华北克拉通南缘豫西下汤地区2.3 Ga岩浆作用和1.94 Ga变质作用

本文报道了华北克拉通南缘豫西鲁山下汤地区古元古代片麻状花岗岩和黑云角闪斜长片麻岩的全岩地球化学和锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄和Hf同位素组成。岩石呈包体形式存在于中元古代花岗岩中。片麻状花岗岩具深熔特征,岩浆锆石年龄为2.30Ga;岩石高SiO2和K2O,低ΣFeO、MgO和CaO,具稀土总量较高(ΣREE=165.8×10-6)、轻重稀土分离较强[(La/Yb)n=37.8]及弱负铕异常(Eu/Eu*=0.76)的稀土模式;εNd(t)(t=2.30Ga)=-0.75;tDM(Nd)=2.66Ga。黑云角闪斜长片麻岩变质原岩为辉长闪长岩,捕获锆石年龄为2.25Ga;岩石低SiO2和MgO,高Al2O3和P2O5,具稀土总量高(ΣREE=373.4×10-6)、轻重稀土分离不强[(La/Yb)n=9.4]及较强负铕异常(Eu/Eu*=0.44)的稀土模式;εNd(t)(t=2.25Ga)=-1.21;tDM(Nd)=2.75Ga。片麻状花岗岩和黑云角闪斜长片麻岩都记录了1.94Ga变质锆石年龄。片麻状花岗岩的岩浆锆石组成域的εHf(t)(t=2.30Ga)=-6.71～0.38,tDM1(Hf)=2627～2910Ma,tDM2(CC)(Hf)=2823～3255Ma。黑云角闪斜长片麻岩的捕获锆石组成域的εHf(t)(t=2.25Ga)=-19.58～-1.73,tDM1(Hf)=2664～3360Ma,tDM2(CC)(Hf)=2968～4011Ma。结合前人资料,得出如下结论:华北克拉通南缘豫陕晋结合部地区存在一规模较大的约2.3Ga地质体分布区;华北克拉通南缘很可能存在规模巨大的>2.7Ga基底;中部造山带与孔兹岩带具有类似的古元古代晚期构造热事件演化历史。     

2.3 Ga Magmatism and 1.94 Ga Metamorphism in the Xiatang Area,Southern Margin of the North China Craton——Evidence from Whole-rock Geochemistry and Zircon Geochronology and Hf Isotope

本文报道了华北克拉通南缘豫西鲁山下汤地区古元古代片麻状花岗岩和黑云角闪斜长片麻岩的全岩地球化学和锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄和Hf同位素组成.岩石呈包体形式存在于中元古代花岗岩中.片麻状花岗岩具深熔特征,岩浆锆石年龄为2.30 Ga;岩石高SiO2和K2O,低∑FeO、MgO和CaO,具稀土总量较高(∑REE=165.8×10-6)、轻重稀土分离较强[(La/Yb)n=37.8]及弱负铕异常(Eu/Eu(*)=0.76)的稀土模式;εNd(t)(t=2.30 Ga)=-0.75; tDM(Nd) =2.66 Ga.黑云角闪斜长片麻岩变质原岩为辉长闪长岩,捕获锆石年龄为2.25 Ga;岩石低SiO2 和MgO,高Al2O3和P2O5,具稀土总量高(∑REE=373.4×10-6)、轻重稀土分离不强[ (La/Yb)n=9.4]及较强负铕异常( Eu/Eu*=0.44)的稀土模式;εNd(t)(t=2.25 Ga)=-1.21;tDM(Nd) =2.75 Ga.片麻状花岗岩和黑云角闪斜长片麻岩都记录了1.94 Ga变质锆石年龄.片麻状花岗岩的岩浆锆石组成域的εHf(t)(t=2.30 Ga)=-6.71～0.38,tDMI(Hf) =2627 ～2910 Ma,tDM2(CC)(Hf)=2823 ～ 3255 Ma.黑云角闪斜长片麻岩的捕获锆石组成域的εHf(t)(t=2.25 Ga)=-19.58～ -1.73,tDM1 (Hf) =2664～3360 Ma,tDM2(CC)(Hf)=2968 ～4011 Ma.结合前人资料,得出如下结论:华北克拉通南缘豫陕晋结合部地区存在—规模较大的约2.3 Ga地质体分布区;华北克拉通南缘很可能存在规模巨大的＞2.7 Ga基底;中部造山带与孔兹岩带具有类似的古元古代晚期构造热事件演化历史.     

