湖南锡田晚侏罗世花岗岩成因及其地质意义

为探讨湘东锡田地区晚侏罗世花岗质岩浆作用及其与成矿作用的相互关系,本文对锡田垄上黑云母二长花岗岩进行了矿物学和LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年代学及Hf同位素组成研究。锆石U-Pb年代学研究表明花岗岩形成于～150 Ma,为晚侏罗世,与锡田钨锡多金属矿床具有一致的形成时代。锆石原位Hf同位素的研究结果表明锡田晚侏罗世花岗岩主要来源于古老地壳物质的重熔,同时有少量地幔物质的加入。花岗岩黑云母的化学成分特征显示其具有高的含铁指数和低的氧逸度,暗示其有利于钨锡成矿。综合相关区域地质资料,表明锡田晚侏罗世花岗岩的形成与中生代时期华南发生的岩石圈伸展与减薄作用有关,本区晚侏罗世花岗质岩浆活动与区内钨锡多金属矿床的形成具有密切联系。     

湘东锡田燕山期A型花岗岩黑云母矿物化学特征及其成岩成矿意义

黑云母的化学组成特征对揭示花岗岩的源区特征、形成环境、后期热液作用以及成矿元素富集特征具有重要的指示意义.对与锡田钨锡多金属矿床成矿作用密切相关的锡田燕山早期花岗岩黑云母和长石成分进行了系统的电子探针分析.分析结果表明,黑云母具有富铁贫镁、高铝低钠的特征,其MgO和FeOT含量分别为0.12%~1.35%和15.47%~23.24%,类似于高铁黑云母;其含铁指数Fe/(Fe+Mg)较高,集中在0.87~0.99,属于铁叶云母;其长石主要以正长石和钠长石为主.这些特征暗示了寄主岩石源区以壳源为主.结合相关区域地质资料,表明锡田燕山早期花岗质岩浆具有较高的温度和较低的氧逸度.黑云母具有高的含铁指数、较高的结晶温度和低的氧逸度等特征均有利于锡成矿,可以作为勘探锡矿的标志之一.综合分析认为,在锡田花岗质岩浆演化过程中,岩浆结晶期后分异出的流体趋向于向富锡的方向演化,是锡田多金属矿床成矿流体的重要来源.      

桂东北姑婆山岩体矿物学和年代学特征及其成岩成矿意义

为揭示桂东北姑婆山一带花岗岩的成岩成矿特征,本文对姑婆山岩体进行了黑云母矿物化学成分分析和锆石U-Pb年代学研究。花岗岩中黑云母化学成分分析结果表明：黑云母具有富铁镁、贫钙钠的特征,w（TFeO）为26.78%~31.06%、w（MgO）为2.98%~6.60%,且w（TFeO）与w（MgO）呈明显的负相关性,说明其结晶过程中主要发生了Fe²⁺←→Mg²⁺的置换反应;黑云母的含铁指数为0.68~0.84,属于高铁黑云母,氧逸度为-17.0~-15.5,结晶温度为680~705℃,平均为695℃;黑云母的全铝压力计显示黑云母结晶的压力为69~179 MPa,平均为115 MPa,对应的侵位深度相当于2 621~6 755 m,平均深度为4 331 m。年代学分析结果显示,采自姑婆山岩体的两个代表性花岗岩样品形成年龄分别为（162±3）和（163±2）Ma,为燕山早期,与华南中生代大规模岩浆-成矿作用时代一致。综合上述分析,姑婆山岩体形成于较高温度、低氧逸度、较浅的环境,显示出良好的锡成矿性,具有良好的找矿前景。     

江西大湖塘地区燕山期构造-岩浆热液成矿系统及其成矿机理

江西大湖塘地区近年发现了一批大-特大型钨铜多金属矿矿床,矿床类型均为燕山期构造-岩浆热液型,成矿与燕山期花岗岩有关,基底中的成矿元素被活化并参与成矿;矿化受燕山期断裂及其岩体与围岩接触面的控制,根据岩体形成时代、岩石地球化学特征及与矿化的关系判断,细粒花岗岩及花岗斑岩为成矿岩体或成矿地质体;该区的成矿作用与区域燕山期构造-岩浆热液成矿系统直接相关,并受深部作用过程和浅部构造环境的双重控制;其成矿机理是基于成矿系统内部各种物理、化学(生物)作用的耦合,成矿实际上是深部过程背景与表层岩石响应的结果。     

