全长黏结式锚杆沿程应力分布模拟方法

全长黏结式锚杆是地下洞室常用的一种围岩支护手段。研究全长黏结式锚杆沿程应力分布特性对于锚杆-围岩组合体的稳定性评价具有重要的作用。利用单元嵌入计算格式,建立锚杆-围岩组合体中锚杆的等效模拟方法。通过轴对称四边形单元模拟锚杆内部变形,据此推导该单元内力、切线刚度及锚杆模型固有内力、计算刚度,最终通过整体及局部坐标的变换建立锚杆模型附加内力及切线刚度的计算方法。锚杆的非线性特性主要由接触面失效、杆体屈服引起,该方法能够较方便地应用隐式有限元计算格式,对围岩及锚杆的非线性特性进行统一分析。该方法在反映锚杆对围岩支护效果的同时,能够较好地反映锚杆的沿程应力分布特性。     

大型地下洞室全长黏结式岩石锚杆锚固机制研究及锚固效应分析

以大型地下洞室为背景,采用隐式锚杆柱单元模拟黏结式岩石锚杆,推导了杆体对围岩模型的附加刚度贡献模型。根据中性点理论,假定锚固体界面的剪切滑移模型,导出了锚杆与围岩相互作用下的荷载传递基本微分方程。基于三维弹塑性有限元增量法计算的围岩离散位移,采用插值拟合获得造成锚杆变形的围岩连续位移,通过求解微分方程得到锚固体界面剪应力和轴向力分布函数。将获得的锚固体剪应力采用等效附加应力模型作用于岩体,反映了锚杆的支护效应。实例分析表明,锚杆新算法能较好地模拟锚杆支护效果。获得的锚固体受力分布特征符合中性点理论,锚固体界面剪应力分为正、负两段,锚固体轴向力分布为单峰曲线。此外,新方法的计算值与实测值较为接近。     

锚杆作用下边坡稳定分析中改进最小势能法研究

为分析锚杆作用下边坡的稳定性,基于最小势能原理,通过单元体虚位移方向的静力平衡方程确定滑面剪应力分布的解析解,构建剪切势能计算模型。在建立边坡支护系统的势能函数时考虑锚杆储存的线应变能以及弯曲应变能,提出改进的最小势能锚杆支护边坡稳定性分析方法。通过算例将其与传统算法进行对比,分析了锚杆参数对边坡安全系数的影响。研究表明,文中的计算方法可行且合理,锚杆的弯曲应变能对边坡的安全系数计算结果的影响可忽略不计;锚杆的竖向间距、长度、锚固角、锚固力以及第一排锚杆距离地面的距离对边坡的安全系数影响较为显著,锚杆的刚度对边坡安全系数的影响水平较低;随着锚杆长度的增加,边坡的安全系数曲线呈现先递增后趋于稳定的变化规律;锚固角度为?22左右时边坡的安全系数存在最优值。     

三维锚杆数值模拟方法研究

在现有几种锚杆数值分析方法的基础上,对考虑了浆体切向受力性态的三维锚杆单元理论及其应用进行了研究,编制了三维锚杆有限元计算程序,并结合例子对浆体锚杆的变形、应力规律进行了分析。计算结果显示了模型的可靠性和实用性。     

基于突变理论的单根锚杆脱黏分析

针对工程中单根预应力锚杆的脱黏失效问题,基于突变理论提出一种研究的新思路。在建立简化力学模型的基础上,推导出锚固界面的非线性剪切滑移模型;视预应力锚杆为弹性体,根据弹性理论得出锚杆的总势能;引入突变理论,将锚杆势函数化简为尖点突变模型的标准形式,构建锚杆失效的临界判据,并进行脱黏分析。结果表明：所建非线性剪切滑移模型可以合理考虑锚固界面的软化特性;拉拔荷载作用下,锚杆杆体与周围注浆体的界面剪应力分布逐渐演化为单峰曲线,直至极限状态下整个锚固界面发生软化破坏;推导出的临界松动位移理论公式简单实用,可为研究单根预应力锚杆的脱黏失效提供参考。通过对工程算例进行验算分析,证明所提方法是合理可行的。     

浅谈啧锚网技术在高边坡防护中的应用

喷锚同支护是靠锚杆、钢筋同和混凝上层共同工作来提高边坡岩土的结构强度和抗变形刚度,减小岩(土)体侧向变形,增强边坡的整体稳定性.     

