Diagenetic control on arsenic partitioning in sediments of the Meghna River delta,Bangladesh

A stratigraphic profile of solid phase As was measured to investigate the diagenetic cycling of arsenic and related elements in fluvial sediments of the Meghna River delta plain. The distributions of Fe, Mn, and Al are typically characterized by surficial solid phase enrichment, and As is distributed down to 36.6 m showing similar alternate layers of maxima and minima with Fe, Mn and TOC, which reflects the diagenetic remobilization and periodical differences in source materials of As. Lithological characteristics and geochemical data suggest that elevated levels of As are found in organic-matter-rich clay and silty sand rather than sand samples, with occasionally enriched As content in iron-oxyhydroxide-coated sand grains. Arsenic demonstrates a positive and significant co-variation with total organic carbon in sediments, which suggests the important role of particulate and colloidal organic matter and biological activity in controlling the distribution of arsenic in the Bengal delta. However, the concentrations of Fe and Mn weakly correlate with As contents, whereas Al contents show no relationship with As. The results of this study suggest that reactive oxides or hydroxides of Fe and Mn, rather than Fe and Mn with other minerals, might control arsenic distribution.     

晚更新世以来潍河古河道沉积及其对现代咸水入侵的控制

在莱州湾潍河古河道沉积区选取4条典型的地质剖面，对典型钻孔岩芯进行粒度、^14C及热释光测年分析，结合野外实地考察及100余个地质钻孔资料的分析，揭示了潍河晚更新世以来古河道的沉积特征。沉积剖面自下而上沉积物粒度逐渐减小，潍河以东古河道砂层厚30－50m，连续性好；潍河以西古河道砂层厚度小于20m，连续性较差。沉积特征的不同导致潍河以东地区咸水入侵发生早，后期变缓，为上淡下咸二层水文地质体；潍河以西地区咸水入侵主要是20世纪70年代末期以来在人类活动的干预下大规模的入侵，沿古河道入侵距离可达9－10km，为淡－咸－淡三层水文地质体。研究古河道沉积与咸水入侵的关系，为咸水入侵的发展趋势及防治措施的研究提供了重要科学依据。     

若尔盖盆地黄河第一湾河岸沉积地层序列及其成因研究

经过在若尔盖盆地进行全面野外考察,在黄河第一弯岸边发现了沉积序列清晰的、具有代表性的完整沉积地层剖面。通过沉积学和地层学特征和沉积相的观测分析,结合实验室粒度分析、数据处理和测年断代,其结果表明：该剖面底部蓝灰色古湖相沉积层反映出盆地内部在OSL年龄35 ka之前为较深的湖泊。其上覆盖的风沙与泥炭互层,反映出在该区域湖水消失之后,在30 ka之前古湖底出现泥炭沼泽,同时风沙作用盛行。而浊黄橙色古洪水沉积层（OFD1）则反映出在30~27 ka之间,曾经有来自于黄河源区流域的规模巨大的洪水进入若尔盖盆地,在古湖底泛滥并且将其携带的分选良好的细沙与粉沙质泥沙堆积下来。该剖面中部厚度达5~7 m的河漫滩-风沙层,沿着河岸追索,则可见其表现为高低起伏的古沙丘。这表明在末次冰期盛期和冰消期,气候干旱寒冷,黄河已经下切形成其河槽,其河漫滩沉积物被强劲的风力吹扬,形成连绵起伏的沙丘。该层之上所覆盖的浊黄橙色古洪水沉积层（OFD2）,则反映出在全新世初期9.86~8.28 ka之间,来自于黄河源区流域的大洪水再次进入盆地,在黄河第一湾两岸的古湖底沉积了分选良好的细沙质与粉沙质的泥沙。到了全新世中期后,若尔盖盆地风沙作用依然盛行,黄河河槽深切,第一湾两岸接受沙尘暴沉积。在全新世中期的相对温暖湿润气候条件之下,沙尘暴沉积物被改造为亚高山草甸黑土类土壤,成熟度极高。到了全新世晚期以来,风沙作用与沙尘暴沉积过程持续,沙尘暴沉积物也被改造为亚高山草甸黑土层。本文研究对于深入理解黄河源区末次冰期以来环境变化与地表过程演变,以及晚更新世以来的气候水文变化规律具有重要的科学意义。     

