基于混合常应力−光滑应变单元的极限分析方法

极限分析是岩土工程稳定性评价的重要方法之一。传统的有限元极限分析方法,采用低阶三角形单元时需要引入速度间断面并采用特殊网格布局,或者采用高阶三角形单元等措施来克服体积锁定问题和提高数值精度。在光滑有限元法（smoothed finite element method,简称SFEM）的基础上,提出了一种基于新型混合常应力−光滑应变单元的极限分析方法（mixed constant stress-smoothed strain element limit analysis,简称MCSE-LA方法）。在服从关联流动法则和Mohr-Coulomb屈服准则的基础上,MCSE-LA方法最终将数值极限分析转化为以应力和极限荷载乘子为基本未知量的二阶锥规划（second order cone programming,简称SOCP）问题。MCSE-LA方法具有形式简单、优化变量相对较少和无需显式的写出塑性内能耗散函数的优点,并且根据凸锥优化的对偶理论,可以从对偶问题中获得速度场和塑性乘子等信息。此外,还采用基于最大塑性剪应变率的网格自适应加密算法,该算法在塑性区细化网格,显著提高了新数值极限分析方法的计算效率和精度。最后通过边坡稳定分析的结果对比,验证了MCSE-LA方法的计算精度和效率均高于传统的有限元极限分析方法。     

长江中下游河湖洪水演进的数值模拟

以长江中下游(宜昌-大通)防洪系统为对象,在水文、河道及湖盆地形现状条件下,建立了一个能适应各种复杂条件的一二维非恒定流模型,来进行长江干流、河网、湖泊、分蓄洪区垸及水库的洪水演进和调度仿真.所建模型的洞庭湖部分采用无结构网格二维非恒定有限体积格式,以适应湖区复杂的边界形状和保持水量平衡.河网区部分采用一维非恒定流显隐结合的分块三级算法,以准确实现河网汊点流量的自动分配和往复流动.为了提高模拟精度和扩展模拟功能,在水流数值模拟的范围内侧重讨论了内外动边界处理、分蓄洪运用及阻力项计算等环节,提出了合理可行的数值处理方法.采用20世纪80年代至90年代共6年汛期洪水资料对所建模型进行了严格的率定和检验,高精度的模拟结果证实了模型的合理性和有效性.     

二维非恒定渗流的有限元并行计算

建立了二维非恒定渗流的有限元并行计算模型,在windows操作系统下实现了基于消息传递的二维渗流的有限元并行计算。模型采用广义极小残余算法(GMRES)对方程组进行并行迭代求解,通过分析数据执行时的相关性和检验算法结构的固有串行性,将原有串行算法中的算法元直接并行化。对溪洛渡上游围堰的渗流分析进行了并行数值模拟,并针对水位骤降情况下非恒定渗流进行了并行计算,证明了模型的合理性。对模型进行了加速比测定,可以看出并行计算的效率随着问题规模的增加而逐渐提高。     

盐构造与深水水道的交互作用--以下刚果盆地为例

在被动大陆边缘盆地,水道作为深水油气的主要储集体,是深水油气勘探的重要目标。在下刚果盆地,由于盐构造的多期活动导致对水道砂体的展布规律认识不清。研究水道和盐构造的交互作用方式有利于预测含盐盆地中水道砂体的平面分布。利用三维地震资料,在盐构造与深水水道广泛发育的下刚果盆地研究盐构造与深水水道的交互作用,建立了盐构造与水道的交互作用模式。盐构造与水道的交互作用方式主要有6种,分别为限制、改向、封堵、侵蚀、迁移和剥蚀。盐构造的活动时期与水道形成演化时期的先后关系、水道中重力流的侵蚀能力决定了盐构造与水道的交互作用方式。水道经过早期发育的盐构造且水道中重力流侵蚀能力较弱多发生限制和改向;若水道中重力流侵蚀能力很强,可发生水道对盐构造的侵蚀;若盐构造的规模较大,其可阻止水道向下游输送沉积物并造成水道中重力流的回流,形成朵体沉积。若水道与盐构造同时活动多发生水道的迁移。晚期活动的盐构造可导致其上方的水道沉积体遭受剥蚀。     