湖南邓阜仙印支晚期二云母花岗岩年代学、地球化学特征及其意义

邓阜仙花岗岩体位于湖南省东部,是印支期-燕山期多期次多阶段侵入的复式岩体。本文对邓阜仙岩体中部的两件二云母花岗岩样品进行了锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb测年,得到的锆石U-Pb年龄为222.9±1.6Ma和224.3±2.4Ma,首次证实了邓阜仙岩体存在有印支晚期二云母花岗岩。印支晚期二云母花岗岩具有高硅、高碱、强过铝质的特征,富集Cs、Rb、U、Pb而亏损Ba、Sr、Ti等元素,与华南己发现的其他印支期强过铝质花岗岩类似。花岗岩较高的（⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr）_i值（0.721463~0.728115）、较低的ε_Nd（t）值（-11.68~-11.33）以及1.92~1.95Ga的Nd模式年龄说明其主要起源于区内古元古代地壳的部分熔融。邓阜仙印支晚期二云母花岗岩与华南印支期强过铝质花岗岩的成岩时间一致,根据区域地质特征及花岗岩地球化学特征,认为其形成于后造山伸展的构造环境。邓阜仙钨矿与区内燕山期花岗岩有密切的成因联系。印支晚期二云母花岗岩具有较高的钨含量,属于富钨岩体,可能为燕山期的钨成矿作用提供了物质基础。     

赣南金竹坪钨矿床多期成矿作用特征及地质意义

金竹坪矿床是南岭东段赣南地区钨多金属成矿带内一处典型的石英脉型钨矿床。燕山期隐伏中粗粒(或似斑状)黑云母二长花岗岩与成矿作用密切相关,早期矿体受后期热液交代作用改造强烈而表现多世代成矿的特征。关于隐伏岩体与多期成矿活动的时间,目前依然缺乏精确的年代学制约。本文利用锆石和黑钨矿LA-ICP-MS U-Pb测年方法对矿床内似斑状黑云母二长花岗岩及3个世代的黑钨矿进行定年,揭示成矿多期演化史,并探讨成矿作用过程。结果显示,似斑状黑云母二长花岗岩岩浆锆石年龄为(155.2±0.7) Ma, 3个世代黑钨矿年龄分别为(164.9±2.4) Ma、(157.4±1.0) Ma和(144.8±1.8) Ma。综合分析认为金竹坪钨矿床隐伏岩体侵位于159～155 Ma,三期热液钨矿化作用形成于164.9～144.8 Ma,它们均系燕山期南岭钨锡多金属成矿带大规模成岩成矿作用的产物。前两个世代钨矿化年龄与花岗岩体侵位时代在误差范围内基本一致,处于南岭中—晚侏罗世成矿高峰期;而第三个世代钨矿化则较岩体形成晚约10 Ma,可能代表中晚侏罗世成矿作用后新发生的一期早白垩世钨矿化作用。     

浙江临安夏色岭钨矿含矿岩体特征及LA-ICP-MS锆石铀-铅年代学研究

夏色岭钨矿是浙江省内已知规模最大的石英脉型钨矿,其形成与夏色岭花岗岩体关系密切,前人对该岩体的年代学研究方法比较局限。本研究采集了夏色岭钨矿区的新鲜花岗岩样品,从岩石的矿物学特征及地球化学特征出发,讨论了岩体与成矿作用之间的关系。通过分析精度更高、结果更可靠的激光剥蚀-电感耦合等离子体质谱(LA-ICP-MS)锆石U-Pb测年技术,获得206Pb/238U加权平均年龄为(126.9±1.7)Ma,表明为燕山晚期早阶段(早白垩世)的产物,结合区域上的找矿成果,对本地区的地质找矿具有一定指导意义。     

西华山钨矿的花岗岩组成及与成矿的关系

西华山钨矿田成矿花岗岩为一复式岩体,该复式岩体由燕山时期第二阶段西华山杂岩体、花岗斑岩单一侵入体组成.与两期三个阶段花岗岩有关,相应具有3次钨的成矿作用,形成了以西华山钨矿为代表的一毓不同规模的钨矿床,成为我国花岗岩区多阶段成岩多次成矿的典型范例.     