内蒙狼山北部古元古代变质花岗岩地球化学特征、锆石U-Pb年代学——哥伦比亚超大陆裂解事件的岩浆记录

内蒙狼山宝音图地区前寒武纪地质体由古元古代宝音图群、片麻状花岗岩、混合岩和斜长角闪岩等组成。锆石LA-MC-ICP-Ms U-Pb测年获得了宝音图变质花岗岩的形成年龄为1644±11Ma~1710±20Ma。岩石学、地球化学研究表明片麻状钠长花岗岩具有高Si O_2(77.08%~79.96%)、高碱(K_2O+Na_2O)(4.46%~7.26%),低Ti O_2(0.088%~0.17%)、MgO(0.036%~0.37%)、Ca O(0.17%~1.19%)及中等Al_2O_3含量(12.12%~14.10%);Na_2OK_2O,A/CNK为0.88~1.091.1,属弱铝质;里特曼指数б=0.54~1.551.8,表明属于钙质系列;10000Ga/Al=3.43~12.46(均值为5.182.6)及较高的含铁指数[Fe O/(Fe O+MgO)=0.57~0.94],显示了低钾钙性A型花岗岩的特点。片麻状二长花岗岩具有高Si O_2(73.65%~77.63%),低Ti O_2(0.11%~0.27%)、MgO(0.25%~0.80%)、Al_2O_3(11.68%~12.72%)、Ca O(0.24%~0.99%)含量,基本与片麻状钠长花岗岩相近;同时具有高碱(K_2O+Na_2O)含量(6.84%~9.31%),低的Na_2O/K_2O比值(0.53~1.62),钾含量明显高于与片麻状钠长花岗岩;A/NCK为0.96~1.86,б=2.06~2.801.8~3.3为钙碱性系列,显示高钾钙碱性A型花岗岩的特点。两类片麻状花岗岩均具有稀土总量较高,轻稀土富集而重稀土亏损的特征,具有明显Eu的负异常;构造判别图解均指示为陆内非造山型A型花岗岩。全岩同位素分析表明具有弱富集-亏损的同位素组成,其中ε_(Nd)(t)为小的负值到小的正值(-4.91~+2.41),两阶段Nd模式年龄t_(DM2)为1.95~2.58Ga;锆石ε_(Hf)(t)均为正值(+1.5~+8.0),两阶段Hf模式年龄t_(DM2)(1.73~2.31Ga),Nd-Hf模式年龄均高于其形成年龄,揭示源自古元古代新生下部陆壳物质的部分熔融,并有少量幔源物质的加入。与华北北缘、欧美大陆的古元古代非造山作用形成的岩浆岩相似,宝音图变质花岗岩时代上与哥伦比亚超大陆的裂解事件(1.7~1.6Ga)具有一致性,可能是全球哥伦比亚超大陆裂解事件的构造岩浆响应。     

