钝顶螺旋藻C-藻蓝蛋白和多管藻R-藻红蛋白的分离纯化及摩尔消光系数的测定

１９９３年１１月￣１９９４年１月用简单的羟基磷灰石柱层析法从多管藻中分离纯化了Ｒ－藻红蛋白和从钝顶螺旋藻中纯化了Ｃ－藻蓝蛋白，它们的纯度（指可见光部分的最大吸收与２８０ｎｍ处吸收值之比）可分别达到６（Ｒ－藻红蛋白）和５．５（Ｃ－藻蓝蛋白）。由于不同藻种的同种藻胆蛋白的摩尔消光系数不同，所以应用凯氏定氮法并结合可见光的吸收值测定了上述两种藻胆蛋白的摩尔消光系数，钝顶螺旋藻Ｃ－藻蓝蛋白为１．８５３×１     

钝顶螺旋藻C-藻蓝蛋白和多管藻R-藻红蛋白的分离纯化及摩尔消光系数的测定

１９９３年１１月～１９９４年１月用简单的羟基磷灰石柱层析法从多管藻中分 离纯化了Ｒ－藻红蛋白和从钝顶螺旋藻中纯化了Ｃ－藻蓝蛋白，它们的纯度（指可见 光部分的最大吸收与 ２８０ｎｍ处吸收值之比）可分别达到 ６（Ｒ－藻红蛋白）和 ５． ５（Ｃ－ 藻蓝蛋白）。由于不同藻种的同种藻胆蛋白的摩尔消光系数不同，所以应用凯氏定 氮法并结合可见光的吸收值测定了上述两种藻胆蛋白的摩尔消光系数，钝顶螺旋 藻Ｃ－藻蓝蛋白为１．８５３ × １０６ｍｏｌ－１ｃｍ－１（６２０ｎｍ），多管藻Ｒ－藻红蛋白为１．７９６ × １０６ｍｏｌ－１ｃｍ－１（４９８ｎｍ），为藻胆蛋白的浓度测定提供了方便。     

坛紫菜R-藻蓝蛋白和变藻蓝蛋白的亚基组成和发色团含量

坛紫菜中的Ｒ－藻蓝蛋白在Ｂｉｏ－Ｒｅｘ７０柱上用脲溶液（ｐＨ３．０）解离和层析，得到了α和β两个亚基。用ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ测定α和β亚基的分子量分别为１８４００和２０５００，变藻蓝蛋白的α和β两亚基的分子量经测定，分别为１８８００和１９７００。Ｒ－藻蓝蛋白和变藻蓝蛋白的分子量分别确定为１１７０００和１２２０００，两藻胆蛋白中α和β两个亚基的摩尔比都为１：１，确定两藻胆蛋白的亚基组成都为（αβ）３。各     

重组别藻蓝蛋白(rAPC)的纯化与鉴定

报道了重组大肠杆菌表达的别藻蓝蛋白的下游生产工艺研究,并对产物进行了分析鉴定。工程菌株P1先在NBSBioFlo3000型5L自动发酵罐进行高密度发酵,融合蛋白获得了高效表达,且主要在细胞内以可溶形式存在。纯化前先将获得的菌体超声破碎,然后经硫酸铵沉淀、疏水层析和离子交换层析三步纯化,接着对纯化的重组别藻蓝蛋白(rAPC)进行SDS-PAGE、PAGE、Westernblot等电点分析。证明已获得纯度为96.4%的rAPC,其等电点为6.0,并且具有与天然APC相似的抗原性。     

海洋微藻中EPA和DHA的超临界CO2提取方法研究

用超临界CO_2萃取海洋微藻中的EPA和DHA,选用乙酸乙酯为改性剂,通过正交试验确定了工作压力、温度、CO_2消耗量和改性剂添加量等工艺条件的最优化组合,对日本小球藻Chlorellahiralaii、钝顶螺旋藻Spirulinaplatensis和亚心形扁藻Platymonassubcordiformis进行提取试验,并与直接酯化法、Bligh－Dyer法、索氏抽提法和乙醇－乙烷法等溶剂法作对比。以提取效率最高的直接酯化法为基础,超临界萃取法对日本小球藻中ω－3脂肪酸二十碳五烯酸（EPA）的提取率为92．1％,二十二碳六烯酸（DHA）为89．4％,对钝顶螺旋藻和亚心形扁藻的提取率也达到90％左右,高于其他溶剂法,产物中EPA和DHA的纯度亦优于溶剂法。     