Groundwater flow into underground openings in fractured crystalline rocks: an interpretation based on long channels

Rethinking an old tracer experiment in fractured crystalline rock suggests a concept of groundwater flow in sparse networks of long channels that is supported by results from an innovative lattice network model. The model, HyperConv, can vary the mean length of ‘strings’ of connected bonds, and the gaps between them, using two independent probability functions. It is found that networks of long channels are able to percolate at lower values of (bond) density than networks of short channels. A general relationship between mean channel length, mean gap length and probability of percolation has been developed which incorporates the well-established result for ‘classical’ lattice network models as a special case. Using parameters appropriate to a 4-m diameter drift located 360 m below surface at Stripa Mine Underground Research Laboratory in Sweden, HyperConv is able to reproduce values of apparent positive skin, as observed in the so-called Macropermeability Experiment, but only when mean channel length exceeds 10 m. This implies that such channel systems must cross many fracture intersections without bifurcating. A general relationship in terms of flow dimension is suggested. Some initial investigations using HyperConv show that the commonly observed feature, ‘compartmentalization’, only occurs when channel density is just above the percolation threshold. Such compartments have been observed at Kamaishi Experimental Mine (Japan) implying a sparse flow network. It is suggested that compartments and skin are observable in the field, indicate sparse channel systems, and could form part of site characterization for deep nuclear waste repositories.     

基于对偶加权后验误差估计的2.5维直流电阻率自适应有限元正演

采用易于模拟复杂地形起伏和倾斜界面的非结构三角单元剖分网格,并利用对偶加权后验误差估计指导网格自动细化过程,实现了2.5维直流电阻率法自适应有限元数值模拟。在实例模型分析中,分别计算了层状模型和垂直岩脉模型的直流电阻率响应,并与其解析解进行了比较。对比结果表明,该算法所得数值解精度很高,解的相对误差小于0.5%。最后,计算了起伏地形2.5维地电模型视电阻率异常,并利用比较法进行了地形改正。地形改正结果与水平地形时的结果对比表明,比较法可以较好地消除地形影响,突出局部地质体异常。     

青藏高原东北缘深部地质构造与地热资源分布关系研究

青藏高原内部及边缘分布大量地热田,主要有青海共和—贵德地热田、甘肃张掖盆地地热田、甘肃天水地热田、云南腾冲地热田等,所有地热田系统整体围绕青藏高原边缘呈带状展布,主要受控于青藏高原构造活动。对该区域多个地热田进行分析,均具有深部热源垂直传导供热、深大断裂和其发育的次级断裂为有利通道等特性。青藏高原深部分布多个通道流,在地震层析成像观测结果、远震P波走时层析成像等地球物理资料上均有显著反映,青藏高原中北部地壳低速-高导层是部分熔融层的岩石学证据亦被证实。主要地热田均分布在通道流沿线,根据地热田的研究成果,认为下地壳的通道流不仅为地热田提供热源,形成明显的大地热流异常区带,通道流区域的地壳厚度减薄、构造活动增强,热流易于向上传导运移。文章综合分析后初步建立了地热分布与通道流关系模型、与通道流相关的地热田地热模型,认为青藏高原东北缘地区分布的多个地热田均受控于其深部的通道流;通过对该区域地热资源前景进行分析,认为甘肃天水地区位于通道流的交汇部位,地热资源前景巨大。     

Three‐dimensional gravity‐current flow within a subaqueous bend: Spatial evolution and force balance variations

The nature of three‐dimensional flow in submarine channel bends is poorly understood, largely due to the absence of detailed data from natural channels. Herein, data from density‐driven flows in a large reservoir on the Huanghe (Yellow) River are presented showing the spatio‐temporal variation of flow around a subaqueous bend. The data demonstrate for the first time that reversed helical flow, relative to that found in river channel bends, can occur from the centrifugal forcing of flow, even when the Coriolis force acts in the opposite direction. The data also suggest that reversed helical flow fields in submarine channels may be more frequent than currently estimated, notably for bends where Coriolis and centrifugal forces combine in the same direction. In addition, this study provides the first field evidence suggesting that sinuous submarine channels can exhibit an asymmetry in helical flow orientation between left and right‐turning bends, which will have major implications for the morphodynamics of submarine channels, their resultant patterns of sedimentation and, ultimately, the distribution of depositional units across submarine fan systems.     

