市级海岛保护规划编制要点探讨——以钦州市为例

市级海岛保护规划是沿海市管辖范围内海岛保护的专项规划,内容较省级海岛保护规划更为详尽,实践性与可操作性也更强;较单岛规划覆盖的范围更广,更有利于沿海市海岛保护与利用工作的全面开展,可有效衔接省级规划与单岛规划。文章分析了市级海岛保护规划在海岛保护规划体系中的定位,探讨了市级海岛保护规划的编制要点,以钦州市为例,从规划范围、期限与原则、分类分区与重点工程、区域海岛规划等方面,提出了市级海岛保护规划的编制框架,可为市级海岛保护规划的科学编制提供参考。今后应进一步开展无居民海岛功能分类研究、区域海岛规划的实施情况评估和利益相关者参与机制的探索,为市级海岛保护规划的编制提供支撑。     

福建省无居民海岛开发利用的契机、挑战和对策

文章概述福建省无居民海岛开发利用、保护和管理现状,从相关法律法规和规划办法逐步完善的角度分析无居民海岛开发利用的契机,同时指出面临的海岛开发利用投资成本高和回报周期长、开发利用同质化和低质化、海岛生态环境资源遭到破坏、历史遗留问题仍未解决以及不同类型海岛未能区别管理等挑战,在此基础上提出探索海岛开发利用新模式、加快区域用岛规划编制、理顺海岛保护管理体制机制和海岛分等级管理审批的对策建议。     

厦门市无居民海岛开发利用现状与管理保护对策

本文介绍了厦门市无居民海岛的总体分布情况及其开发利用现状，分析了其存在的主要问题，并据此提出了建立统一协调海岛综合管理体制，实施开发利用许可证制度；编制厦门市无居民海岛开发保护规划；加强对海岛生态环境和资源的保护；控制海岛开发强度；建设“数字海岛”等开发和管理保护厦门市无居民海岛的若干对策建议。     

无居民海岛保护规划编制与厦门案例研究

文章从分析厦门无居民海岛资源分布特征与生态问题入手,阐述了无居民海岛保护规划编制的总体框架、基本思路、基本要求与基本内容。强调了无居民海岛保护规划应体现强制性、导向性、针对性和可操作性。论述了海岛功能定位与利用方向的确定对于海岛资源环境保护的重要性,认为分类保护是有效保护海岛资源的重要方法。从方法学上,总结并介绍了厦门海岛保护规划编制的实践经验。     

谈无居民海岛保护和利用规划——以万宁加井岛为例

无居民(单岛)海岛保护和利用规划是开展海岛保护、开发利用与管理的重要依据。以万宁加井岛为例,探讨无居民海岛(单岛)保护和利用规划保护对象、保护区域范围和面积、开发区域范围和面积以及保护和开发利用区域管控要求确定的具体内容和方法,论述海岛保护措施制定的要点,为如何具体地开展无居民海岛(单岛)保护和利用规划报告的编制提供参考和借鉴,也为进一步研究海岛的保护和开发提供思考。     

基于用岛类型和方式的无居民海岛使用分类体系构建思考

对申请海岛使用权的无居民海岛开发利用活动进行分类,是制定无居民海岛使用金最低标准定价的基础。2010年《无居民海岛使用金征收使用管理办法》中的海岛分类体系存在与国家和地方分类体系衔接不够、用岛类型与用岛方式概念混杂、对生态用岛引导作用不明显等问题。本文对无居民海岛各类分类体系现状及关联性进行了梳理,分析其存在的主要问题,在继承《全国海岛保护规划》关于适度开发利用海岛的主导用途分类的基础上,充分体现资源有价、生态有价的原则,将原有的10类无居民用岛类型通过合并、新增、保留,调整为9类。根据用岛活动对海岛自然岸线、表面积、岛体和植被等的改变程度,将无居民海岛用岛方式划分为6种。初步构建了基于用岛类型和用岛方式的无居民海岛使用分类体系,为无居民海岛使用金最低价标准调整、分类施策和精细化管理提供依据。     

单岛保护和利用规划的理论技术框架探讨

单岛保护和利用规划是海洋主管部门引导无居民海岛保护和利用、审批无居民海岛使用申请、监管无居民海岛使用活动的基本依据,具有指导性和控制性以及法律约束性质。文章在分析单岛保护和利用规划主体和性质的基础上,总结提出规划的基本原则、目的任务、内容与成果等,并就规划空间布局思路和方法以及建设管控指标设定进行探讨。     