广西都庞岭、海洋山花岗岩体地球化学特征对比

同处南岭西段的广西都庞岭岩体与海洋山岩体形成时代不同:前者是加里东晚期、印支晚期和燕山早期形成的复式岩体,以燕山早期花岗岩为其主体;后者以加里东晚期花岗岩为主.与两岩体有关的含矿性有明显的差异,区内已发现的钨锡矿矿床(点)主要产于燕山早期花岗岩中.水系沉积物地球化学特征对比分析表明:二者除在微量元素的初始丰度值、元素组合等方面具有一定相似之外.元素含量分布特征明显不一样,都庞岭燕山期花岗岩较海洋山岩体W、Sn、Bi等成矿元素丰度值更高,W、Sn、Bi、Mo富集趋势明显,而海洋山加里东期花岗岩以Ag、Pb、AB、sb等的后期富集为特征.     

南岭稀土花岗岩、钨锡花岗岩及其成矿作用的对比

南岭地区的钨锡和稀土矿床都与花岗岩类有直接成因联系,但二者的成矿作用有许多不同之处.钨锡是典型的热液成矿,而稀土则主要形成于风化作用.随着花岗岩类的分异演化,岩石中的W、Sn等元素含量逐渐增加,因此钨锡等矿床主要与高度分异演化的晚阶段小岩体有关;但是稀土的表现与钨锡不同,由于花岗岩类的分异演化导致稀土栽体黑云母及许多副矿物的减少,因此稀土元素含量在晚阶段岩体中反而降低.赣南的五里亭-大吉山岩体、桂东北的花山-姑婆山岩体等提供了很好的范例.因此,南岭地区与风化壳型稀土矿床有关的岩石主要有:印支期准铝质花岗岩,燕山期A型花岗岩,燕山中-晚期黑云母二长花岗岩等.     

Roles of xenomelts,xenoliths, xenocrysts,xenovolatiles, residues,and skarns in the genesis,transport, and localization of magmatic Fe-Ni-Cu-PGE sulfides and chromite

Most sulfide-rich magmatic Ni-Cu-(PGE) deposits form in dynamic magmatic systems by partial melting S-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren to weakly-mineralized immiscible Fe sulfide xenomelts into which Ni-Cu-Co-PGE partition from the magma. Some exceptionally-thick magmatic Cr deposits may form by partial melting oxide-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of the miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren Fe ± Ti oxide xenocrysts into which Cr-Mg-V ± Ti partition from the magma. The products of these processes are variably preserved as skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles, which play important to critical roles in ore genesis, transport, localization, and/or modification. Incorporation of barren xenoliths/autoliths may induce small amounts of sulfide/chromite to segregate, but incorporation of sulfide xenomelts or oxide xenocrysts with dynamic upgrading of metal tenors (PGE > Cu > Ni > Co and Cr > V > Ti, respectively) is required to make significant ore deposits. Silicate xenomelts are only rarely preserved, but will be variably depleted in chalcophile and ferrous metals. Less dense felsic xenoliths may aid upward sulfide transport by increasing the effective viscosity and decreasing the bulk density of the magma. Denser mafic or metamorphosed xenoliths may also increase the effective viscosity of the magma, but may aid downward sulfide transport by increasing the bulk density of the magma. Sulfide wets olivine, so olivine xenocrysts may act as filter beds to collect advected finely dispersed sulfide droplets, but other silicates and xenoliths may not be wetted by sulfides. Xenovolatiles may retard settling of – or in some cases float – dense sulfide droplets. Reactions of sulfide melts with felsic country rocks may generate Fe-rich skarns that may allow sulfide melts to fractionate to more extreme Cu-Ni-rich compositions. Xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles are more likely to be preserved in cooler basaltic magmas than in hotter komatiitic magmas, and are more likely to be preserved in less dynamic (less turbulent) systems/domain/phases than in more dynamic (more turbulent) systems/domains/phases. Massive to semi-massive Ni-Cu-PGE and Cr mineralization and xenoliths are often localized within footwall embayments, dilations/jogs in dikes, throats of magma conduits, and the horizontal segments of dike-chonolith and dike-sill complexes, which represent fluid dynamic traps for both ascending and descending sulfides/oxides. If skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and/or xenovolatiles are present, they provide important constraints on ore genesis and they are valuable exploration indicators, but they must be included in elemental and isotopic mass balance calculations.     

