基于SHAW模型的青藏高原唐古拉地区活动层土壤水热特征模拟

利用唐古拉综合观测场活动层及气象塔2007年的数据资料, 结合SHAW模型在3种不同地表反照率选取方案下进行模拟试验, 对唐古拉地区活动层土壤水热特征进行了单点数值模拟研究.通过观测值与3种模拟值的对比分析, 结果表明: SHAW模型能够较为好地模拟多年冻土区地表能量通量、 活动层土壤温度特征, 而对土壤含水量模拟不太理想, 但对其变化趋势模拟较好; 在模拟试验中, 模型输入参数地表反照率取1-12月各月平均地表反照率后, 模型对地表能量通量、 活动层土壤温度和湿度的模拟效果有了明显的提高; 而用一种地表反照率参数化方案的计算结果对模型输入参数进行修正后, 模型对活动层土壤温度和湿度的模拟效果有了明显的提高, 对地表能量通量的模拟效果提高不明显.总体上, SHAW模型对高原多年冻土区土壤冻融过程的模拟具有优势, 是研究高海拔多年冻土区活动层土壤水热过程较为理想的陆面模型.     

基于CoupModel的青藏高原多年冻土区土壤水热过程模拟

近年来, 青藏高原多年冻土区生态环境呈现出逐年恶化趋势, 从而对多年冻土活动层水热过程造成显著影响. 此外, 如何构建更加有效、 针对寒区的陆面过程模式成为寒区研究的重点、 热点之一. 作为一种有效的参数估计方法, Bayes参数估计算法具有准确估计陆面过程模式参数的能力. 因此, 基于2005-2008年观测数据, 利用CoupModel模型对青藏高原风火山流域土壤水热运移过程进行模拟; 同时, 利用Bayes参数估计方法估计部分水热运移参数. 结果显示: 模型对土壤温度(ST)的模拟效果较好, NSE系数均在0.90以上; 也能够较好模拟浅层(0~40 cm)土壤水分, NSE值均达到0.80以上, 而对40 cm以下土壤水分的模拟结果较差. 模型也能够较准确模拟活动层土壤的冻结-融化过程. 模型对温度水分极值和40 cm深度以下水分的模拟存在一些偏差. 值得一提的是, 基于重要性采样MCMC方案的Bayes参数估计算法能够有效估计水热运移参数, 模型模拟结果得到极大的改进. Bayes算法能够广泛解决陆面过程模式参数估计问题.     

青藏高原典型多年冻土区的一维水热过程模拟研究

了解多年冻土内部的水热过程对寒区工程规划和建设的辅助决策具有重要意义.冻土的水分迁移与温度变化密切相关,然而传统的经验模型局限性大,对水热物理过程考虑不足;陆面过程模型所需的驱动数据多且很难准确模拟深层土温,尽管数值模型在工程上应用的比较多,但很少应用到冻土的演化过程中.基于非饱和土壤渗流和热传导理论,实现了冻土水分场与温度场的水热耦合数值模拟.以唐古拉综合观测场为例,将数值模拟结果与观测数据进行对比,验证水热耦合数值模拟的有效性.结果表明：模型对土壤温度模拟效果较好,15 m以上R²在0.88以上,RMSE在1℃以内;水分模拟尚可,但仍存在一定误差,R²在0.7以上,RMSE在7.65%以内.模拟的活动层厚度约3.6 m,年平均地温所在的深度约为15 m,与实测值基本一致.该水热耦合模型可用于研究多年冻土区土壤水热变化规律.     

基于KNN机器学习方法对青藏高原唐古拉地区表层土壤水热状况的模拟

利用唐古拉站2004—2012年气象观测资料,基于KNN算法,结合机器学习思想,建立了一个气象回归模型,模拟了2005年唐古拉地区表层土壤水热变化趋势,结合实测数据,将模拟值与观测值进行对比,并对模型模拟效果进行了评估。结果表明：KNN模型能够较好地模拟活动层表层土壤水热状况,各层土壤温度的模拟值与观测值的相关系数均在0.99以上,均方根误差在1.25 ℃以内;不同深度土壤水分的模拟值与观测值的相关系数均在0.95以上,均方根误差在0.02 m³?m^-3以内。总体上,KNN模型能够对青藏高原多年冻土区唐古拉地区表层土壤水热状况进行较为精确地模拟,该模型对于青藏高原其他地区的适用性有待进一步研究验证。     

寒区典型下垫面冻土水热过程对比研究(Ⅰ)：模型对比

冻土水热传输和水热耦合过程是寒区水循环的核心环节和重要组成部分,土壤温度和湿度(含水量)的观测和模拟是冻土水热过程分析的基础. 以中国科学院寒区旱区环境与工程研究所黑河上游生态-水文试验研究站葫芦沟试验小流域为依托,选取季节冻土区的高寒草原、高寒草甸和多年冻土区的沼泽化草甸、高山寒漠等4种典型寒区下垫面,分别布设自动气象站,并调查相关土壤和植被参数,利用SHAW和CoupModel模型对试验点的土壤水热条件进行模拟计算.结果表明：4个试验点多层土壤含水量和地温SHAW模型计算值与实测值对比平均相关系数R²分别为0.65和0.90;CoupModel模型计算值与实测值对比平均R²为0.72和0.93. 总体上,地温的模型估算结果略好于含水量;相对于SHAW模型,CoupModel模型是更适合寒区各种下垫面的一维SVATs模型.     