海南省无居民海岛开发利用现状及管理对策浅析

文章根据海南省海域无居民海岛开发利用现状调查结果,对其开发利用活动进行分类,结合海南海域的自然条件、社会经济发展现状等因素,分析无居民海岛开发利用中存在的问题,并对无居民海岛开发利用相关管理措施进行了探讨,提出无居民海岛保护与开发利用的初步建议和对策,为海岛行政主管部门实施无居民海岛开发利用管理提供参考.     

层次分析法和模糊综合评价法在海岛保护规划中的应用研究——以温州市海岛为例

文章主要应用层次分析法和模糊综合评价法对温州市海岛保护规划进行分类研究。将温州市海岛保护分为优化开发类岛群、重点开发类岛群、一般保护类岛群和特殊保护类岛群4种类型,根据分类结果可以统筹海岛保护、开发、建设和管理,以保护海岛及其周边海域生态系统,合理开发利用海岛自然资源,实施海岛分类管理,突出海岛分区特色,安排海岛保护重点工程布局,建立健全海岛规范化管理制度,切实加强规划在宏观调控和监督管理方面的重要作用。     

舟山市无居民海岛保护与利用管理之思考

舟山是全国唯一的以岛立市的海岛城市,岛礁资源丰富。保护和利用好这些资源,对于促进舟山的社会经济可持续发展具有重要的意义。为了遵循“在保护中开发,在开发中保护”的《海岛保护法》立法精神,必须加强无居民海岛管理。文章详细介绍了舟山市无居民海岛的现状,对无居民海岛保护与利用管理中存在的问题进行了分析,并提出了强化管理的对策措施。     

Model of the post-Cenozoic evolution of the cryolithozone of the shelf of the western part of the Laptev Sea

The analysis of the structure of the cryolithozone, facies, and thicknesses of the Quaternary sediments and the results of the physicochemical mathematical modeling of the modern shelf of the western part of the Laptev Sea support the influence of the Late Pleistocene glaciations on the heat conditions and the distribution of the permafrost in the area. A ～200-m thick glacier formed under aerial conditions from atmospheric precipitation represented the metamorphosed snow cover. According to the modeling, the long-living (from 60?50 to 10?4 ky) glacier reduced the thickness of the permafrost rocks in the reviewed shelf area for 280–360 m. The Holocene marine transgression additionally decreased the thickness from 50–140 m on the inner shelf to 220–350 m on the outer shelf. The modern submarine cryolithozone 450-0 m thick is wide-spread in the studied region from the coast to the shelf boundary (isobaths of 130–140 m), where it pinches out at a distance of ～380 km from the coast at a depth of ～250 m above the sea level.     

Investigation of the mechanism of the long-term evolution of the carbon cycle in the ecosystem of the Sevastopol bay

We analyze the components of the carbon system of the Sevastopol bay waters and the balance of main sediment-forming substances using the data of field investigations in 1998–2008. The interannual variations of total inorganic carbon and the equilibrium partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the bay water are noted. An increase in the flux of carbon dioxide into the bay and in the content of organic carbon in bottom sediments is revealed, and an explanation of this phenomenon is given. The priority accumulation of organic carbon in the sediments of the bay is established. We assess the interannual variation in the relative abundances of organic and inorganic carbon as an index of the carbon cycle stability.     

Contemporary state of the investigation of the influence of the discharge of rivers on the hydrologic structure of the Black Sea

We generalize and analyze the state of investigations of the influence of river waters on the hydrologic structure of the Black Sea. Specific features of the water, regime and hydrography of rivers flowing into the sea, data on the discharge of rivers, and intrayear and interyear variability of the discharge are presented. We discuss and analyze works studying the transformation of river waters, routes of desalinized sea waters, and their influence on the thermohaline structure and dynamic regime of the sea. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

Modelling of the ecosystem of the Black-Sea shelf zone near the estuary of the Danube