深部矿井水煤共采水文地质数值分析

针对兖州煤田下组煤深部开采受奥灰高承压水威胁以及当地大型煤化工企业生产用水量大的现状,在已进行的水文地质勘探及放水试验基础上,评价奥灰富水性,并采用有限差分法进行奥灰疏水降压数值模拟研究,提出水煤共采观点。研究结果表明:兖州煤田深部奥灰水压高,合理布置水煤共采孔,可以实现奥灰水位的有效疏降,疏降中心区水位最大降深可达110 m,突水系数显著下降,提高了下组煤开采的安全性;同时可提供煤化工43200 m3/d的供水量,能达到可持续的、水资源保护性的供水效果,实现下组煤的水煤共采。     

Coprecipitation of Ti,Mo, Sn and Sb with fluorides and application to determination of B,Ti, Zr,Nb, Mo,Sn, Sb,Hf and Ta by ICP-MS

We examined the coprecipitation behavior of Ti, Mo, Sn and Sb in Ca–Al–Mg fluorides under two different fluoride forming conditions: at < 70 °C in an ultrasonic bath (denoted as the ultrasonic method) and at 245 °C using a Teflon bomb (denoted as the bomb method). In the ultrasonic method, small amounts of Ti, Mo and Sn coprecipitation were observed with 100% Ca and 100% Mg fluorides. No coprecipitation of Ti, Mo, Sn and Sb in Ca–Al–Mg fluorides occurred when the sample was decomposed by the bomb method except for 100% Ca fluoride. Based on our coprecipitation observations, we have developed a simultaneous determination method for B, Ti, Zr, Nb, Mo, Sn, Sb, Hf and Ta by Q-pole type ICP-MS (ICP-QMS) and sector field type ICP-MS (ICP-SFMS). 9–50 mg of samples with Zr–Mo–Sn–Sb–Hf spikes were decomposed by HF using the bomb method and the ultrasonic method with B spike. The sample was then evaporated and re-dissolved into 0.5 mol l^− 1 HF, followed by the removal of fluorides by centrifuging. B, Zr, Mo, Sn, Sb and Hf were measured by ID method. Nb and Ta were measured by the ID-internal standardization method, based on Nb/Mo and Ta/Mo ratios using ICP-QMS, for which pseudo-FI was developed and applied. When 100% recovery yields of Zr and Hf are expected, Nb/Zr and Ta/Hf ratios may also be used. Ti was determined by the ID-internal standardization method, based on the Ti/Nb ratio from ICP-SFMS. Only 0.053 ml sample solution was required for measurement of all 9 elements. Dilution factors of ≤ 340 were aspirated without matrix effects. To demonstrate the applicability of our method, 4 carbonaceous chondrites (Ivuna, Orgueil, Cold Bokkeveld and Allende) as well as GSJ and USGS silicate reference materials of basalts, andesites and peridotites were analyzed. Our analytical results are consistent with previous studies, and the mean reproducibility of each element is 1.0–4.6% for basalts and andesites, and 6.7–11% for peridotites except for TiO₂.     

Partition coefficients of Hf,Zr, and REE between zircon,apatite, and liquid

Concentration ratios of Hf, Zr, and REE between zircon, apatite, and liquid were determined for three igneous compositions: two andesites and a diorite. The concentration ratios of these elements between zircon and corresponding liquid can approximate the partition coefficient. Although the concentration ratios between apatite and andesite groundmass can be considered as partition coefficients, those for the apatite in the diorite may deviate from the partition coefficients. The HREE partition coefficients between zircon and liquid are very large (100 for Er to 500 for Lu), and the Hf partition coefficient is even larger. The REE partition coefficients between apatite and liquid are convex upward, and large (D=10–100), whereas the Hf and Zr partition coefficients are less than 1. The large differences between partition coefficients of Lu and Hf for zircon-liquid and for apatite-liquid are confirmed. These partition coefficients are useful for petrogenetic models involving zircon and apatite.     

Distribution of Cu,Co, As,and Fe in mine waste,sediment, soil,and water in and around mineral deposits and mines of the Idaho Cobalt Belt,USA