内蒙古阿巴嘎旗中元古代片麻状花岗岩锆石U-Pb年龄、地球化学特征及大地构造意义

在内蒙古阿巴嘎旗南部新发现一处面积约为9.2km2的片麻状正长花岗岩体,采用LA-MC-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年法获得该岩体的同位素年龄为1377±10Ma～1385±14Ma,属中元古代。它是继苏尼特左旗南部锡林浩特微地块的中元古代花岗岩发现后又一处中元古代片麻状正长花岗岩体。片麻状正长花岗岩具条纹状-弱片麻状构造,矿物组成为石英(25%～30%)、微斜长石(30%～40%)、条纹长石(15%～20%)、斜长石5%～10%以及少量黑云母(约5%)。其地球化学成分显示高SiO_2(76.05%～78.16%)、高碱(K_2O+Na_2O=6.69%～8.04%)和较高的K_2O/Na_2O比值(1.01～2.48),低TiO_2(0.17%～0.23%)、A1_2O_3(10.99%～11.97%)、MgO(0.08%～0.44%)和CaO(0.15%～0.37%),铝饱和指数A/CNK值均大于1.1,里特曼指数主体小于1.8,属于过铝质和钙质系列;并且它们具有稀土元素总量高,轻稀土富集而重稀土亏损的特征,显示强烈负铕异常(δEu=0.44～0.53)和高的10000Ga/Al比值(均值为4.43)。上述岩相学、地球化学组成均显示A型花岗岩的特点,暗示其形成于伸展环境。片麻状正长花岗岩锆石ε_(Hf)(t)值主体介于+0.5～+4.6,两阶段模式年龄t2DM为1.88～2.10Ga,表明岩浆可能来源于古元古代新增生地壳的部分熔融。阿巴嘎旗与苏尼特左旗中元古代岩体的发现为锡林浩特微地块的存在提供了直接证据。区域对比显示中亚造山带中的阿拉善微地块、中天山微地块、库鲁克塔格微地块和锡林浩特微地块上均具有～1.4Ga岩浆事件产物,可能是全球哥伦比亚超大陆裂解事件(1.5～1.3Ga)的岩浆响应。     

胶-辽-吉带构造属性与演化阶段新划分:胶北变质辉长岩的启示

祥山和于埠变质辉长岩是胶北地块上古元古代变质镁铁质岩石的典型代表,辉长岩侵入古元古代荆山群野头组,产有"祥山式"岩浆熔离型铁矿,成矿的专属性指示辉长岩属于层状侵入体类型,形成于大陆伸展构造背景。在祥山变质辉长岩中获得了1851±9Ma的变质年龄,在于埠变质辉长岩中获得了2052±23Ma的锆石U-Pb成岩年龄和1834±5Ma的变质年龄。~2.05Ga的岩浆结晶锆石的εHf(t)值均为正值(+1.87~+3.64),一阶段Hf模式年龄(tDM)为2292~2381Ma(平均为2327Ma),指示于埠变质辉长岩源自古元古代中期的亏损地幔。于埠变质辉长岩的成岩年龄制约了荆山群野头组的沉积上限,荆山群中至少有一部分形成于2.2~2.05Ga之间,沉积于大陆裂谷-稳定大陆边缘的构造环境。祥山和于埠变质辉长岩中有少量斜长花岗岩与之伴生,这些斜长花岗岩具有类似于大洋斜长花岗岩的岩石特征,低K、Ti、Sr,高Na、Yb,形成于低压背景;从斜长花岗岩中获得了1848±8Ma和1873±5Ma的锆石U-Pb年龄,斜长花岗岩中的锆石Th/U比值较低(0.01~0.29),具有初始熔体中结晶锆石特征。结合斜长花岗岩的地球化学特征,推测它们是辉长岩部分熔融的产物,并指示~1.87Ga已由挤压构造体制转变为伸展构造体制。综合前人研究成果,胶北地块已识别出2.18~2.15Ga、~2.10Ga、~2.05Ga的三期双峰式岩浆岩构造组合,指示2.2~2.05Ga期间总体为伸展构造背景。因此建议胶-辽-吉活动带的形成演化过程划分为两个阶段,早期为大陆裂解-稳定陆缘演化阶段(2.2~2.0Ga),沉积了巨量的陆缘碎屑岩-碳酸盐岩建造;晚期为俯冲-碰撞造山阶段(2.0~1.85Ga),胶-辽-吉活动带褶皱造山。     