江蓠属藻胆蛋白的研究──Ⅰ 诱变、突变体筛选及藻胆蛋白的光谱特性

用N-甲基-N′-硝基-N-亚硝基胍（MNNG）对龙须菜配子体进行诱变处理，并筛选出色素突变体。又以真江蓠、细基江篱繁枝变型、龙须菜及其突变体为材料进行了藻胞蛋白的提取、纯化及藻胆蛋白光谱特性的研究。结果表明，江蓠属三个物种藻胆蛋白的含量有明显差异，龙须菜的野生型藻体与突变体之间藻胆蛋白含量的差异比不同物种之间的差异更为显著。江蓠属三个物种中藻胆蛋白的吸收光谱中以藻红蛋白（PE）变化最大：细基江蓠繁枝变型PE的吸收光谱有二峰一肩，属Ⅰ型R-PE，而真江蓠和龙须菜的PE的吸收光谱有三个峰，属Ⅱ型R－PE：龙须菜的不同突变型藻体的吸收光谱也有Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型R－PE之分。不同物种藻蓝蛋白也有R－PC和C－PC的差异，异藻蓝蛋白的吸收光谱及三种藻胆蛋白的荧光发射光谱也略有变化。并以光合进化的观点分析了本文的实验结果。     

双水相萃取法富集分离螺旋藻藻蓝蛋白的研究

以PEG／硫酸钠双水相体系,经一次萃取从钝顶螺旋藻（Spirulina platensis）细胞破碎液中富集分离藻蓝蛋白。结果表明,萃取最适宜的条件为12％PEG4000,15％Na2SO4,1％KCl,藻蓝蛋白收率为91．2％,分配系数达到8．01,分离因数达到6．33。对于螺旋藻藻蓝蛋白的富集分离,双水相萃取法与传统的盐析沉淀法相比,具有节省操作时间、简化操作过程、降低能耗和成本以及易于工艺放大等优点。     

坛紫菜R-藻蓝蛋白和变藻蓝蛋白的亚基组成和发色团含量

坛紫菜(Porphyra haitanensis T.J.Chang et B.F.Zheng)中的R-藻蓝蛋白在Bio-Rex 70柱上用脲溶液(pH3.0)解离和层析,得到了α和β两个亚基,用SDS-PAGE测定α和β亚基的分子量分别为18 400和20 500。变藻蓝蛋白的α和β两亚基均分子量经测定,分别为18 800和19 700。R-藻蓝蛋白和变藻蓝蛋白的分子量分别确定为117 000和112 000,两藻胆蛋白中α和β两个亚基的摩尔比都为1:1,确定两藻胆蛋白的亚基组成都为(αβ)_3。各亚基的发色团含量为:R-藻蓝蛋白中,α亚基含1个藻蓝胆素,β亚基含1个藻蓝胆素和1个藻红胆素。变藻蓝蛋白中,α和β亚基各含1个藻蓝胆素。     

酒石酸钾钠双水相体系分离纯化C-藻蓝蛋白

采用廉价的聚乙二醇(PEG)/酒石酸钾钠建立双水相体系,从干螺旋藻中分离纯化藻蓝蛋白C-PC。以纯度(目的蛋白在620 nm处的特征吸光值和总蛋白在280 nm处吸光值的比值)为指标,优化体系参数。研究结果表明,体系p H 8.06,系线长为21.65%、体积比为0.22的PEG1000和酒石酸钾钠双水相体系分离纯化效果最好,纯度由0.42提高到1.27,高于食品级纯度0.7,纯化因子3.04,回收率85.11%。硫酸铵盐析提高粗提液纯度后,二次双水相纯度达到3.28,高于药品级3.0。得到的C-PC具有较高的生物活性。     

海水钝顶螺旋藻富硒及其含硒藻蓝蛋白的研究

研究了亚硒酸钠梯度浓度对海水钝顶螺旋藻Spirulina platensis生长及藻胆蛋白含量的影响,对含硒藻蓝蛋白进行分离纯化,得到含硒藻蓝蛋白纯品。结果表明,硒添加浓度小于100mg.L-1时,对藻体生长有一定的促进作用,其生物量、藻蓝蛋白和别藻蓝蛋白含量有增加,藻体硒含量及富硒系数明显高于文献报道的相似条件下的淡水螺旋藻;纯化的含硒藻蓝蛋白溶液在弱光照、低温、pH4—8的范围内稳定性较好;含硒藻蓝蛋白的光谱特性与藻蓝蛋白相比几乎没有差异,紫外与可见光吸收光谱特征吸收峰在280nm和620nm,荧光激发峰在558nm,室温条件下最大荧光发射峰在655nm,说明海水钝顶螺旋藻富集硒后及海水的胁迫对其藻蓝蛋白的光谱特性没有明显影响。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.