卫星测高与卫星重力对洋流的研究

卫星技术研究洋流的关键在于高精度高分辨率的海洋大地水准面和高精度的卫星海面高。卫星测高的观测结果包括海洋大地水准面和动态海面地形两部分,根据现有的卫星测高成果分离海洋大地水准面与动态海面地形将是十分困难的,必须与重力卫星获得的高精度海洋大地水     

Jason-1海洋观测卫星升空

美国东部时间 2 0 0 1年 12月 7日 ,在美国加利福尼亚州范登堡空军基地成功地发射了Ｊａｓｏｎ - 1海洋观测卫星。该卫星由法国空间中心和美国宇航局下属的喷气推进实验室研制。Ｊａｓｏｎ - 1是第 1颗海洋长期观测卫星 ,其全球数据覆盖范围为 6 6°Ｎ - 6 6°Ｓ ,地面重复访问周期为 10ｄ。Ｊａｓｏｎ - 1卫星的主要任务 :①扩充 2 1世纪的海洋表面观测能力 ;②提供对全球海洋表面连续 5ａ的观测 ;③增加对洋流循环和季节变化的了解 ;④改进气象预报的水平 ;⑤测量全球海平面变化情况 ;⑥改进已公布的潮汐模型 ;⑦提供大洋上风速和波高的数…     

基于组合卫星导航系统的编队卫星分析

针对编队飞行中星间相对定位的任务需求,分析了卫星导航系统对编队卫星的动态观测几何问题,引入了相对定位精度衰减因子(RDOP)描述,并讨论了其性质。在对编队中单颗低轨卫星进行导航卫星GDOP分析的基础上,研究了不同编队宽度下编队集合的共视卫星和共视时段,仿真了一定场景下的编队卫星RDOP,并比较了与PDOP的大小关系。接收机的截止高度角对于导航卫星GDOP影响较大;编队宽度会影响到共视卫星的选择;而与采用单个GPS系统相比,采用GPS-Galileo组合卫星导航系统对编队卫星进行相对定位,RDOP数值明显减小,从而有利于高精度的星间位置确定。     

卫星跟踪卫星技术确定地球重力场的加速度法研究

地球重力场是地球的基本物理场,表征着地球物质空间分布、运动和变化,一直是大地测量学科的核心科学任务之一。随着卫星重力测量技术的飞速发展,21世纪初国际卫星重力探测计划,CHAMP、GRACE和GOCE先后成功实施,提供了大量高低卫星跟踪卫星、低低卫星跟踪卫星以及卫星重力梯度观测数据,为研究地球重力场精细结构和构建高精度全球重力场模型提供精确的长波信息。其中,基于卫星跟踪卫星观测值恢复高精度中长波重力场被各国学者广泛而深入地研究。在此背景下,本文研究由卫星跟踪卫星技术利用加速度法确定地球重力场模型的理论与方法。     

伪卫星增强区域卫星导航系统组网仿真

卫星定位导航系统的精度等性能,很大程度上依赖于卫星数目和几何布局,而DOP值正是衡量定位卫星几何布局优劣的一个量度.从DOP值的角度研究了不同伪卫星位置布局及数目对增强区域卫星导航系统定位精度的影响,为合理布设伪卫星以进一步提高其导航性能提供了有力的参考依据.     

伪卫星增强区域卫星导航系统组网仿真

卫星定位导航系统的精度等性能,很大程度上依赖于卫星数目和几何布局,而DOP值正是衡量定位卫星几何布局优劣的一个量度。从DOP值的角度研究了不同伪卫星位置布局及数目对增强区域卫星导航系统定位精度的影响,为合理布设伪卫星以进一步提高其导航性能提供了有力的参考依据。     

卫星成像质量可靠性研究初探

将可靠性理论引入到航天摄影测量中,研究卫星成像质量可靠性问题。提出了卫星成像可靠性即是在规定条件和时间内,卫星的成像质量达到规定要求的能力;卫星成像质量可靠性分为可靠性设计、测试、增长和保持4个部分,并对可靠性的分析方法和流程进行叙述。对国外主流光学/合成孔径雷达（synthetic aperture radar,SAR）卫星成像质量可靠性研究情况进行了概述,针对国产卫星成像质量可靠性进行初步的研究和分析,验证了卫星成像质量可靠性理论与方法在国产卫星应用的有效性。     

