温度对煤层气井固井二界面胶结强度的影响

固井二界面胶结质量是煤层气井高效开采一个亟待解决的工程难题,温度是影响固井二界面胶结强度的一个重要因素。为此,基于取自沁水盆地HD012井的相关样品,实验评价了温度对固井二界面胶结强度的影响规律,并结合环境扫描电镜(ESEM)方法对比分析了不同温度条件下泥饼的断面特征和孔隙结构特征,进而探讨了温度对固井二界面胶结强度的影响机理。实验结果表明,在无泥饼条件下,固井二界面胶结强度,随温度升高而增大,而在有泥饼条件下,则随温度升高而减小;有泥饼存在时,温度升高,泥饼黏土颗粒结合水膜变薄,粒间作用力减小,泥饼中孔洞增大、增多,导致泥饼渗透性增大,固井二界面胶结强度降低。     

孔壁地层超静孔隙水（气）压力的形成及其对瓦斯抽排井套管稳定性影响

瓦斯抽排井套管失稳的事故时有发生。为了探索套管失稳机理,应用土力学原理分析了钻井和固管过程中孔壁地层超静孔隙水（气）压力的形成机制;建立了孔壁地层超静孔隙水（气）压力对套管作用的力学模型,该模型包含超静孔隙水（气）压力、地层孔隙率、井液液柱压力、套管抗外挤强度、固管水泥圈使套管抗外挤强度提高的效应系数和固管水泥圈与孔壁岩层界面处的抗张强度等参数;分别就新地层、基岩和煤层的超孔隙水（气）压力对套管稳定性影响的特点进行了分析。结合实例介绍了煤层超瓦斯压力引起套管失稳的分析方法。提出了局部提高套管抗外挤强度、提高固管水泥圈强度、延迟井液排空时间、增设套管扶正器等提高套管稳定性的具体措施。     

沁水盆地南部煤层气井增产的储层生产控制探讨

以沁水盆地南部区块煤层气生产井的工程、测试、监测数据为依据,对影响煤层气井产能的储层生产控制因素进行了分析,探讨了优化储层生产控制、提高煤层气井产能的工程措施,重点研究了水力压裂工艺施工参数与煤层气井产能的关系,提出了有利于提高煤层气井产能的水力压裂工艺施工参数。结果表明：合理控制钻井液的密度与粘度,可提高煤层气井的产能;煤层气井的产能与固井工艺中的水泥浆密度与用量呈现负相关关系;水力压裂采用变砂比、控制压裂液、变排量等施工工艺和优化的工艺参数值可有效提高煤层气井气产量。     

山西晋城地区煤层气钻井完井技术

通过对晋城地区所钻煤层气井的钻井完井技术总结, 提出了适合该地区煤层气开发的钻井技术、完井技术、煤层保护技术、绳索取心技术、固井技术等。      

煤层气井排采动态主控地质因素分析

沁水盆地寿阳区块和柿庄区块煤层气(CBM)井的排采动态在整体上表现出明显差异,而单一区块内部煤层气井的排采动态也存在较大差异。本文就两个区块的煤系地层沉积相、煤层渗透率、断裂构造、地应力类型和构造应力强度以及顶底板岩性组合类型等因素对排采动态的影响开展对比分析。基于静态地质条件和排采动态资料的综合研究表明:煤系地层沉积相、煤层渗透率、地应力类型和构造应力强度的差异是两个区块煤层气井排采动态差异的主要原因;单一区块内煤层气井的排采动态差异受控于局部断裂构造、地应力类型以及煤层顶底板岩性组合类型等局部因素;在煤层气开发选区和开发井位部署时,应综合考虑资源量、渗透率和多种局部地质因素的共同影响。     

沁南高煤阶煤层气井排采机理与生产特征

煤层气排采技术和排采工作制度的正确与否对煤层气井的产气量和服务年限有很大影响。通过对“沁南煤层气开发利用高技术产业化示范工程——潘河先导性试验项目”36口井排采过程的分析和跟踪研究,认为煤层气井的排采过程分为几个不同阶段,且不同阶段间的转化主要受控于含水饱和度和气-水相对渗透率的变化;煤层气井通常会有3个产气高峰,并探索了一套适合示范区煤层气井3号煤排采的工作制度。这些成果对今后示范区煤层气井以及其他同类型盆地中煤层气井的排采生产,都具有重要的示范意义。      

有限元法确定煤层气井钻井液密度窗口模型应用

随着国内市场对天然气需求量的迅速增长,如何成功开发宁武盆地储量丰富的煤层气资源已成为目前非常规气藏开发的一个重要课题。结合宁武盆地地应力状态、地层孔隙压力、地层强度参数、井斜角和方位角等参数,科学确定适合煤层气井钻进的钻井液密度窗口,成为宁武盆地煤层气项目能够高效、安全实现产业化发展的关键因素之一。通过ANSYS软件对宁武盆地9号煤层建立有限元模型,分别分析了不同地应力方向时不同井斜角钻井液密度对井眼扩大率的影响规律,针对不同方位和井斜得出了适用的钻井液密度窗口,对于下一步宁武盆地煤层气井产业化开发中有效控制煤层坍塌,降低复杂情况,提高钻井效率及提高煤层气开发综合效益提供了技术支撑。     