若尔盖黄河唐克段河岸沉积序列测年及地表过程变化

通过对若尔盖盆地进行野外考察,在盆地中部黄河唐克段右岸发现了包含深湖相的河岸沉积物,进行了细致的地层观测和系统年代学样品采集。在实验室利用光释光和AMS¹⁴C测年技术建立了年代框架,并结合各个层次的地层沉积相宏观特征和理化性质,分析探讨了若尔盖盆地内部从末次冰期古湖消亡以来的环境和地表过程变化规律。研究结果表明：古黄河在37 ka沿着玛曲断陷谷地溯源侵蚀,沟通了若尔盖古湖水系,盆地内部在30.9 ka之前为深湖环境,稳定地沉积了蓝灰色湖相淤泥层。30.9 ka之后,黄河贯穿若尔盖湖盆内部,古湖水外泄消失,原有的古湖水系转变成为黄河源水系。黄河从湖盆上游远距离搬运携带来的浊黄橙色泥沙大量沉积,覆盖了古湖相沉积层,湖盆内部风沙作用盛行。在末次冰盛期（Last Glacial Maximum, LGM）,盆地内部松散沉积物普遍地受到冰缘冻融作用的改造,形成了冻融褶皱现象。到了14.6~12.5 ka,响应B/A（B?lling-Aller?d）时期的温暖气候,盆地周边山地冰川消融,冰融水汇入盆地,古湖盆底部各种浅洼地形成了大小不等的浅湖,沉积了滨浅湖相的沙层。在12.5~11.7 ka,对应于全球性新仙女木（Younger Dryas,YD）事件,盆地气候再次变冷,转变为冰缘冻土环境,盆地内部滨浅湖相的沙层受到冻融作用和古地震扰动,形成复式褶皱现象。进入全新世,在11.7~4.8 ka气候逐渐变得温暖湿润,古湖盆底部浅洼地积水成为淤泥质沼泽环境,在全新世中后期4.8~1.8 ka则转变成为沼泽草甸环境,在1.8 ka之后,盆地内沼泽面积收缩,风沙活动盛行,河岸台地的近源沙尘暴沉积物经过成壤改造形成亚高山草甸黑土类现代土壤。     

东海陆架泥质区沉积地球化学比较研究

利用东海陆架泥质沉积区和周围砂质沉积区的表层沉积物元素含量和海水悬浮沉积物总量分析资料,对泥质区的沉积地球化学进行了比较研究。结果表明东海不同泥质区的沉积地球化学过程很不相同。浙江近岸泥质区沉积物元素以Fe、Mn、Zn的含量高,Na、Sr、Al、Ca的含量低为特征,其地球化学特征与长江沉积物非常一致。近岸泥质区的沉积物基本来源于长江输入海的沉积物,在台湾暖流的作用下沉积在浙江沿岸。远岸济州岛西南泥质区沉积物以Na、Sr的高含量,较高的Al、Ca含量和低的Fe、Mn、Zn含量为特征,其地球化学特征与黄河源沉积物有好的相关性,但有一定的混合源性质,该泥质区的沉积物主要来源于黄河源的细颗粒沉积物,由黄海沿岸流搬运到该区并沉积下来。沉积物在搬运沉积过程中,元素粒度分异作用明显。东海陆架泥质区沉积地球化学过程的控制性影响因子是东海环流系统和物源,其中台湾暖流对东海陆架远岸和近岸泥质区的沉积地球化学分区具有关键作用。     

内蒙古河套盆地晚更新世地层划分、环境演变及黄河的贯通

内蒙古河套盆地为受断裂控制形成的新生代断陷盆地,盆地中积水成湖,称河套古湖。晚更新世时期,河套古湖为继承性闭塞型断陷湖。上更新统主要为湖泊沉积体系,地层划分建组为上部东河村组、中部万水泉组、下部达拉特组。达拉特组在湖盆连续沉降条件及半深湖深湖中硫酸盐型、碳酸盐型湖水交替环境下沉积形成。万水泉组在湖盆沉降速率与沉积速率大体平衡条件及浅湖半深湖中半咸水湖环境下沉积形成。东河村组在湖盆沉降速率小于沉积速率条件下以及半咸水湖、局部时期为碳酸盐湖环境下的滨浅湖中沉积形成。晚更新世末期,河套古湖处于大湖水期,晋陕内蒙古交界处河流袭夺、河套盆地北侧山前断裂强烈活动和超强地震导致河套古湖湖水快速外泄,银川盆地、河套盆地、晋陕峡谷贯通而形成今日黄河河道。     