基于卫星跟踪卫星数据恢复地球重力场的研究

卫星跟踪卫星技术可以快速获取全球地球重力场中长波信息,不仅可以获取重力场静态信息,而且可以获取重力场的时变信息,已成为地球物理、大地测量、海洋、水文等学科研究、甚至减灾防灾等方面的一种高技术手段。本文研究基于卫星数据恢复地球重力场的理论和方法,重点在于求解地球重力场模型同时改善卫星初始轨道参数方法的研究。1.在阅读大量文献的基础上,给出了论文研究必需的基础理论知识,讨论恢复地球重力场的常用几种方法的基本原理,分析它们的优缺点,指出三种定轨方式的联系与区别。2.详细研究卫星跟踪卫星各种观测值的误差源,讨论削弱…     

利用星载GPS接收机进行低轨卫星与卫星时间同步

研究了利用星载GPS接收机进行低轨卫星与卫星时间同步,探讨了其中的关键技术,以Bernese 5.0软件为基础,对GRACE卫星的星载GPS接收机钟差进行了解算,具体分析了解算结果。     

利用卫星跟踪卫星视线加速度确定月球重力场的模拟研究

月球重力场的研究是实施探月工程的前提和基础,但由于目前探月技术不足以及月球特殊的物理环境,现有远月面重力场的精度难以保证探测器远月面登陆。而已在地球重力场研究方面得以成功实施的卫星跟踪卫星技术为解决这一难题提供了可能。本文通过模拟数据研究了卫星跟踪卫星视线加速度确定月球重力场方法的可行性和可靠性,计算了GRAIL卫星轨道参数下的月球全球重力异常,结果表明,卫星跟踪卫星视线加速度能较好地展现月球全球重力场的精细结构。     

Mission design,operation and exploitation of the gravity field and steady-state ocean circulation explorer mission

The European Space Agency’s Gravity field and steady-state ocean circulation explorer mission (GOCE) was launched on 17 March 2009. As the first of the Earth Explorer family of satellites within the Agency’s Living Planet Programme, it is aiming at a better understanding of the Earth system. The mission objective of GOCE is the determination of the Earth’s gravity field and geoid with high accuracy and maximum spatial resolution. The geoid, combined with the de facto mean ocean surface derived from twenty-odd years of satellite radar altimetry, yields the global dynamic ocean topography. It serves ocean circulation and ocean transport studies and sea level research. GOCE geoid heights allow the conversion of global positioning system (GPS) heights to high precision heights above sea level. Gravity anomalies and also gravity gradients from GOCE are used for gravity-to-density inversion and in particular for studies of the Earth’s lithosphere and upper mantle. GOCE is the first-ever satellite to carry a gravitational gradiometer, and in order to achieve its challenging mission objectives the satellite embarks a number of world-first technologies. In essence the spacecraft together with its sensors can be regarded as a spaceborne gravimeter. In this work, we describe the mission and the way it is operated and exploited in order to make available the best-possible measurements of the Earth gravity field. The main lessons learned from the first 19 months in orbit are also provided, in as far as they affect the quality of the science data products and therefore are of specific interest for GOCE data users.     

Regional geoid of the Weddell Sea,Antarctica, from heterogeneous ground-based gravity data

We present a geoid solution for the Weddell Sea and adjacent continental Antarctic regions. There, a refined geoid is of interest, especially for oceanographic and glaciological applications. For example, to investigate the Weddell Gyre as a part of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and, thus, of the global ocean circulation, the mean dynamic topography (MDT) is needed. These days, the marine gravity field can be inferred with high and homogeneous resolution from altimetric height profiles of the mean sea surface. However, in areas permanently covered by sea ice as well as in coastal regions, satellite altimetry features deficiencies. Focussing on the Weddell Sea, these aspects are investigated in detail. In these areas, ground-based data that have not been used for geoid computation so far provide additional information in comparison with the existing high-resolution global gravity field models such as EGM2008. The geoid computation is based on the remove–compute–restore approach making use of least-squares collocation. The residual geoid with respect to a release 4 GOCE model adds up to two meters and more in the near-coastal and continental areas of the Weddell Sea region, also in comparison with EGM2008. Consequently, the thus refined geoid serves to compute new estimates of the regional MDT and geostrophic currents.     