西峰矿区煤层气井产出水地球化学特征及排采状况分析

西峰矿区是鄂尔多斯盆地中生界煤层气开发的探索区块之一,目前已施工多口煤层气探井。本文根据其中的5口煤层气井资料,分析了该区煤层气井产出水地球化学特征和煤层气井排采状况。研究揭示,该区地层水矿化度介于52~94g/L之间,平均68g/L,矿化度极高,具有卤水的典型性质;地层水呈微酸性,属于NaHCO3水型。研究认为,高矿化度指示地下水处于滞留或流动极为缓慢的状态,一方面有利于煤层气的保存,另一方面可能降低煤层对甲烷的吸附能力而导致含气量受损,同时也不利于次生生物气的生成,这可能是本区煤层含气量偏低的重要原因。该区域煤层气井产水量较高,主要是由于目的煤层上部洛河组砂岩含水层富水性较强,承压水头高,同时该区地下水矿化度高,呈微酸性,对煤层气井生产管柱造成腐蚀,导致煤层气井频繁停机,对煤层气井的连续排采造成很大影响。     

煤层气群井排采地层水来源判识及其意义

为指导煤层气生产区煤层气井排采,以沁水盆地南部樊庄区块生产监测区为例,通过系统采样测试分析了不同时间节点煤层气井产出地层水样的离子浓度变化特征、溶解性总固体、电导率和总硬度的变化特征,判识了产出地层水的水质类型和水化学相。研究表明:产出地层水的离子浓度、溶解性总固体、电导率和总硬度呈现出波动性变化的特征,具有明显的一致性,地层水中离子浓度除受地层水来源、矿物和离子性质影响外,还受区域井间干扰形成条件下煤层气井产出地层水的流体场影响。产出地层水质类型主要为HCO3—Na型,部分为Cl—Na型,产出地层水水化学相主要为煤层水,部分煤层气井产出地层水水化学相为顶底板围岩水(砂岩或泥岩水)或混有顶底板围岩水的煤层水。生产监测区煤层气群井排采地层水来源的判识有利于指导煤层气生产区排采控制。     

煤层气洞穴完井技术

煤层气洞穴完井技术既是一种裸眼完井技术,又是一种增产技术,在适宜的地层该技术能够大大提高近井地带的渗透率,从而提高煤层气的采收率。该技术在美国圣胡安盆地的高渗煤层取得了巨大的成功,但是在其它区域并没有像圣胡安盆地那样效果明显,究其原因对该技术的增产机理及煤层适应性的认识还有一定的差距。分析了洞穴完井技术的增产机理及洞穴完井的煤层适用条件,对洞穴完井技术的储层选择、井身结构、工艺流程及设备配套进行了详细论述,并介绍了国内的现场试验情况及取得的一些有益经验,为该技术以后的推广应用奠定基础。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

Définition d'une limite multicritère ; stratigraphie du passage Campanien–Maastrichtien du site géologique de Tercis (Landes,SW France)Definition of a multi-criteria boundary; stratigraphy of the Campanian–Maastrichtian interval of the geological site at Tercis (Landes,SW France)

Lithostratigraphy, physicochemical stratigraphy, biostratigraphy, and geochronology of the 77–70 Ma old series bracketing the Campanian–Maastrichtian boundary have been investigated by 70 experts. For the first time, direct relationships between macro- and microfossils have been established, as well as direct and indirect relationships between chemo-physical and biostratigraphical tools. A combination of criteria for selecting the boundary level, duration estimates, uncertainties on durations and on the location of biohorizons have been considered; new chronostratigraphic units are proposed. The geological site at Tercis is accepted by the Commission on Stratigraphy as the international reference for the stratigraphy of the studied interval. To cite this article: G.S. Odin, C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 409–414.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

NONMETALS DEPOSITS

正20141520 Bo Ying(Key Laboratory of Metallogeny and Mineral Assessment,MLR,Beijing 100037,China);Liu Chenglin Saline Spring Hydrochemical Characteristics and Indicators for Potassium Exploration in Southwestern and Northern Tarim Basin,Xinjiang(Acta Geoscientica Sinica,ISSN1006-3021,CN11-3474/P,34(5),2013,p.594-602,5 illus.,3 tables,28 refs.)     

MATHEMATICAL GEOLOGY

正20141243Chen Ge(Hangzhou Research Institute of Petroleum Geology,PetroChina,Hangzhou 310023,China);Si Chunsong Study on Sedimentary Numerical Simulation Method of Fan Delta Sand Body(Journal of Geology,     

PROSPECTING EXPLORATION

正20142599Chen Sanming(Guangxi Key Laboratory of Concealed Deposits Exploration,Guilin University of Technology,Guilin541004,China);He Yuzhou Block Model and Reserves Estimation of Panzhihua Iron Deposit Based on 3D Geological Modeling(Journal of Guilin University of Technology,ISSN1674-9057,CN45-1375/N,33(4),2013,p.610-615,9illus.,1table,15refs.)     

STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY

正20140594 Bai Daoyuan(Hunan Institute of Geology Survey,Changsha 410016,China);Zhong Xiang Faults in the Jingzhou Basin and Their Tectonic Settings(Geotectonica et Metallogenia,ISSN1001-1552,CN44-1595/P,37(2),2013,p.173-183,6illus.,59refs.)Key words:basin evolution,tectonic setting,South China In the Upper Paleozoic and Jurassic se-     

STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY

正20141912Cao Hui(State Key Laboratory for Continental Tectonics and Dynamics,Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing 100037,China)Gravitational Collapse and Folding during Orogenesis:A Comparative Study of FIA Trends and Fold Axial Plane Traces(Geology in China,ISSN1000-3657,CN11-1167/P,40(6),2013,p.1818-1828,9illus.,35refs.,with