桩锚支护结构水平位移的简化算法

桩锚支护结构在基坑和边坡围护工程中有着广泛的应用,设计阶段对支护结构的水平变形作出准确预测意义重大。根据国内多地基坑工程围护墙变形实测结果,建立桩锚支护结构水平位移的计算模型和计算假定,计算基坑围护墙在各外力作用下的变形,利用弹性叠加法得出桩锚支护结构围护墙深层水平位移表达式,联立锚杆刚度方程求解出其中的参数,最终得到水平位移的简化计算结果。该简化算法适用于围护墙底变形较小的桩锚支护结构计算,通过温州某基坑工程实例对比,围护墙变形计算结果与实测数据较为吻合,验证了该简化算法的适用性。     

基于完整锚杆动测技术的围岩质量识别研究

完整锚杆系统是由完整的锚杆杆体、饱满的锚固介质以及围岩组成的有机体系。在描述锚杆低应变动力响应的数学力学模型中,将锚固介质与围岩对锚杆体的作用简化为沿杆长均匀分布的杆侧弹性系数与阻尼系数,以及均匀分布在杆底的刚度系数与阻尼系数,即锚杆系统的动力参数。它们不仅表征了锚杆锚固质量,而且体现出锚杆所处围岩的物理参数。通过建立围岩物理参数与完整锚杆系统动力参数的映射关系,可以对围岩质量进行识别。为此,建立了完整锚杆三维轴对称有限元计算模型,得到不同的围岩物理力学参数所对应的锚杆杆顶速度响应;根据完整锚杆低应变动力响应理论解和遗传算法建立了完整锚杆动力参数的识别方法;通过对不同围岩下完整锚杆的数值模拟结果的动力参数识别,建立了杆侧弹性系数与围岩变形模量之间的关系式,提出了一种基于完整锚杆动测技术的围岩质量识别方法。     

全长黏结锚杆的数值流形方法模型

基于流形方法的有限覆盖技术,确定流形元覆盖系统下锚杆的位移函数,由此建立全长粘结锚杆的数值流形方法模型,定义了锚杆流形单元,并推导了锚杆流形单元的数值计算格式。该模型符合全粘结的物理意义,是一种局部解析的锚杆数值方法,具有较高的精度。同时锚杆与数学覆盖相对独立,只要求锚杆完全处于数学网格的覆盖之中,对其相对位置没有要求,所以一般网格可以适应锚杆的复杂布置。该模型可以应用于岩土锚杆模拟及钢筋与混凝土共同作用分析等问题。     

深基坑复合喷锚支护技术探讨

工程实践表明,复合喷锚支护是一种有效的深基坑支护型式,它可用于土层条件差、安全性要求高、变形控制严格的基坑工程中。复合支护中锚杆为主要受力构件,竖向花管为辅助受力构件,可起到限制、减小土体变形的作用。由于竖向注浆花管的加入,花管及注浆体抗剪作用加强,使基坑的整体稳定性得以大幅度提高。探讨了复合喷锚支护整体稳定性分析方法,建议将滑动区域分为加固土和原土两部分,将锚管注浆形成的注浆体等效为一层加固土,按喷锚支护模型计算复合喷锚支护整体稳定性。     

刚/柔性组合墙面加筋土挡墙内部破坏机制

基于离心模型试验成果,建立软土地基刚/柔性组合墙面加筋土挡墙离散-连续耦合数值模型,采用离散单元颗粒流程序PFC和有限差分程序FLAC分别模拟加筋土挡墙和软土地基,分析挡墙的变形、筋材拉力分布及内部破坏演化过程,并与刚性地基上挡墙情况进行比较,以探讨刚/柔性组合墙面加筋土挡墙的内部破坏机制。研究结果表明,数值模型计算结果与离心模型试验结果吻合,其内部潜在破坏面经过连接件锚固端位置,各层筋材拉力均在连接件锚固端位置最大;软土地基上挡墙和刚性地基上挡墙的内部破坏面均一致,且筋材均由下而上依次断裂;软土地基上挡墙内部破坏面与地基圆弧滑移面贯通,为复合滑动模式,而刚性地基上挡墙整体破坏模式为折线型,连接件埋深范围内加筋体沿其底部连接件水平滑出。     

Experimental Study of Bearing Capacity of Granular Soils,Reinforced with Innovative Grid-Anchor System