Geoid and high resolution sea surface topography modelling in the mediterranean from gravimetry,altimetry and GOCE data: evaluation by simulation

The determination of local geoid models has traditionally been carried out on land and at sea using gravity anomaly and satellite altimetry data, while it will be aided by the data expected from satellite missions such as those from the Gravity field and steady-state ocean circulation explorer (GOCE). To assess the performance of heterogeneous data combination to local geoid determination, simulated data for the central Mediterranean Sea are analyzed. These data include marine and land gravity anomalies, altimetric sea surface heights, and GOCE observations processed with the space-wise approach. A spectral analysis of the aforementioned data shows their complementary character. GOCE data cover long wavelengths and account for the lack of such information from gravity anomalies. This is exploited for the estimation of local covariance function models, where it is seen that models computed with GOCE data and gravity anomaly empirical covariance functions perform better than models computed without GOCE data. The geoid is estimated by different data combinations and the results show that GOCE data improve the solutions for areas covered poorly with other data types, while also accounting for any long wavelength errors of the adopted reference model that exist even when the ground gravity data are dense. At sea, the altimetric data provide the dominant geoid information. However, the geoid accuracy is sensitive to orbit calibration errors and unmodeled sea surface topography (SST) effects. If such effects are present, the combination of GOCE and gravity anomaly data can improve the geoid accuracy. The present work also presents results from simulations for the recovery of the stationary SST, which show that the combination of geoid heights obtained from a spherical harmonic geopotential model derived from GOCE with satellite altimetry data can provide SST models with some centimeters of error. However, combining data from GOCE with gravity anomalies in a collocation approach can result in the estimation of a higher resolution geoid, more suitable for high resolution mean dynamic SST modeling. Such simulations can be performed toward the development and evaluation of SST recovery methods.     

The geopotential from gravity measurements,levelling data and satellite results

The geodetic boundary value problem is formulated which uses as boundary values the differences between the geopotential of points at the surface of the continents and the potential of the geoid. These differences are computed by gravity measurements and levelling data. In addition, the shape of the geoid over the oceans is assumed to be known from satellite altimetry and the shape of the continents from satellite results together with three-dimensional triangulation. The boundary value problem thus formulated is equivalent to Dirichlet's exterior problem except for the unknown potential of the geoid. This constant is determined by an integral equation for the normal derivative of the gravitational potential which results from the first derivative of Green's fundamental formula. The general solution, which exists, of the integral equation gives besides the potential of the geoid the solution of the geodetic boundary value problem. In addition approximate solutions for a spherical surface of the earth are derived.     

Estimation of dynamic ocean topography in the Gulf Stream area using the Hotine formula and altimetry data

Two modifications of the Hotine formula using the truncation theory and marine gravity disturbances with altimetry data are developed and used to compute a marine gravimetric geoid in the Gulf Stream area. The purpose of the geoid computation from marine gravity information is to derive the absolute dynamic ocean topography based on the best estimate of the mean surface height from recent altimetry missions such as Geosat, ERS-1, and Topex. This paper also tries to overcome difficulties of using Fast Fourier Transformation (FFT) techniques to the geoid computation when the Hotine kernel is modified according to the truncation theory. The derived absolute dynamic ocean topography is compared with that from global circulation models such as POCM4B and POP96. The RMS difference between altimetry-derived and global circulation model dynamic ocean topography is at the level of 25cm. The corresponding mean difference for POCM4B and POP96 is only a few centimeters. This study also shows that the POP96 model is in slightly better agreement with the results derived from the Hotine formula and altimetry data than POCM4B in the Gulf Stream area. In addition, Hotine formula with modification (II) gives the better agreement with the results from the two global circulation models than the other techniques discussed in this paper. Received: 10 October 1996 / Accepted: 16 January 1998     

海洋卫星测高及其反演全球海洋重力场和海底地形模型研究进展

海洋卫星测高在全球和区域大地水准面建模、全球海洋重力场反演、海底地形探测、海平面变化监测、构造板块运动研究等大地测量领域至关重要。本文概述了海洋微波测高卫星的简要发展历程,重点梳理了卫星测高在全球海洋重力场和全球海底地形建模方面取得的丰硕成果,对比分析了主流的海洋重力场和海底地形模型;介绍了合成孔径雷达高度计、Ka频段雷达高度计、合成孔径雷达干涉仪3种先进微波测高技术,并分析了其各自的优缺点,表明它们将在未来若干年呈并驱发展趋势;较为系统地阐述了海洋卫星测高的另一新型技术,即GNSS反射信号测量技术的研究动态,给出了GNSS-R(GNSS reflectometry)类(试验)卫星的发展脉络和发展前景。卫星测高的发展趋势之一是多颗测高卫星的组网观测,本文概括了曾经提出的和拟议中的若干组网测高计划,扼要介绍了由我国提出并正在实施的双星跟飞测高模式;最后指出了卫星测高发展的几个主要关注点,包括双星跟飞测高和SWOT(surface water ocean topography)任务的2维海面高(差)测量、卫星测高反演海底地形与高级地形激光高度计观测数据及遥感卫星图像的结合、星载GNSS-R厘米级海面高的载波相位测量、人工智能技术在卫星测高中的潜在应用等。     

