对坡面径流挟沙力研究的几点认识

坡面径流挟沙力是土壤侵蚀过程模型的核心输入参数。在系统界定坡面径流挟沙力概念的基础上,深入分析了坡面径流水动力学特性和泥沙特性对坡面径流挟沙力的影响及其机制,受降雨、地形、土壤、植被、土地利用、结皮形成、细沟发育和砾石出露等多种因素时空变异的综合影响,坡面径流挟沙力具有强烈的时空变化特征,导致坡面径流挟沙力的测定较为困难。将确定挟沙力常用的方法划分为河流挟沙力方程修正法、推理法、模型模拟法和测量法,比较分析了不同方法的优缺点。未来的研究应该重点关注挟沙力测定方法与技术、坡面径流输沙过程的动力机制、典型土壤的挟沙力、挟沙力方程构建与验证及变化条件下坡面径流挟沙力等方面。     

Effects of hydraulic shear stress and rate of erosion on the magnitude,degree, and rate of collapse

Arid regions worldwide are plagued by collapsible soils. Collapsible soil is characterised by the sudden decrease in volume that occurs when it is subjected to inundation under constant stress. This volume change manifest itself as drastic and unpredicted foundation settlement, which may lead to further catastrophic failure of the supported structures. Collapse settlement is the term applied to the additional settlement of a foundation due to wetting of the underlying soils. The results of an experimental investigation of the effects of the saturation of soil with water, kerosene, and crude oil, and of the effects of the fluid head on the magnitude, degree, and rate of collapse of the underlying soil are presented in this paper. Soil erodibility is presented in terms of the applied hydraulic shear stress and the rate of erosion. The relationship between soil erosion and the magnitude and rate of collapse is examined. Empirical methods for the prediction of the magnitude and rate of collapse of a soil saturated with the test fluids and subjected to a hydraulic constant head are proposed.     

Estimating apparent thermal diffusivity of soil using field temperature time series

Reliable estimates of soil thermal properties such as heat capacity, thermal conductivity, and diffusivity are important in analysis of heat transmission through soils in applications such as shallow geothermal applications, buried electrical conduits, and in general heat/fluid flow analyses. A number of analytical, numerical and experimental methods are available to determine the soil thermal properties. In this paper, the analytical and numerical methods developed on the basis of one-dimensional heat conduction equation are used to estimate the apparent thermal diffusivity of soil. Three of the four analytical methods, Amplitude, Phase, and Arctangent provide explicit equations for the apparent thermal diffusivity. Two methods, Harmonic and Numerical, make use of large number of temperature measurements to implicitly solve for the apparent thermal diffusivity. The temperature time series data monitored at different depths in two field sites in Melbourne, Australia for more than 2 year period were used to estimate the apparent thermal diffusivity of soil down to 2 m depth. The apparent thermal diffusivity was calculated using all five methods and compared with laboratory experimental results. The effectiveness of each method in predicting the thermal diffusivity was compared and observed discrepancies were discussed. Finally, the observed soil temperature data for a 12 month period are used to model the temperature variation in the ground analytically using Harmonic method and the model prediction for the following 12 month was compared independently with the field measurements. The analytical model prediction is found to be in good agreement with the field monitored data.     

Fractal models for predicting soil hydraulic properties: a review

Modern hydrological models require information on hydraulic conductivity and soil-water retention characteristics. The high cost and large spatial variability of measurements makes the prediction of these properties a viable alternative. Fractal models describe hierarchical systems and are suitable to model soil structure and soil hydraulic properties. Deterministic fractals are often used to model porous media in which scaling of mass, pore space, pore surface and the size-distribution of fragments are all characterized by a single fractal dimension. Experimental evidence shows fractal scaling of these properties between upper and lower limits of scale, but typically there is no coincidence in the values of the fractal dimensions characterizing different properties. This poses a problem in the evaluation of the contrasting approaches used to model soil-water retention and hydraulic conductivity. Fractal models of the soil-water retention curve that use a single fractal dimension often deviate from measurements at saturation and at dryness. More accurate models should consider scaling domains each characterized by a fractal dimension with different morphological interpretations. Models of unsaturated hydraulic conductivity incorporate fractal dimensions characterizing scaling of different properties including parameters representing connectivity. Further research is needed to clarify the morphological properties influencing the different scaling domains in the soil-water retention curve and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity. Methods to functionally characterize a porous medium using fractal approaches are likely to improve the predictability of soil hydraulic properties.