华北吕梁地区2.4Ga A型花岗岩的确定及地质意义

华北克拉通新太古代末与古元古代早期的构造转化对认识华北克拉通早期地壳演化具重要意义。该克拉通中部带吕梁地区盖家庄正长花岗岩获得2398~2408Ma的形成年龄,其成因研究将为探讨华北克拉通新太古代晚期与古元古代早期构造演化提供重要信息。该岩体富K,高硅、碱、Fe OT/Mg O,低Ca、Mg,富集Rb、Th、U等LILE、较高的HFSE,明显亏损Sr、Ba、P、Ti,具弱轻重稀土分异和强负Eu异常的"燕式"稀土分配模式,并具高的Ga/Al比值和高锆石饱和温度,显示了碰撞造山后A2型花岗岩的特征。岩体全岩εNd(t)=2.0~2.3,两阶段Nd模式年龄tDM2=2606~2629Ma,锆石εHf(t)=+2.2~+7.1,tDM2(2494~2791Ma)略高或接近其形成年龄,一致证明主要源自新太古代中晚期新生下部陆壳物质的部分熔融,并有少量幔源物质的添加。结合区域地质及同期钾质花岗岩类的广泛出现,盖家庄正长花岗岩与同期钾质花岗岩一同代表了华北克拉通~2.5Ga形成后,中部构造带于古元古代早期~2.4Ga发生的一次陆壳伸展拉张作用引发的地幔物质上涌基性岩浆上侵导致下部新生陆壳物质增温发生部分熔融构造岩浆事件,证明陆壳已转入伸展拉张构造环境。     

海南公爱地区抱板群花岗片麻岩的年代学、地球化学及其构造意义

海南岛地处华南陆块南缘,紧邻印支陆块,大地构造位置独特,其地质特征一直备受关注。厘定该地区中元古代岩石的成因对恢复华南中元古代构造演化具有重要意义。海南岛西部公爱地区花岗质岩石与围岩抱板群变沉积岩呈侵入接触关系,绝大部分岩石片麻状构造发育、韧性剪切标志明显。这些岩石高SiO_2、K_2O、Al_2O_3、Rb、U,贫CaO、MgO、FeO~T、TiO_2,铝饱和指数A/CNK1.1,具S型花岗岩特点,稀土元素配分模式类似于抱板群变沉积岩,全岩ε_(Nd)(t)=-2.02~-2.38,Nd同位素二阶段亏损模式年龄(t_(DM2)~(Nd))为2.2~2.3 Ga,锆石Hf同位素ε_(Hf)(t)=-5.4~4.0,Hf同位素二阶段亏损模式年龄t_(DM2)~(Hf)=1.71~2.53 Ga。对四个代表性花岗片麻岩样品进行LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年,其~(207)Pb/~(206)Pb加权平均年龄为1444±15 Ma、1439±19 Ma、1433±31 Ma和1450±23 Ma,属中元古代。综合区域研究资料认为,海南岛西部公爱地区中元古代花岗质岩石的熔融源区为类似抱板群变沉积岩组分,推测其产出于大陆边缘构造背景,是哥伦比亚超大陆边缘的增生产物。     

华北克拉通吕梁-五台地块新太古代—古元古代花岗岩的Nd-Sr同位素地球化学及其成因意义

本文报道华北克拉通吕梁-五台地块横岭新太古代片麻状花岗岩体、西潘古元古代杂岩体和云中山元古宙花岗岩体的地球化学和Nd-Sr同位素数据,以便示踪这些新太古代—古元古代岩浆岩的源区性质,特别是当时的地壳生长机制。横岭花岗片麻岩(大约2.51Ga)富钠和大离子亲石元素、具有类似TTG岩石的稀土配分模型(中稀土亏损和Eu异常不明显)和中等亏损的Nd-Sr同位素成分[εNd(t)=1.2~2.7,ISr=0.7015~0.7019],被认为是发育在华北克拉通上的弧岩浆作用的产物。西潘杂岩体(大约2.2Ga)包括辉长闪长岩和二长岩,大部分以富钠、强分异稀土模式和同位素富集[εNd(t)=-1.5~-4.1,ISr=0.7038~0.706]为特征。其中辉长闪长岩可能起源于富集地幔的部分熔融,但被下地壳物质高度混染;二长岩可能代表辉长闪长岩浆和壳源花岗岩浆的混合产物。虽然稀土模式分成两组(一组富集重稀土、Sc、Y、Zr,并有明显的Eu负异常;另一组显示高度亏损重稀土和中等亏损中稀土,Eu异常不明显),云中山后碰撞花岗岩(大约1.8Ga)具高钾钙碱性和强富集而均一的Nd同位素成分[εNd(t)=-4.9~-5.7]。这些花岗...     