Undulation and anomaly estimation using Geos-3 altimeter data without precise satellite orbits

The paper describes results obtained from the processing of 53 Geos-3 arcs of altimeter data obtained during the first weeks after the launch of the satellite in April, 1975. The measurement from the satellite to the ocean surface was used to obtain an approximate geoid undulation which was contaminated by long wavelength errors caused primarily by altimeter bias and orbit error. This long wavelength error was reduced by fitting with a low degree polynomial the raw undulation data to the undulations implied by the GEM 7 potential coefficients, in an adjustment process that included conditions on tracks that cross. The root mean square crossover discrepancy before this adjustment was ±12.4 meters while after the adjustment it was ±0.9 m. These adjusted undulations were used to construct a geoid map in the Geos-3 calibration area using a least squares filter to remove remaining noise in the undulations. Comparing these undulations to ones computed from potential coefficients and terrestrial gravity data indicates a mean difference of 0.25 m and a root mean square difference of ±1.92 m. The adjusted undulations were also used to estimate several 5^o, 2^o, and 1^o anomalies using the method of least squares collocation. The resulting predictions agreed well with known values although the 1^o x 1^o anomalies could not be considered as reliably determined.     

Refinement of the short arc satellite altimetry adjustment model

The short arc adjustment mode makes a determination of the geoid surface possible without the requirement of highly precise reference orbits. In this mode, the state vector components are subject to adjustment and represent in fact a set of independent weighted parameters. In a most elementary approach, the radial distance to a satellite point is differentiated with respect to these parameters and a radial distance to the geoid (r) is differentiated with respect to the earth potential coefficients. The observed satellite altimetry value (H) is approximately equal to the difference between these two radial distances. In the present study, a correction is introduced that makes it possible to express the mathematical model for H as accurately as practicable, good to a few centimeters. With regard to the partial differentiation, it is argued that r, in addition to being differentiated with respect to the potential coefficients, has to be differentiated also with respect to the state vector components. This gives rise to a second type of correction. It is shown that for most practical purposes, the ellipsoidal approximation to the geoid used to compute the above two kinds of corrections is satisfactory. The final results indicate that actual computation of these corrections is a very simple matter; an eventual upgrading of satellite altimetry computer programs can thus be accomplished with almost no additional effort. A practical benefit of the presented analysis is faster convergence in the adjustment which, in some cases, may remove the need for iterated solutions altogether.     

论高精度卫星重力场模型和厘米级区域大地水准面的确定及水文学时变重力效应

阐述了联全新一代卫星重力测量数据、卫星测高数据及全球陆地重力数据确定高精度180阶全球重力场模型、以全球重力场模型为框架参考场、利用我国地面重力数据、GPS水准资料、数值高程模型和地形密度信息确定高分辨率cm级区域大地水准面的思想。指出了一个重点发展方向:利用GRACE卫星每30天的重力位模型分析时变重力场,联系合卫星测高同时相平均海面以及水文、气候和海洋模型,分析我国黄河流域和海洋地区水储量分布和海流季节性变化,并解释与气候要素变化的相关性。     

Improvement of the geoid in local areas by satellite gradiometry

Summary Satellite gradiometry is studied as a means to improve the geoid in local areas from a limited data coverage. Least-squares collocation is used for this purpose because it allows to combine heterogeneous data in a consistent way and to estimate the integrated effect of the attenuated spectrum. In this way accuracy studies can be performed in a general and reliable manner. It is shown that only three second-order gradients contribute significantly to the estimation of the geoidal undulations and that it is sufficient to have gradiometer data in a 5°×5° area around the estimation point. The accuracy of the geoid determination is strongly dependent on the degree and order of the reference field used. An accuracy of about ±1 m can be achieved with a reference field of (12, 12). There is an optimal satellite altitude for each reference field and this altitude may be higher than 300 km for a field of low degree and order. The influence of measuring errors is discussed and it is shown that only gradiometer data with accuracies better than ±0.05 E will give a significant improvement of the geoid. Finally, some results on the combination of satellite gradiometry and terrestrial gravity measurements are given. The proposed method seems to be well suited for local geoid determinations down to the meter range. It is especially interesting for unsurveyed and difficult areas because no terrestrial measurements are necessary. Furthermore, it has the practical advantage that only a local data coverage is needed.