河南新乡第四纪地层划分与沉积环境分析

新乡位于豫西北山地与豫东平原过渡位置,黄河冲积扇的不断发展以及第四纪早期的新构造运动对该区第四纪沉积过程产生影响。通过对新乡多个钻孔岩心进行系统性描述、年龄测试、沉积相分析以及钻孔地层间对比分析,结果显示：黄河冲积扇的发展及黄河主河道的南北向迁移,是研究区第四纪沉积过程的重要影响因素,研究区第四纪沉积相以河流相为主,横向上对比良好;多个场地的钻孔揭示研究区全新统厚度约10 m,平均年龄95 ka左右;更新统上部厚度约69 m,平均年龄129 ka左右;更新统中部厚度约55 m,平均年龄小于829 ka;更新统下部未见底。在第四纪早期,黄河冲积扇主河道在研究区西侧,尚未发育到新乡地区,对该区的影响较小,以细粒的泛滥平原沉积物为主;第四纪中期,黄河冲积扇快速向东部发展,河道迁移至研究区北东侧,沉积了明显的河流相,砂体厚度明显增加;第四纪中晚期,基本继承前期的河流相沉积,随着河道南迁,砂体含量有所下降。受到新构造运动的影响,新乡地区第四纪地层北东部出现沉积间断,并且局部地区出现差异沉降,北东侧地势高于南西侧。     

Geochemical records of the sediments and their significance in Dongping Lake Area,the lower reach of Yellow River,North China

Dongping Lake area, located in the lower reaches of Yellow River, is an ideal place to study the changes of modern river and lake sedimentary environment. The sediment samples of Dawen River, Yellow River, and Dongping Lake were collected, and the major elements, trace elements and organic matter geochemical composition of the samples were analyzed. Cluster analysis, characteristic element ratio method and graphic method were used to explore the geochemical characteristics of sediments and their environmental implication. The results show that the contents of SiO_2, Na_2O, TiO_2 and Zr in sediments of Dawen River and Yellow River are relatively high, and the contents of iron and manganese oxides, organic matter, CaO, P_2O_5 and Sr in lake sediments are relatively high. That reveals the differences of sedimentary environments between the rivers and the lake. The contents of Sr and Zr in Dawen River are affected by the rapid migration of clastic materials in the upstream carbonate source area during the flood season; the δCe,ΣREE and REE's ratios in the sediments of the Yellow River reflect the influence of the Loess source; and the distribution of elements changes along the flow direction during the flood season. The characteristics of p H, element composition and LREE HREE fractionation of the lake sediments indicate that the sediment source is complex, and the lake environment is affected by the flood season. The study shows that the geochemical content and its variation characteristics of sediments effectively reveal the sedimentary environment, material composition and characteristics of flood season of rivers and the lake in the study area.     

内蒙古河套地区多目标区域地球化学调查成果及其意义

报道了内蒙古河套地区多目标区域地球化学调查结果及其对当地资源勘察、古湖泊环境、城市污染和地方病研究等方面的意义。调查结果显示,河套地区土壤主要富集Mg、Ca等碱性物质,西部狼山一带的多金属矿区应重视Ga、Ge、Tl等分散元素矿床的研究,乌拉山到大青山一带是寻找绿岩型金矿的有利地区。-20目粒级的土壤元素含量反映了河套地区的元素地球化学特征,同时不同成土母质决定了不同的元素富集与贫化特征,狼山山前冲积扇中是一套以多金属及分散元素为主的异常组合。河套地区的城市区内存在Pb、Hg、C、Ag、Au、P、Cd等元素异常的共同特征。古湖泊区与现代乌梁素海均表现F、Mo、U、CaO、MgO、Sr、C、I为正异常、S iO2为负异常的特征。同时现代乌梁素海沉积物中富集有机碳、N、P、Se,pH值较低;古湖泊则相反。河套地区氟中毒区与古湖泊、古河道以及白垩系地层分布范围一致,发病程度与高氟地下水含量呈正比关系。砷中毒与砷的全量和As3+共同作用有关,砷的价态对砷中毒产生影响,As3+含量越高,病况越严重。     