The pull-out resistance of reinforcing elements is one of the most significant factors in increasing the bearing capacity of geosynthetic reinforced soils. In this research a new reinforcing element that includes elements (anchors) attached to ordinary geogrid for increasing the pull-out resistance of reinforcements is introduced. Reinforcement therefore consists of geogrid and anchors with cubic elements that attached to the geogrid, named (by the authors) Grid-Anchor. A total of 45 load tests were performed to investigate the bearing capacity of square footing on sand reinforced with this system. The effect of depth of the first reinforcement layer, the vertical spacing, the number and width of reinforcement layers, the distance that anchors are effective, effect of relative density, low strain stiffness and stiffness after local shear were investigated. Laboratory tests showed that when a single layer of reinforcement is used there is an optimum reinforcement embedment depth for which the bearing capacity is the greatest. There also appeared to be an optimum vertical spacing of reinforcing layers for multi-layer reinforced sand. The bearing capacity was also found to increase with increasing number of reinforcement layer, if the reinforcement were placed within a range of effective depth. The effect of soil density also is investigated. Finally the results were compared with the bearing capacity of footings on non-reinforced sand and sand reinforced with ordinary geogrid and the advantages of the Grid-Anchor were highlighted. Test results indicated that the use of Grid-Anchor to reinforce the sand increased the ultimate bearing capacity of shallow square footing by a factor of 3.0 and 1.8 times compared to that for un-reinforced soil and soil reinforced with ordinary geogrid, respectively.     

土体强度与变形尺度特性的理论与试验分析

土体是一种颗粒介质,其强度与变形特性具有显著的颗粒尺度效应。采用胞元土体模型和三轴抗剪试验分析了土体强度和变形的尺度效应特性。根据土体中不同尺度颗粒间相互作用表现出的聚集和摩擦效应,提出了“基体-增强颗粒”土体胞元模型,胞元体由基体和增强颗粒组成,其中基体由微小土颗粒集成,而增强颗粒为砂粒,宏观土体则简化为由许多胞元体构成的介质。引入广义球应变和广义等效应变,基于应变能导出了考虑颗粒尺度效应的应力-应变关系以及屈服应力计算公式;同时,针对增强颗粒不同粒径和体分比的土体进行一系列三轴不排水抗剪试验,给出了应力-应变和屈服应力尺度效应的测试结果。试验和理论计算结果均表明,土体强度和变形的尺度效应随增强颗粒的体分比增加以及粒径的减小而增强,由此反映出土体强度和变形显著的尺度效应;土体强度和变形尺度效应的理论预测结果与试验具有较好的一致性。     

Numerical upper bounds to the ultimate load bearing capacity of three-dimensional reinforced concrete structures

This contribution is addressing the ultimate limit state design of massive three-dimensional reinforced concrete structures based on a finite-element implementation of yield design theory. The strength properties of plain concrete are modeled either by means of a tension cutoff Mohr Coulomb or a Rankine condition, while the contribution of the reinforcing bars is taken into account by means of a homogenization method. This homogenization method can either represent regions of uniformly distributed steel rebars smeared into the concrete domain, but it can also be extended to model single rebars diluted into a larger region, thereby simplifying mesh generation and mesh size requirements in this region. The present paper is mainly focused on the implementation of the upper bound kinematic approach formulated as a convex minimization problem. The retained strength condition for the plain concrete and homogenized reinforced regions are both amenable to a formulation involving positive semidefinite constraints. The resulting semidefinite programming problems can, therefore, be solved using state-of-the-art dedicated solvers. The whole computational procedure is applied to some illustrative examples, where the implementation of both static and kinematic methods produces a relatively accurate bracketing of the exact failure load for this kind of structures.     

加筋材料动态松弛有限元模型的建立及应用

为分析加筋材料的抗弯刚度对加筋性能的影响,加筋材料采用梁单元形式。基于动态松弛法,通过定义梁单元的刚度矩阵,求解内力矢量,随后定义虚拟质量密度而建立总质量矩阵,将加筋材料的梁单元有限元模型嵌入到已有的动态松弛法求解程序中。通过对简支梁的简单加载模拟验证了该梁单元模型的准确性能。随后,将该有限元模型与已有的动态松弛法计算程序结合（含砂土本构及弱面单元模型）,对加筋砂土地基室内模型试验进行了数值模拟。将梁单元的模拟结果与杆单元（梁单元的特例）模拟结果进行了比较,并分别探讨了抗拉刚度和抗弯刚度对加筋砂土地基承载性能的影响。结果表明：抗拉刚度对承载能力的影响较小;抗弯刚度对承载力的影响程度与加筋材料的布置形式有关,特别是当加筋砂土中出现剪切带以后,其影响逐渐增大。因此,在分析加筋砂土结构的增强机制时,建议采用梁单元（具有一定的抗弯刚度）对加筋材料进行模拟。     