华北克拉通五台群LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄和Hf同位素特征

通过对五台群石咀亚群金刚库组4个典型样品的LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄和Hf同位素研究,对五台群的形成时代及华北克拉通新太古代—古元古代期间的地壳演化进行了探讨。锆石U-Pb同位素测定结果表明,侵入金刚库组中的片麻状花岗岩锆石的U-Pb年龄为2548Ma,因此五台群的上限年龄约为2.5Ga;金刚库组黑云母石英片岩和片麻状石英闪长岩的原岩锆石U-Pb年龄分别为2663Ma和2636Ma,因此五台群的下限年龄约为2.7Ga。五台群的地质年龄为2.5~2.7Ga,属于新太古代。锆石Hf同位素研究结果表明,黑云母石英片岩和片麻状石英闪长岩的二阶段Hf模式年龄(tDM2)均为2.8Ga左右,指示2.8Ga左右是五台山区乃至整个华北克拉通地壳生长的重要时期;片麻状花岗岩tDM2平均为2.57Ga,与锆石结晶年龄非常接近,表明2.5Ga左右也是华北克拉通地壳的主要增生期。地壳的增长是幕式的,2.8Ga和2.5Ga都是华北克拉通地壳生长时期。     

西天山那拉提地区古生代花岗岩的年代学和锆石Hf同位素研究

西天山那拉提地区发育强烈的古生代花岗岩浆活动,依据野外地质特征和形成时代,将该区花岗岩分为早古生代—晚泥盆世花岗岩和石炭纪花岗岩两类。前者变形较强,发育弱的片麻理构造,岩石类型主体为闪长岩-石英闪长岩-花岗闪长岩-二长花岗岩,LA-ICPMS锆石U-Pb定年揭示其形成时代为366～485Ma,εHf(t)和t2DM的研究揭示花岗岩主要有3种来源:一是t2DM介于1.2～1.6Ga的中元古代地壳源区;二是t2DM介于0.7～1.6Ga的中新元古代地壳混合源区;三是t2DM与岩石形成年龄接近或略大的以亏损地幔新生地壳为主的地壳源区。后者变形很弱,LA-ICPMS锆石U-Pb定年揭示其形成时代为320～352Ma。晚泥盆世—石炭纪花岗岩主要源区亦有3种:一是t2DM介于1.0～1.7Ga的中新元古代混合源区;二是t2DM约为0.4Ga左右的早古生代新生地壳源区;三是早石炭世早期与岩浆形成年龄一致的亏损地幔和古老地壳混合源区。那拉提早石炭世花岗闪长岩当εHf(t)为最高的正值时(14.21),其t2DM与岩石形成年龄一致,表明在349Ma时存在一次地幔物质的加入。综合西天山地区区域地质演化和花岗岩的野外地质特征、时代格架、锆石Hf同位素揭示的源区特征,认为那拉提地区现划分的古元古代地层中存在0.7～0.8Ga、1.6～1.8Ga中新元古代增生地壳。石炭纪花岗岩为碰撞后大陆伸展作用的产物,早石炭世大规模地幔物质的加入代表了大陆伸展作用的强烈发育期。     

Police, politics, and the right to the city

Space and spatiality have recently been at the core of debates concerning the political possibilities of the city. The arguments advanced in this paper might be seen as an attempt to contribute to these debates through a reflection on the spatiality of (in) justice, politics, and the right to the city. The case of French urban policy, with its focus on distressed urban areas, and the `suburban problem' in France are used as examples to make arguments more concrete.     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

Influences of the unsaturated,saturated, and riparian zones on the transport of nitrate near the Merced River,California, USA

Transport and transformation of nitrate was evaluated along a 1-km groundwater transect from an almond orchard to the Merced River, California, USA, within an irrigated agricultural setting. As indicated by measurements of pore-water nitrate and modeling using the root zone water quality model, about 63% of the applied nitrogen was transported through a 6.5-m unsaturated zone. Transport times from recharge locations to the edge of a riparian zone ranged from approximately 6 months to greater than 100 years. This allowed for partial denitrification in horizons having mildly reducing conditions, and essentially no denitrification in horizons with oxidizing conditions. Transport times across a 50–100-m-wide riparian zone of less than a year to over 6 years and more strongly reducing conditions resulted in greater rates of denitrification. Isotopic measurements and concentrations of excess N₂ in water were indicative of denitrification with the highest rates below the Merced River. Discharge of water and nitrate into the river was dependent on gradients driven by irrigation or river stage. The results suggest that the assimilative capacity for nitrate of the groundwater system, and particularly the riverbed, is limiting the nitrate load to the Merced River in the study area.     