土壤元素异常成因研究及生态风险评价

山区岩石与水系沉积物,对山前平原土壤物质组成具有控制作用。土壤地球化学调查,查明北京某地区土壤存在着大面积同心圆状的镉、铜、铅等多金属元素异常。研究表明,西北侧山区分布着种类繁多的岩浆岩、变质与沉积岩,但与山前土壤具有高度正相关的元素组合特征的主要是燕山期中酸性岩浆杂岩体,而且杂岩体周边及其下游的BY沟水系沉积物中的多金属元素也呈现出明显的高背景含量特征。同时,铅同位素组成亦指示山前平原土壤铅与山区岩浆岩铅、沉积岩铅具有一致的物质来源,从而证实山前土壤多金属元素异常主要来源于山区岩浆杂岩体。由于山前平原土壤呈现为碱性且农田仅种植旱地作物,故富含多金属的土壤对农作物生长的生态风险程度低下。     

Arsenic associations in sediments from shallow aquifers of northwestern Hetao Basin,Inner Mongolia

Understanding the mechanism of arsenic mobilization from sediments to groundwater is important for water quality management in areas of endemic arsenic poisoning, such as the Hetao Basin in Inner Mongolia, northern China. Aquifer geochemistry was characterized at three field sites (SH, HF, TYS) in Hangjinhouqi County of northwestern Hetao Basin. The results of bulk geochemistry analysis of sediment samples indicated that total As concentrations have a range of 6.8–58.5 mg/kg, with a median of 14.4 mg/kg. The highest As concentrations were found at 15–25 m depth. In the meanwhile, the range of As concentration in the sediments from background borehole is 3–21.8 mg/kg, with a median value of 9 mg/kg. The As sediments concentrations with depth from the SH borehole were correlated with the contents of Fe, Sb, B, V, total C and total S. Generally, the abundance of elements varied with grain size, with higher concentrations in finer fractions of the sediments. Distinct lithology profile and different geochemical characteristics of aquifer sediments indicate the sediments are associated with different sources and diverse sedimentary environments. Up to one third of arsenic in the sediments could be extracted by ammonium oxalate, suggesting that Fe oxyhydroxides may be the major sink of As in the aquifer. Sequential extraction results indicate that arsenic occurs as strongly adsorbed on and/or co-precipitated with amorphous Fe oxyhydroxides in sediments accounting for 35 and 20%, respectively, of the total contents of arsenic. The release of As into groundwater may occur by desorption from the mineral surface driven by reductive dissolution of the Fe oxide minerals. Furthermore, small proportions of As associated with iron sulfides occur in the reductive sediments.     

银川盆地晚上新世物质来源及其对黄河上游形成年代的约束

黄河上游河段的形成年代依然存在争论,而银川盆地是黄河上游物质的主要沉积区之一,该盆地沉积序列的研究能为了解黄河上游的物质来源和形成年代提供重要线索。对银川盆地钻孔（PL02）底部进行了碎屑锆石U-Pb测年和碎屑组分统计研究,并与上游黄河沉积物以及盆地周边贺兰山和鄂尔多斯高原西部的锆石U-Pb年龄数据和碎屑组分数据进行了对比分析。结果表明贺兰山和鄂尔多斯高原西部并不是银川盆地晚上新世沉积物的物质供应区,而是黄河将银川盆地以上河段地区物质输送到银川盆地。这一结果进一步证明了黄河上游兰州—银川段在晚上新世已经形成的观点。     