汶川震区窄陡沟道型泥石流动力学特性及堵江分析——以都汶高速沿线磨子沟为例

在汶川震区沟道型泥石流中,普遍存在一种窄陡沟道类型,窄陡沟道型泥石流具有沟道纵坡陡、平均宽度窄、流域面积小的地形特点,在震区容易瞬间汇流形成大规模突发性泥石流灾害。结合四川省都汶高速沿线2013年“7·10”特大群发性泥石流,重点以窄陡沟道型的磨子沟泥石流为实例,针对该泥石流对都汶高速、岷江等造成的冲击淤埋及堵塞问题,通过现场调查泥石流形成条件和发育特征,采用大型流体动力学计算软件CFX模拟再现50年一遇暴雨频率下此类窄陡型泥石流的动力学过程,分析其危险范围、评价其冲击都汶高速桥梁,堵塞岷江,淹没岷江两岸居民安置点的破坏性影响,为提出针对性的泥石流防治工程措施提供依据。     

基于零厚度内聚力单元的水力裂缝随机扩展方法研究

为有效模拟裂缝性页岩储层中水力裂缝随机扩展过程,基于单元节点的拓扑数据结构,利用网格节点分裂方式,建立了一种基于有限元网格嵌入零厚度内聚力单元的水力裂缝随机扩展新方法。利用KGD模型解析解和2种室内试验,验证了新方法的准确性和有效性。同时,通过数值算例研究了水平地应力差和储层非均质性对水力裂缝随机扩展过程的影响。研究表明:(1)该方法弥补了ABAQUS平台内置的内聚力单元无法有效模拟水力裂缝随机扩展的不足;(2)在较高水平地应力差下页岩储层非均质性越强,与水力裂缝相交的高角度天然裂缝越容易开启。所建方法能准确地描述复杂水力裂缝的随机扩展行为,可为裂缝性页岩储层的数值模拟提供新手段。     

Coupled DEM-CFD investigation on the formation of landslide dams in narrow rivers

Large-scale landslide dams can induce significant hazards to human lives by blocking the river flows and causing inundation upstream. They may trigger severe outburst flooding that may devastate downstream areas once failed. Thus, the advancement in understanding the formation of landslide dams is highly necessary. This paper presents 3D numerical investigations of the formation of landslide dams in open fluid channels via the discrete element method (DEM) coupled with computational fluid dynamics (CFD). By employing this model, the influence of flow velocity on granular depositional morphology has been clarified. As the grains settle downwards in the fluid channel, positive excess water pressures are generated at the bottom region, reducing the total forces acting on the granular mass. In the meantime, the particle sedimentations into the fluid channel with high impacting velocities can generate fluid streams to flow backwards and forwards. The coupled hydraulic effects of excess water pressure and fluid flow would entrain the solid grains to move long distances along the channel. For simulations using different flow velocities, the larger the flow velocity is, the further distance the grains can be transported to. In this process, the solid grains move as a series of surges, with decreasing deposit lengths for the successive surges. The granular flux into the fluid channel has very little influence on the depositional pattern of particles, while it affects the particle–fluid interactions significantly. The results obtained from the DEM-CFD coupled simulations can reasonably explain the mechanisms of granular transportation and deposition in the formation of landslide dams in narrow rivers.     