扬子北缘马元铅锌矿床闪锌矿微量元素及S-Pb-He-Ar-C同位素地球化学研究

马元铅锌矿床是近年扬子陆块北缘铅锌找矿的新突破。矿体呈层状、似层状产于碑坝隆起翼部震旦系灯影组角砾状白云岩层间构造带中,围岩蚀变很弱。矿石中硫化物以闪锌矿、方铅矿为主,中粗粒晶质结构,充填于白云岩角砾间。闪锌矿富集Cd、Ge、Ag,贫In、Tl、Se,Ga/In为6~132,Ge/In多1000,成矿温度以中-低温为主。金属硫化物ε~(34)S值相对集中,为12.9‰~19.4‰,平均为17.4‰,来自于海相硫酸盐的还原。铅同位素组成稳定,~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb为17.858~17.918:~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb为15.603~15.694;~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb为37.756~38.046,具有造山带和上地壳铅的特征,震旦系可能提供了金属成矿物质。闪锌矿中流体包裹体的~3He/~4He为0.03Ra~1.05Ra,~(40)Ar/~(36)Ar为326.1~765.1,~(38)Ar/~(36)Ar为0.183~0.204,表明成矿流体主要为地壳流体和饱和大气水(大气降水或海水)的混合。闪锌矿内流体包裹体挥发分δ~(13)C_(CH_4)值为-36.01‰~-28.80‰,δ~(13)C_(C_2H_6)值为-27.72‰~-22.44‰,δ~(13)C_(CO_2)值为-23.24‰~-9.68‰,表明有机流体参与了成矿作用。石英、方解石的H-O同位素结果表明具有海水和有机水混合的特征。可见,成矿流体具有两种流体混合的特征,一为蒸发海水与围岩反应所形成的盆地卤水,二为有机流体。推测矿区可能存在一个古油气藏,由于TSR生成一高硫气藏,为区内还原性有机流体的主要来源。当富含Pb、Zn等成矿物质的成矿流体运移至富含CH_4和H_2S的还原性流体的矿区角砾岩带时,两种流体混合,Pb、Zn等遇到H_2S发生反应而沉淀成矿,并伴生热液白云石等,形成了马元铅锌矿床。综上所述,我们认为马元矿床属MVT型铅锌矿床。     

Rb-Sr, K-Ar, H-and O-Isotope systematics of the Middle Riphean shales from the Debengda Formation, the Olenek Uplift, North Sibera

Clay subfractions (SFs) of <0.1, 0.1–0.2, 0.2–0.3, 0.3–0.6, 0.6–2 and 2–5 μm separated from Middle Riphean shales of the Debengda Formation are studied using the TEM, XRD, K-Ar and Rb-Sr isotopic methods. The oxygen and hydrogen isotope compositions in the SFs are studied as well. The low-temperature illite-smectite is dominant mineral in all the SFs except for the coarsest ones. The XRD, chemical and isotopic data imply that two generations of authigenic illite-smectite different in age are mixed in the SFs. The illite crystallinity index decreases in parallel with size diminishing of clay particles. As compared to coarser SFs, illite of fine-grained subfractions is enriched in Al relative to Fe and Mg, contains more K, and reveals higher K/Rb and Rb/Sr ratios. The Rb-Sr age calculated by means of the leachochron (“inner isochron”) method declines gradually from 1254-1272 Ma in the coarsest SFs to 1038-1044 Ma in finest ones, while the K-Ar age decreases simultaneously from 1225–1240 to 1080 Ma. The established positive correlation of δ¹⁸O and δD values with dimensions of clay particles in the SFs seems to be also consistent with the mixing systematics. The isotopic systematics along with data on mineral composition and morphology lead to the conclusion that mixedlayer illite-smectite was formed in the Debengda shales during two periods 1211–1272 and 1038–1080 Ma ago. The first period is likely close to the deposition time of sediments and corresponds to events of burial catagenesis, whereas the second one is correlative with the regional uplift and changes in hydrological regime during the pre-Khaipakh break in sedimentation.     