现代黄河三角洲南部潮间带及附近海域沉积特征认识与分析

基于潮间带和浅海12个柱状样粒度、地球化学元素、210Pb同位素实测数据,结合河流年代特征、岸线历史变化等资料,参照前人关于沉积相和沉积速率研究成果,对现代黄河三角洲南部潮间带及莱州湾西部海域沉积特征进行了分析。根据剩余210Pb比活度信息,综合运用历史地理学方法、沉积环境判别公式和粒度曲线变化特征,初步认识了现代黄河三角洲南部潮间带地区具体沉积年代。对柱状样的数据进行分析后,运用相关特征值定量区分了沉积物的物源。结果表明:在潮间带这样不稳定的沉积环境下,210Pb_ex比活度阶段性倒置的分布模式虽然无法对年代进行连续标定,但可以在很大程度上指示沉积环境变化。现代黄河三角洲南部潮间带沉积物形成时间要远早于莱州湾西部,210Pb结合沉积环境判别函数、历史地理资料以及粒度特征可以将深度102 cm、80 cm、32 cm分别标定为1929年、1934年和1947年。广利河水系在深度20 cm范围内影响沉积环境。地球化学元素相关特征值分析显示:现代黄河三角洲南部潮间带沉积物风化程度介于黄河和莱州湾南岸之间,个别微量元素富集程度与莱州湾沉积物差异明显,就沉积环境而言,与现代黄河沉积物已有所不同。     

黄河包头段不同粒级沉积物中重金属形态分布特征

以黄河包头段为研究对象,探讨了该河段不同粒级沉积物中重金属的形态分布特征,并估算了各粒级沉积物对各形态重金属的贡献率。结果表明,铁锰氧化物结合态是黄河干流各粒级沉积物中Cu、Pb和Zn非稳定态的主导形态;总体上,黄河干支流沉积物中3种重金属各形态含量均随粒级增大而减小,表现明显的粒度效应;重金属形态分布的粒度效应是沉积...     

Characteristic elemental compositions of the Yangtze River and Yellow River surface sediments and their geological background

Significant differences are noticed in major and trace element compositions between the Yangtze River and the Yellow River surface sediments.The former sediments are rich in some major elements such as K,Fe,Mg,Al,and most of the trace elements which show wide variations in element concentrations,whereas the Yellow River sediments only have higher Ca,Na,Sr,Ba,Th,Ga,Zr,Hf contents and show slight variations in element contents.In the Yangtze River Basin are widely distributed intermediate-acid igneous rocks and complicated source rocks together with strong chemical weathering which determine the elemental compositions of the Yangtze River sediments,while the elemental compositions of the Yellow River sediments are decided by the chemical composition of loess from the Loess Plateau and intense physical weatering.Cu,Zn,Sc,Ti,Fe,V,Ni,Cr,Co,Li and Be can be used to distinguish the Yangtze River sediments from te Yellow River sediments and be treated as tracers for both the sediments to study the processes of their mixing and diffusion in the coastal zones of China.     

冲绳海槽南部表层沉积物地球化学特征及其物源和环境指示意义

对冲绳海槽南部陆架、陆坡和海槽 33个表层沉积物进行了元素地球化学分析,结果表明研究区沉积物的主要化学组成为SiO₂ 、Al₂ O₃ 和CaO,这三种组分占沉积物总量的 6 8%左右。多数元素在陆架和陆坡的变化范围较大,在海槽区相对稳定。向海槽方向随沉积物粒径变细,SiO₂ 和CaO减少、Al₂ O₃ 和其它多数元素含量增加。常量元素和Al₂ O₃ 的比值分布特征表明,本区沉积物由物源区经由陆架向海槽输送,沉积物主要由陆源碎屑沉积组成,此外还有生物碎屑沉积和自生沉积。陆架区部分微量元素富集因子 (EF)与长江和黄河沉积物的富集因子对比结果表明,本区的沉积物与长江沉积物的关系更为密切。陆坡区Cu、Pb、Zn、Co、Ni和Cr的富集因子较高是由于生物的富集作用造成的,Mn的富集主要是自生沉积的结果。用R型因子分析方法对沉积物的化学组成进行了分析,结合元素的分布特征,给出了四个主因子所对应的沉积环境和特征元素组合,分别为 1)陆架型的元素组合 :SiO₂ 、TiO₂ 、Zr、CaO和Sr,2 )陆坡型的元素组合Fe₂ O₃ 、MgO和P₂ O₅,3)海槽型的元素组合 :Al₂ O₃ 、K₂ O、Cu、Zn、Co、Ni、Cr和Ba,4 )反映沉积环境氧化-还原属性的元素组合 :MnO和FeO。     