We analyze the results of numerical calculations performed according to the three-dimensional interdisciplinary model of an ecological system of the Black-Sea shelf zone near the estuary of the Danube. The complete system of equations of hydrothermodynamics is solved together with transport equations of the advection-diffusion-reaction type used to describe the transformation of a substance (nitrogen) between the components of the characteristic vectors of the ecosystem: plankton, detritus, and biogenic elements (nitrates). We describe the distinctive features of the circumcontinental distribution of components obtained as a result of numerical experiments and present arguments for the conclusion that the ecosystem of the Danube estuary water area plays the role of a buffer zone between the press of the Danubian biogenic pollutions and the neighbouring areas of the shelf zone and open sea. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

Relationship between the path of the Kuroshio in the south of Japan and the path of the Kuroshio Extension in the east

A relationship between paths of the Kuroshio and Kuroshio Extension (KE) is investigated, using the satellite-derived altimetry dataset of 1993–2008. When the Kuroshio takes the nearshore nonlarge meander path or typical large meander path and resultantly goes through the deeper channel (about 2500 m) of the Izu-Ogasawara Ridge, the KE path adopts a relatively stable state with the two quasi-stationary meanders. On the other hand, when the Kuroshio takes the offshore nonlarge meander path and then passes over the shallower part of the Ridge (about 1000 m), the KE path tends to be convoluted, i.e., an unstable state.     

Dynamics of the ice cover and peculiarities of the ice transportation of the sediments at the tidal flats of the Kandalaksha Gulf of the White Sea

Ten years of semistationary studies of the interaction of the ice cover and the coastal relief of the Kandalakhsa Gulf in the White Sea allowed us to reveal the peculiarities of these processes in the warm and cold years and the mechanisms of the origination of ice forms, including ice tents, which govern the character of the tidal flats. Three dynamic fast ice zones are distinguished by their geomorphological location, morphology, and ice dynamics. The dependence of the mechanisms and volumes of the enrichment of the fast ice in the sediments on the coastal zone??s relief was established. At the coast of the Kindo Peninsula (Velikaya Salma Strait), the ice mostly contains fine-sandy sediments. Coarser sediments, including boulders, are occasional and frozen into the ice at the contact of the fast ice and the bottom. At the expense of the ice??s spreading by 4?C6 times in the warm years and 2?C4 times in the cold years, several thousand tons of sediments mostly from the tidal flat??s surface (100?C700 m³ from 1 km of coast in the wide tidal flats and <50 m³ on the steep coasts) are delivered to the water area.     

Parameters of the sediments of the deep-water basin of the Black Sea

The methodology and the first results of the computations of the volumes, masses, and growth rates of the sedimentary body of the buried Black Sea basin are presented. Their temporal evolution reflects the regional paleogeodynamics, in particular, the reorientation of the vector of the relative movement of the Arabian and Eurasian lithospheric plates and the related intensification of their collision in the late Miocene-Pliocene.     

Variability of the nutrient runoff of the rivers of the Arctic Basin

The spatiotemporal variability of the hydrochemical composition of the riverine runoff in nearmouth areas is presented using the example of selected rivers of the Arctic Basin. The temporal dynamics of the riverine nutrient runoff are mainly determined by the seasonal and interseasonal variations in the drainage basins. The spatial variations in the chemical composition of riverine waters in the near-mouth areas are mainly caused by the dynamics of the water flow and the river bed relief and, to a lesser degree, by biochemical processes. It is shown that the variations in the nutrient composition of the waters in near-mouth areas are comparable in magnitude to those at the river-sea geochemical barriers.     

A model of the dynamics of the ecosystem of the Sea of Azov

We use many-year archival observations of hydrologic and hydrobiologic state of the Sea of Azov for the identification of the structure of a model of its ecosystem. The ecosystem model, supplemented with expert estimates of bioresource consumption (fish reserve), contamination level, and possible ecologic fines for violation of the sea natural state, is formalized by the method of system dynamics. Hereat, the major part of influence functions is found in terms of observational data with application of self-organization algorithms. We also present the results of simulated experiments with the model of the ecosystem, which enable us to analyse scenarios of its behaviour under the influence of various external factors (wind, river discharge, water exchange with the Black Sea, etc.). Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

On the Relationship between the Characteristics of the Annual Variations of the Virtual Height of the Ionospheric Sporadic E Layer with the Seasonal Rearrangements of the Stratomesospheric Circulation

Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics - Analysis of the temporal variations of the virtual heights of the sporadic E layer (h?ES) determined from ionograms with increased accuracy (1...