土工格栅加筋土地基平板载荷试验研究

在近年来的岩土工程实践中,土工合成材料加筋土技术得到越来越广泛的应用。采用平板载荷板试验方法,进行了多组加筋砂土地基模型试验,监测和分析了不同加筋材料（双向格栅与四向格栅）和加筋层数对土工格栅加筋土地基承载特性的影响。研究结果表明：土工格栅加筋土地基与无筋地基相比,承载性能得到改善,双层加筋明显优于单层加筋;土工格栅加筋限制了浅层地基的侧向变形,相同荷载下地基沉降减小,可恢复变形增大;模型试验中测得加筋材料应变和拉力很小,与土工格栅强度相比,拉伸模量对加筋土地基承载力的贡献更大。     

坡顶加载时黏性土坡土钉加固前后的离心模型试验比较研究

为研究坡顶加载条件下黏性土坡的承载特性和变形规律,进行了素土坡和土钉加固土坡的加载离心模型试验。测量了土坡的承载和变形过程。通过对比两种土坡的承载特性和变性规律,土钉的加固作用体现在：限制了土坡向坡面方向的位移,使土坡的承载能力得到了明显提高;在加固土坡内形成的土钉影响区域改善了加载底板边缘处的薄弱程度;增大了土坡中上部土体的竖向压缩变形,减小了剪切变形,增强了土坡的稳定性。土坡上部土钉的加固效果随着坡顶荷载的增大而越明显;土坡中下部土与土钉的相互作用越靠近坡面越强     

Beam–solid contact formulation for finite element analysis of pile–soil interaction with arbitrary discretization

This paper presents an embedded beam formulation for discretization independent finite element (FE) analyses of interactions between pile foundations or rock anchors and the surrounding soil in geotechnical and tunneling engineering. Piles are represented by means of finite beam elements embedded within FEs for the soil represented by 3D solid elements. The proposed formulation allows consideration of piles and pile groups with arbitrary orientation independently from the FE discretization of the surrounding soil. The interface behavior between piles and the surrounding soil is represented numerically by means of a contact formulation considering skin friction as well as pile tip resistance. The pile–soil interaction along the pile skin is considered by means of a 3D frictional point‐to‐point contact formulation using the integration points of the beam elements and reference points arbitrarily located within the solid elements as control points. The ability of the proposed embedded pile model to represent groups of piles objected to combined axial and shear loading and their interactions with the surrounding soil is demonstrated by selected benchmark examples. The pile model is applied to the numerical simulation of shield driven tunnel construction in the vicinity of an existing building resting upon pile foundation to demonstrate the performance of the proposed model in complex simulation environments. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

An embedded bond-slip model for finite element modelling of soil–nail interaction

Soil nailing has been widely used as a reinforcing technique to retain excavations and stabilise slopes. Proper assessment of the interaction between the nails and the surrounding soil is central to safe and economical design of the composite reinforced soil structure. In this note, a new interface model, denoted as “embedded bond-slip model”, is proposed to model the soil–nail interaction numerically in a simplified manner. Combining the key features of the embedded element technique and the conventional interface element method, the proposed plane–strain interface model has the advantages that no special considerations have to be given to the arrangement of the finite element mesh for the soil nails, and that possible tangential slippage along the interface can be modelled. The formulation also allows pore water flow across the soil nails to be incorporated into the analysis. The proposed model has been implemented into a finite element code and verified by simple element tests under different uni-direction loading conditions. Using the proposed interface model, back analyses of a field test involving a soil-nailed cut slope subjected to a rise in groundwater table have been conducted. This note presents the details of the embedded bond-slip model and the numerical results which demonstrate that the proposed model is capable of simulating soil–nail interaction conveniently and realistically.     

H-V加筋黏性土的强度与变形特性

在提出非满布的H-V（水平－竖向）加筋的基础上,设计了非满布多层H-V加筋黏土的试验方案,以镀锌铁皮和有机玻璃为加筋材料进行了44组固结不排水三轴剪切试验。通过不同竖筋布置的加筋黏土三轴试验研究了加筋黏性土的应力-应变关系、强度特性及破坏形态,探讨了不同加筋高度、不同围压及不同筋材对加筋黏土强度的影响。试验结果表明：相对于无筋土及传统的水平加筋土而言,其峰值偏应力和抗剪强度均有大幅度提高。