数据同化算法在青藏高原高寒生态系统能量—水分平衡分析中的应用

位于青藏高原腹地的多年冻土地带,其冻融过程中的土壤含水量和土壤冻结深度的变化对气候强烈响应并产生显著的陆面能—水平衡变化,进而又对全球气候产生较大的反馈作用。为了能准确模拟这种变化,选取青藏高原多年冻土分布区的风火山左冒孔流域（长江源）进行了相关的野外数据采集和试验,以考虑土壤冻融影响的水—热耦合陆面过程模型——SHAW为动力学约束框架,验证集合卡尔曼滤波算法在改进模型对土壤冻融过程中土壤水分和冻土深度的计算效果。基于试验点的数据同化计算结果表明：数据同化方法可以融合观测信息显著提高水—热耦合模型对土壤冻融过程中状态变量（土壤水分和冻深）的模拟,并进而改善模型对其它相关能量—水分变量的计算,为在高寒冻土地区利用多源信息进行融合监测提供了理论依据。     

CLM3和SHAW模式在青藏高原中部NMQ站的模拟研究

利用那曲地区NMQ站2010年11月1日至2011年7月26日的观测资料作为通用陆面过程模式CLM3.0和水热耦合模式SHAW的大气强迫, 在青藏高原中部季节冻土区进行了单点模拟研究.在参照观测资料的基础上, 对两个陆面模式的模拟结果对比发现: SHAW模式和CLM3.0模式模拟的向上短波辐射和向下长波辐射值基本相近或重合, 但两个模式均未考虑新雪存在对向上短波辐射的影响, 以及青藏高原日冻融循环过程中潜热释放对向上长波辐射的影响.此外, SHAW模式和CLM3.0模式均能模拟各层土壤温度的逐日变化, 均是上层土壤的模拟效果较下层好; 相比SHAW模式, CLM3.0各层土壤温度的模拟值更接近于实测值.对土壤含水量的模拟而言, 60 cm以上(包括60 cm)SHAW模式和CLM3.0模式各有其优缺点, 60 cm以下SHAW模式的模拟结果要好于CLM3.0, 尤其是土壤冻结和消融时段的模拟结果.     

土壤热导率的研究现状及其进展

土壤热导率是重要的土壤热参数之一, 在下垫面土壤热量的传输中起到重要作用; 同时也是区域气候模式、 陆面过程模式中重要的输入参数, 在预估未来气候变化等方面也具有重要作用. 根据国内外的研究现状, 评述了土壤热导率的影响因素和模拟方案. 其中, 土壤质地、 温度、 含水(冰)量和孔隙度等是影响土壤热导率的主要因素, 特别在研究冻土时需重点分析含冰量的变化. 结合影响因素, 比较分析了典型的国内外计算土壤热导率的模型, 得出这些模型多适用于模拟常温下的热导率, 低温条件如青藏高原冻土区模拟结果并不理想. 因此, 多年冻土区土壤热导率的研究多基于观测资料计算或使用陆面模式中的参数化方案估算, 但因多年冻土内部水热传输过程的复杂性, 青藏高原多年冻土区热导率的模型模拟仍需进一步研究.     

黑河高山草甸冻土带水热传输过程

以黑河源区高山草甸冻土带的基本气象参数、植被参数和土壤水热性质参数为输入条件,利用CoupModel模型计算了试验点两个完整年度日尺度上的各种基本水热状况,计算结果较符合实测值(7层地温和土壤液态含水量平均R2分别为0.95和0.83).利用模型输出的土壤热通量和土壤水迁移分析了试验点季节性冻土区的水热传输过程:在土壤层开始冻结期,下层土壤液态水向冻结锋面集结,集结期向上的地热通量急剧增加;在冻结期,土壤热传导主要与上下层的土壤温度有关,土壤水迁移基本处于零通量状态;在融化期,在融化锋面未出现液态水分集结现象,融化层土壤水热传输过程迅速改变并与非冻结土壤一致,向下的地热通量急剧增加.     