深水浊流沉积综述

深水浊积岩通常发育在风暴浪基面以下、几十米至数千米的水体深度范围内。当沉积中心位于或接近陆架边缘时,浊流沉积系统往往最为活跃,而且通常与相对海平面下降时期的低位体系域有关。深水沉积事件可细分为低位域早期和低位域晚期。低位域早期以规模不断增大和更频繁的流体（浊流）事件为特征;而低位域晚期则以规模逐渐变小且频率降低的流体（浊流）事件为特征。因此,在低位域早期,流体流量不断增大,水道以侵蚀并逐渐变深为主,仅能残存较少的沉积物。随后,在低位域晚期,流体流量逐渐变小,因而水道内的沉积填充物可以得以保存。浊流体系通常发育3个特征迥异的区域:区域1对应浊流体系的近端（上游）,以支流峡谷为特征;区域2为浊流体系的中间部分,以单一补给水道复合体系为特征,因浊流水体的高度比补给水道高,因而常常发育天然堤沉积;区域3为浊流体系的远端,以频繁的决口、砂质溢岸以及水道充填为特征,从地貌学上可以将其描述为末端扇,从沉积过程来看,可将其称为前缘分散体系。从层序地层学的角度来看,低位域沉积常常夹持于富泥的远端高位域和海侵体系域沉积之间。低位域早期—晚期沉积序列往往是以富砂的区域3末端扇沉积被区域2水道—天然堤沉积所覆盖为特征。     

Effects of the morphology of sediment-transporting channels on the erosion and deposition of debris flows

A series experiments are conducted to investigate the effects of streambed profile on the erosion and deposition of debris flows. It is found that straight channel can increase the run out of debris flows by 10–25%, compared to that of surfaces without channels, and that travel distance was positively correlated with the hydraulic radius of the channel. In addition, the presence of straight channels caused the volume of debris flow deposition to become normally distributed with respect to travel distance. In the case of curved channels, increases in the sinuosity index resulted in significant blockage and obstruction. In the deposition zone, the maximum deposition volume for a channel with a comparatively low sinuosity index (1.05) was <?50% of the minimum deposition volume for a straight channel. Furthermore, the channel curvature affected not only the positions of deposition peaks along the travel distance but also the debris flow magnitudes in each unit interval (0.5 m). This study demonstrates the effects of differences in channel morphology on the erosional and depositional processes of gully debris flows. These findings are of significant importance for guiding debris flow risk assessment and for the restoration and reconstruction of downstream regions.     

非稳定温度场的三维p型有限元方法研究

非稳定温度场的边界往往是温度梯度较大的区域,需要划分较密的网格。但在三维温度应力的计算中太密的网格往往使得计算成本很高。将p型阶谱有限元方法引入温度场的计算,则可以开拓一条解决这类问题的有效途径。研究了p型有限元中的温度边界条件和初值,编制了有关程序,对同一个算例,采用不同网格密度的常规有限元法和p型有限元法进行了温度场计算分析和对比。研究结果表明,用p型有限元进行非稳定温度场计算,在网格稀疏的条件下能够达到较高的精度。     

基于CAD地形图的初始地应力场反演快速建模程序开发

基于Visual C#2008.NET开发环境,利用AutoCAD ActiveX技术,对AutoCAD2008进行二次开发,开发出快速建立初始地应力场反演计算三维有限元模型的面向对象程序,通过该程序可以根据需要自动读取一定范围内的网格节点地面高程,能够为有限元模型变地面线处理直接利用,避免了常规人工读取CAD地面高程的繁琐性和误差较大的问题,极大地提高了工作效率和准确性,快速便捷。可以快速自动建立用于初始地应力反演计算的有限元网格模型,该模型能够较好地反映地形貌地的起伏状况,为有限元计算提供了良好的基础条件。     

Using zero-thickness elements to simulate suspended cut-off walls in a regional seepage field

A regional seepage field is usually simulated by 2D horizontal seepage finite element method (FEM). However, the Dupuit assumption means that it does not take into account hydraulic head loss caused by vertical flow. In order to simulate a regional seepage field containing suspended cut-off walls by 2D horizontal FEM without any loss of accuracy and efficiency, a zero-thickness element is introduced. The zero-thickness element is used to model suspended cut-off walls and take into account the hydraulic head loss caused by vertical flow near the walls. The matrix equation is deduced. The deduction is based on the resistance coefficient method and the analytical solution of flow near suspended cut-off walls under plane condition. The accuracy of the method is assessed by comparing with 3D FEM results. These coincide with each other both in discharge and hydraulic head. The method is an effective way to simulate a suspended cut-off wall in a regional seepage field with 2D horizontal FEM.     