贵州岑巩羊桥罗家塘杷榔动物群的发现及其后生动物早期演化的意义

岑巩县羊桥乡罗家塘杷榔组仅出露中-上部地层,岩性单一,均为青灰、灰绿色粉砂质泥、页岩.在其上部层位发现了俞氏贵州始海百合(Guizhoueocrinus yui Zhao,Parsley et Peng,2007),计有棘皮动物始海百合、腕足动物、软体动物-软舌螺、节肢动物-三叶虫等8属9种,包括了2个未定名的新种和1...     

Breakthroughs in the biodiversity, biogeography, biostratigraphy, and basin analysis of the Beaufort group

Over the past decade researchers working on the rocks of the Beaufort Group in the main Karoo Basin of South Africa have vastly increased our understanding of this important Permo-Triassic sequence. Many new fossil forms have been discovered, allowing for breakthroughs into the biodiversity, biogeography and biostratigraphy of the group. Taxonomic and phylogenetic advances are many and varied, and cover most of the vertebrate taxa, but with emphasis placed on the temnospondyl amphibians, archosauriforms and non-mammalian synapsids, in particular the anomodontia. Biostratigraphic breakthroughs have centered on the Middle Permian Eodicynodon and Tapinocephalus assemblage zones, the Late Permian Dicynodon Assemblage Zone, and the Triassic Lystrosaurus and Cynognathus assemblage zones. Correlation of these biozones with better dated sequences in Europe, Russia and China has allowed for many chronostratigraphic refinements, which are in turn vital for sequence stratigraphical analysis of the basin fill. Based on fossil data, both the lower (Ecca–Beaufort) and upper (Beaufort–Molteno) contacts of the group have been proved to be highly diachronous. The refined chronostratigraphic framework has also allowed for a better analysis of the basin evolution through time, particularly in terms of the correlation of external stimuli that affect basin sedimentation patterns.     

Delivery of Trace Metals (Al,Fe, Mn,V, Co,Ni, Cu,Cd, Ag,Pb) from the Trinity River Watershed Towards the Ocean

The Trinity River (Texas, USA) contains in its watershed 23 different reservoir lakes, the largest one being Lake Livingston situated in the lower Trinity River watershed and two potentially polluting metroplexes, Dallas and Houston. In order to determine fluxes of nutrients and trace metals to Galveston Bay, a survey that included 24 discreet samples collected over a year and at various stages of discharge was carried out during 2000–2001. Geochemical (i.e., sorption by Fe oxyhydroxides), biological (i.e., seasonal uptake by sinking algae in Lake Livingston), and hydrological (i.e., dilution effects by increasing flow rates) controls were found to be mainly responsible for variations in dissolved trace metal concentrations rather than pollution sources. The Trinity River loads of suspended sediments and pollutant trace metals entering Galveston Bay at Anahuac were <20% of those reaching Lake Livingston, and only a few percent of the total upstream trace metal load is entering the Gulf of Mexico. Thus, during the transit through the 23 man-made lakes and an estuary, >96% of the pollutant trace metal load is lost to sediments.     

深港西部通道填海区地下水铜、钒、铊、镉、钨迁移的实验研究

填海工程使滨海地区的地下水物理化学条件改变,导致该区域地下水中重金属浓度升高。本文以深港西部通道填海区为例,采用实验室模拟填海条件的办法,初步探讨了影响填海区地下水重金属迁移的关键因素。模拟实验结果表明,填海区地下水中钨元素含量升高与地下水淡化、淤泥氧化过程以及填料风化有关;铜元素含量升高则与淤泥氧化过程以及填料风化有关;钒元素含量升高与地下水淡化和淤泥氧化过程有关,而其他元素含量升高则主要与填料风化释放有关。