Geochemistry of metals in sediments from the mainstem of the Yellow River, China

Sediment samples at 10 locations in the mainstem of the Yellow River were taken in 1994. Five forms (exchangeable, carbonate, organic, Fe/Mn oxide and residual) of metals were extracted by the Tessier method. The total contents and contents of the five forms of 16 metal elements (Li, Na, K, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, and Al) were determined by ICP-AES. In sediments of the Yellow River, except for Na, mobile elements (such as K, Ca) do not show a negative correlation with the immobile elements. Alkaline metals (Li, Na, and K), Ti, and Al exist mainly in the residual form. The exchangeable forms of alkaline-earth elements (Ca, Sr, and Ba) are the highest, and their residual forms go up with the increase of the period in the periodic table of elements. Half of Mn exists in the residual form, and its non-residual forms exist mainly in carbonate and oxide forms. Except Mn, the iron group elements (Fe, Co, Ni, V, Cr) mainly exist in the residual and oxide forms. High carbonate content of Ca does not cause high contents of other elements in carbonate form, showing that chemical weathering is not strong in the area.     

南京浦口地区工程地质分区及其评价

根据地形地貌和岩土组合特征,该区可分为低山丘陵—山麓基岩区、山前平原—阶地中硬土区和长江漫滩软土沉积区,覆盖层主要是长江冲、淤积形成的新近系沉积软弱土。主要讨论漫滩软土及中硬土的特征,并对其工程地质适宜性及建筑适宜性进行了评价。     

山东半岛全新世近岸泥质区沉积过程与沉积记录*

中国东部陆架边缘海发育多个全新世泥质区,是研究古海洋和古气候的理想区域。本研究从现代沉积过程和全新世沉积记录的视角,对山东半岛近岸泥质区的前人研究结果进行总结梳理,为后续相关研究提供参考。山东半岛近岸泥质区位于山东半岛沿岸,主要是来自黄河的沉积物在沿岸流、上升流、潮汐等相互作用下沉积而成,呈现独特的“Ω”形沉积模式。山东半岛近岸泥质区形成于全新世,物质来源主要是黄河,近岸侵蚀和当地小河流也贡献一定的物质来源。山东半岛近岸泥质区的形成和演化与古海洋条件、海平面升降、内陆古气候演变等多种因素有关,蕴藏着丰富的环境演化信息。山东半岛近岸泥质区沉积能够快速记录东亚季风的演变,其较高的沉积速率为研究黄河流域的古气候和古生态演化提供高分辨率的材料,可为预测未来全球变化背景下黄河流域的发展趋势提供参考。虽然前人对现代沉积过程进行了大量工作,但仍需加强现代观测和数值模拟等方面的工作,为更好地重建研究区的沉积动力过程提供数据和理论支撑。此外,该区在长时间尺度上的沉积物和有机质的沉积过程对古海洋和古气候的响应机制也亟待开展研究。     

Comparison of arsenic geochemical evolution in the Datong Basin (Shanxi) and Hetao Basin (Inner Mongolia), China

Insightful knowledge of geochemical processes controlling As mobility is fundamental to understanding the occurrence of elevated As in groundwater. A comparative study of As geochemistry was conducted in the Datong Basin (Shanxi) and Hetao Basin (Inner Mongolia), two strongly As-enriched areas in China. The results show that As concentrations ranged from <1–1160 μg L⁻¹ (n = 37) in the Datong Basin and <1–804 μg L⁻¹ (n = 62) in the Hetao Basin. The groundwater is of the Na-HCO₃ type in the Datong Basin and Na-Cl-HCO₃ type in the Hetao Basin. Silicate mineral weathering and cation exchange processes dominated the groundwater geochemistry in the two study areas. Principal component analysis of 99 groundwater samples using 12 geochemical parameters indicated positive correlations between concentrations of As and Fe/Mn in the Datong Basin, but no correlation of As and Fe/Mn in the Hetao Basin. Phosphate correlated well with As in the Datong Basin and Hetao Basin, suggesting phosphate competition might be another process affecting As concentrations in groundwater. High concentrations of As, Fe, and Mn occurred in the pe range −2 to −4. The results of this study further understanding of the similarities and differences of As occurrence and mobility at various locations in China.