The distribution of Cu, Co, As and Fe was studied downstream from mines and deposits in the Idaho Cobalt Belt (ICB), the largest Co resource in the USA. To evaluate potential contamination in ecosystems in the ICB, mine waste, stream sediment, soil, and water were collected and analyzed for Cu, Co, As and Fe in this area. Concentrations of Cu in mine waste and stream sediment collected proximal to mines in the ICB ranged from 390 to 19,000 μg/g, exceeding the USEPA target clean-up level and the probable effect concentration (PEC) for Cu of 149 μg/g in sediment; PEC is the concentration above which harmful effects are likely in sediment dwelling organisms. In addition concentrations of Cu in mine runoff and stream water collected proximal to mines were highly elevated in the ICB and exceeded the USEPA chronic criterion for aquatic organisms of 6.3 μg/L (at a water hardness of 50 mg/L) and an LC50 concentration for rainbow trout of 14 μg/L for Cu in water. Concentrations of Co in mine waste and stream sediment collected proximal to mines varied from 14 to 7400 μg/g and were highly elevated above regional background concentrations, and generally exceeded the USEPA target clean-up level of 80 μg/g for Co in sediment. Concentrations of Co in water were as high as in 75,000 μg/L in the ICB, exceeding an LC50 of 346 μg/L for rainbow trout for Co in water by as much as two orders of magnitude, likely indicating an adverse effect on trout. Mine waste and stream sediment collected in the ICB also contained highly elevated As concentrations that varied from 26 to 17,000 μg/g, most of which exceeded the PEC of 33 μg/g and the USEPA target clean-up level of 35 μg/g for As in sediment. Conversely, most water samples had As concentrations that were below the 150 μg/L chronic criterion for protection of aquatic organisms and the USEPA target clean-up level of 14 μg/L. There is abundant Fe oxide in streams in the ICB and several samples of mine runoff and stream water exceeded the chronic criterion for protection of aquatic organisms of 1000 μg/L for Fe. There has been extensive remediation of mined areas in the ICB, but because some mine waste remaining in the area contains highly elevated Cu, Co, As and Fe, inhalation or ingestion of mine waste particulates may lead to human exposure to these elements.     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

Dielectric constants of apatite,epidote, vesuvianite,and zoisite,and the oxide additivity rule

The dielectric constants and dielectric loss values of 4 Ca-containing minerals were determined at 1 MHz using a two-terminal method and empirically determined edge corrections. The results are: vesuvianitel κ′ _a=9.93 tan δ=0.006 κ′ _c=9.79 tan δ=0.005 vesuvianitel κ′ _a=10.02 tan δ=0.002 κ′ _c=9.85 tan δ=0.003 zoisite1 κ′ _a =10.49 tan δ=0.0006 κ′ _b =15.31 tan δ=0.0008 κ′ _c=9.51 tan δ=0.0008 zoisite2 κ′ _a =10.55 tan δ=0.0011 κ′ _b =15.45 tan δ=0.0013 κ′ _c=9.39 tan δ=0.0008 epidote κ′ ₁₁= 9.52 tan δ=0.0008 κ′ ₂₂=17.1 tan δ=0.0009 κ′ ₃₃= 9.37 tan δ=0.0006 fluorapatite1 κ′ _a =10.48 tan δ=0.0008 κ′ _c = 8.72 tan δ=0.0114 fluorapatite2 κ′ _a =10.40 tan δ=0.0010 κ′ _c=8.26 tan δ=0.0178 The deviation (δ) between measured dielectric polarizabilities as determined from the Clausius-Mosotti equation and those calculated from the sum of oxide polarizabilities according to α _D (mineral)=∑ α _D (oxides) for vesuvianite is ～ 0.5%. The large deviations of epidote and zoisite from the additivity rule with Δ=+ 10.1 and + 11.7%, respectively, are attributed to “rattling” Ca ions. The combined effects of both a large F thermal parameter and possible F-ion conductivity in fluorapatite are believed to be responsible for Δ=+2–3%. Although variation of oxygen polarizability with oxygen molar volume (V_o) is believed to affect the total polarizabilities, the variation of V_o in these Ca minerals is too small to observe the effect.     

Geochemistry and petrology of selected coal samples from Sumatra, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, and Papua, Indonesia

Indonesia has become the world's largest exporter of thermal coal and is a major supplier to the Asian coal market, particularly as the People's Republic of China is now (2007) and perhaps may remain a net importer of coal. Indonesia has had a long history of coal production, mainly in Sumatra and Kalimantan, but only in the last two decades have government and commercial forces resulted in a remarkable coal boom. A recent assessment of Indonesian coal-bed methane (CBM) potential has motivated active CBM exploration. Most of the coal is Paleogene and Neogene, low to moderate rank and has low ash yield and sulfur (generally < 10 and < 1 wt.%, respectively). Active tectonic and igneous activity has resulted in significant rank increase in some coal basins. Eight coal samples are described that represent the major export and/or resource potential of Sumatra, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, and Papua. Detailed geochemistry, including proximate and ultimate analysis, sulfur forms, and major, minor, and trace element determinations are presented. Organic petrology and vitrinite reflectance data reflect various precursor flora assemblages and rank variations, including sample composites from active igneous and tectonic areas. A comparison of Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs) elements abundance with world and US averages show that the Indonesian coals have low combustion pollution potential.