水平面渗流有限元中利用接触单元模拟悬挂式阻水结构

区域性渗流场由于范围大,通常忽略掉竖向的水头损失而用水平面二维有限元进行分析,但在城区区域渗流场中悬挂式阻水结构物量多,竖向绕流现象突出,用一般水平面二维有限元进行分析将产生较大的偏差。针对这一问题在悬挂式结构体周边引入一层无厚度界面接触单元。在水平面有限元中利用它考虑因竖向绕流产生的局部水头损失。利用阻力系数的方法和二维状态下截面突变流道流动的解析解,同时考虑防渗墙本身的弱透水性,推导了接触单元的导水矩阵。应用接触单元编制了相关程序,在水平面有限元中利用接触单元对悬挂式阻水结构进行分析,并将结果与三维有限元进行比较,两者的计算结果在流量上保持一致,在水头上前者是后者在同一位置处沿高程方向平均值。提出的该计算方法,对于用水平面二维有限元分析含有悬挂式阻水结构的大区域渗流问题,是一个有效的手段。     

偶极子在城区渗流场的结构物模拟中的应用

城区渗流场中地下阻水结构物众多,由于结构物的角点为奇异点,而且结构物的尺寸跟整个城区渗流场的尺寸相比非常小,这导致现有的计算方法难以对城区渗流场进行模拟分析。针对城区渗流场的这些特点,通过引进流体力学的复势、偶极子等理论,采用抽注水井对结构物进行模拟。通过控制井流量的大小,以形成强弱程度不同的阻水效果,而单元尺寸可以以井点间距为尺度,用较少的节点和单元即可对地下结构物进行处理,达到简化计算的目的。抽注水井法是一种简化的模拟算法,它忽略了结构物附近局部区域流场失真的情况,强调在宏观上与真实流场接近。     

河型转化机理及其数值模拟——Ⅰ.模型建立

为研究河型转化过程机理,建立了考虑弯道二次流影响与边岸崩塌过程的平面二维河流数学模型,包括水流模型、泥沙模型和边岸崩塌模型。通过在水流动量守恒方程中增加弥散应力项以考虑弯道二次流的影响,并采用室内水槽实验结果对水流模型进行了验证;利用上荆江沙市至石首天然长河段的水沙过程和河道演变资料,对泥沙模型进行了验证;结果表明本模型数值计算量合适,有较好的适应范围。模型中提出了边岸崩塌过程的模拟技术,相对于传统平面二维水沙模型而言,可以更好地模拟天然河道的横向摆动以及洲滩消长过程。     

A stabilized extended finite element framework for hydraulic fracturing simulations

We present a stabilized extended finite element formulation to simulate the hydraulic fracturing process in an elasto‐plastic medium. The fracture propagation process is governed by a cohesive fracture model, where a trilinear traction‐separation law is used to describe normal contact, cohesion and strength softening on the fracture face. Fluid flow inside the fracture channel is governed by the lubrication equation, and the flow rate is related to the fluid pressure gradient by the ‘cubic’ law. Fluid leak off happens only in the normal direction and is assumed to be governed by the Carter's leak‐off model. We propose a ‘local’ U‐P (displacement‐pressure) formulation to discretize the fluid‐solid coupled system, where volume shape functions are used to interpolate the fluid pressure field on the fracture face. The ‘local’ U‐P approach is compatible with the extended finite element framework, and a separate mesh is not required to describe the fluid flow. The coupled system of equations is solved iteratively by the standard Newton‐Raphson method. We identify instability issues associated with the fluid flow inside the fracture channel, and use the polynomial pressure projection method to reduce the pressure oscillations resulting from the instability. Numerical examples demonstrate that the proposed framework is effective in modeling 3D hydraulic fracture propagation. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.