塔里木河下游胡杨林耗水数值模型

基于SHAW（Simultaneous Heat and Water）模型,以基本观测要素、植被参数和土壤剖面水热观测数据为模型的输入,对河岸胡杨林的耗水过程、土壤剖面水分变化和能通量进行了较小时间尺度上的模拟研究。结果表明,采用SHAW模型模拟的胡杨耗水量与观测值间存在较大偏差。因此,为了进一步提升水热耦合SHAW模型在干旱区的实用性,引入了地下水位因子GSI（Groundwater-Soil water Interaction）,建立了改进的SHAW（GSI-SHAW）模型,解决干旱区荒漠河岸林耗水过程模拟的方法问题。采用SHAW模型和GSI-SHAW模型对胡杨耗水量的模拟进行了对比研究。结果显示,SHAW模型和GSI-SHAW模型模拟的胡杨耗水量与观测值的相关性系数分别为0.8533、0.9075,其平均相对误差分别为21.4%、16.9%,可见,改进的SHAW模型的模拟值更加接近试验观测值。地下水位的考虑一定程度上提升了传统SHAW模型的模拟精度,为干旱区自然植被耗水量的计算提供了新的方法和科学依据。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

Global repeating events in the history of the Earth and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy

Chronological analyses of correlations between certain global repeating events (mass extinctions of marine organisms, meteorite impacts, and flashes in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals) during the Phanerozoic Eon and the motion of the solar system in the Galaxy are presented for five rotationally symmetrical models for the regular Galactic gravitational field. Thirteen of sixteen mass-extinction events can be described by a repetition interval of 183±3 million years. This is in agreement with the anomalistic period (interval between two subsequent passages of the Sun through the apocenter of its Galactic orbit) in the model of Allen and Martos. The positions of the minima and maxima in Gaussian functions approximating the frequency distribution for geomagnetic reversals also agree with the times of passage of the Sun through the apocenter and pericenter, respectively, of its Galactic orbit in this model. The maximum in the distribution of the deviations of the dates of mass extinctions from the nearest dates of impacts of large, crater-forming bodies is close to zero, providing evidence that many such events are correlated. As a rule, extinctions follow impact events. The impacts of large bodies have occurred most often when the solar system passes through the Galactic plane, while mass extinctions occur more often at some distance from the Galactic plane (about 40 pc). As a rule, intervals of increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals coincide with dates of impacts of large bodies. At the same time, these intervals do not show a clear correlation with the dates of mass extinctions. The intensity of mass extinctions, like the energy released by impacts, is consistently higher in periods when the Sun is moving from the apocenter toward the pericenter of its orbit, than when it is moving from the pericenter toward the apocenter. Thus, there is evidence for a variety of relationships between repeating global events in the Phanerozoic and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy. Long-period variations in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with the orbital motion of the Sun, and increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with impacts. Mass extinctions are correlated with the impacts of large bodies, whose motions may have been perturbed by clouds of interstellar material concentrated toward the Galactic plane and by the shock front associated with the Perseus spiral arm, through which the solar system passes. The velocity of the Sun relative to the spiral pattern is estimated.     

从榴辉岩与围岩的关系论苏鲁榴辉岩的形成与折返

位于华北和扬子两板块碰撞带中的苏鲁榴辉岩形成的温压条件不但是超高压，而且是高温。榴辉岩的PTt轨迹表明其为陆-陆磁撞俯冲带的产物。榴辉岩的区域性围岩花岗质片麻岩为新元古代同碰撞期花岗岩，榴辉岩及其他直接围岩皆呈包体存在于其中，并见新元古代花岗岩呈脉状侵入榴辉岩包体中。区域性围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石中发现有柯石英、绿辉石等包裹体，表明新元古代花岗岩的组成物质也经受过超高压变质作用，且榴辉岩与围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石U-Pb体系同位素年龄基本相同。但新元古代花岗岩所记录的变质作用和变形作用期次（或阶段）却少于榴辉岩。椐上述可得如下推断：超高压榴辉岩与新元古代花岗岩岩浆是同时在碰撞带底部（俯冲板块前部）形成的；榴辉岩的第一折返阶段是由新元古代花岗岩岩浆携带上升的，其第二折返阶段是和新元古代花岗岩一起由逆冲及区域性隆起而上升，遭受剥蚀。     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值问题探讨

通过对广珠东线高速公路横沥大桥的试桩及土体的工程地质条件分析,总结出影响摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值的一般问题以及解决问题的方法和措施。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

On the consistency of proposed models for the Pyrenees with the structure of the eastern parts of the belt

The structure of the eastern Pyrenees consists mainly of south-directed thrusts involving basement and cover rocks. An antiformal stack developed by the piling up of basement thrust sheets which outcrop in the Axial zone. These structures account for a thin-skinned thrust model rather than a vertical fault model in which the Axial zone would be essentially autochthonous, and the North-Pyrenean fault the axial plane of a fan thrust system. New data from the Eastern Pyrenees and the thin-skinned model suggest that(1) the structure east of the Pedraforca nappe is similar to that of the Central Pyrenees; (2) the cover rocks of the South-Pyrenean units and of the Axial zone-after restoration—built up a northwards-thickening prism consistent with the existence of a unique Pyrenean sedimentary basin during Mesozoic time; (3) the Axial zone is only a complex antiformal stack developed as a part of South-Pyrenean system related to the Paleogene thrusting-tectonics. The Axial zone palaeogeographic area had no special meaning during Mesozoic time.