甘南地区一次强对流天气的多普勒雷达特征分析

针对甘南地区2006年7月12日出现的冰雹天气过程,利用兰州CINRAD/CC多普勒雷达回波资料以及MICAPS资料对此次强对流天气过程进行了初步的分析,分析了冰雹天气过程中雷达回波的形态特征、结构和动态特征,发现在此次强对流天气是雷达回波具有明显的超级单体风暴特征,且呈现出三体散射、有界弱回波、钩状回波等特征;雷达回波强度值55dB;回波顶16km;径向速度图上出现较强的气旋性辐合,在中高层辐合中还存在着中尺度气旋;此外,降雹过程前后垂直液态水含量(VIL)变化较大。     

冰雹云钩状回波的一些特征

近几年在平凉恢复高炮防雹工作以来,我们发现天气雷达观测冰雹云的雷达回波多数具有气旋性回波形状,直至局部演变成钩状回波。为了探讨冰雹云雷达回波形状的这一特点,进而有助于从雷达回波图形上识别冰雹云,我们分析了12年平凉强雷暴观测的雷达回波资料,表明:(1)强雷暴云中凡有降雹的雷达回波,除雷达反射率高(回波强中心一般达到40db 以上)、云体伸展高(达到10千米左右)和强回波区厚度大(4.5千米左右)外,70％以上雷达回波都存在有类似于气旋性的钩状回波;(2)钩状回波出现的明显程度、维持的时间、钩状气旋控制面积的大小和出现的位置,与雹暴发展演变的阶段和剧烈程度及地形影响有关.     

南疆塔里木盆地西部一次强冰雹天气过程分析

利用常规气象资料和CINRAD／CC新一代天气雷达资料以及对流云数值模式等,对2011年6月17日发生在南疆塔里木盆地西部麦盖提垦区的一次强冰雹天气过程进行了分析。结果表明：大气不稳定层结的存在和有利的高低空环流形势配置的动力作用,是触发这次南疆西部局地强对流天气产生降雹的主要原因。在冰雹天气发展过程中,探测到了如钩状回波、弱回波区、悬挂回波和中气旋等典型的冰雹云回波特征,这对冰雹天气邻近预报具有一定指示意义。数值模拟结果显示,冰雹云具有低层辐合、中层有一对涡旋、高层辐散的结构特征,这种结构有利于冰雹云的发展和维持。     

2002年夏季河南省冰雹回波特征

利用2002年夏季雷达观测到的雹云回波资料，分析了雹云在成熟阶段时在雷达回波上表现出的不同特征及对应的冰雹落区，结果表明，“V”形缺口回波顶端、指状回波及其指根处、钩状回波钩部对应地面冰雹落区。     

松原市两次强冰雹过程消雹对比及效果评估

利用718天气雷达对2007年7月6日午后出现在松原市境内不同地点的两次强冰雹天气过程进行了跟踪监测,结合松原市冰雹云模式,通过对两块强冰雹云进行消雹与否的比较,以及同一雷达回波消雹前后参数特征的变化分析,对消雹效果进行了评估。结果表明：在冰雹云旺盛发展阶段进行积极的消雹作业能使冰雹云快速消散,减少成核机率,大大减少大冰雹发生概率,经济效益非常可观。     

一次超级单体风暴的雷达回波特征分析

利用兰州CINRAD／CC雷达对2008年7月18日甘肃省定西市境内的降雹过程连续观测,对探测到的资料进行分析,总结出此次降雹过程的反射率因子、径向速度、RCS垂直剖面、垂直累积液态含水量等产品的主要特征,初步探讨了使用多普勒雷达监测冰雹的方法,找出了超级单体风暴呈现出的钩状弓状回波、有界弱回波区、回波墙、悬挂回波、明显的人流缺口、存在中气旋等典型的回波特征,归纳出VIL剧烈变化、ET与冰雹过程的一致对应关系、明显的三体散射特征等一些对冰雹的临近预报有指导意义的信息,为使用天气雷达探测此类灾害性天气提供了参考。     

平凉地区强对流钩状回波特征的观测研究

最近10年平凉地区人工防雹试验期间，用雷达测到的强对流雷暴云回波上，发现雹暴云除有强度和云高作判别外，在回波形态和结构上，多数雹云在发展过程中呈气旋形回波形状，其中部分强雹云演变成明显钩状回波，少数特强雹暴云有反气旋钩状回波，并向气旋钩状演变的特点。在钩状回波形成和维持阶段，回波反射率Ze达到最强，之后不再增加，有些钩状回波的云高有时可跃增1～3 km高度，云体出现崩溃，地面有降雹。针对这些观测事实，本文用多年回波资料进行一些统计分析。     

2002年夏季河南省冰雹回波特征

利用2002年夏季雷达观测到的雹云回波资料,分析了雹云在成熟阶段时在雷达回波上表现出的不同特征及对应的冰雹落区,结果表明,"V"形缺口回波顶端、指状回波及其指根处、钩状回波钩部对应地面冰雹落区.     

一次降雹天气过程的数字化雷达回波分析

主要利用东营市７１３数字化雷达回波和红外卫星云图资料，分析了１９９６年７月２０日东营地区降雹天气过程的雷达回波和卫星云图演变特征。结果表明：雷达回波具有明显的雹云回波的特殊形状和跃增阶段，跃增是冰雹云与雷雨云回波的一个显著差别。     

贵州中部一次多单体冰雹天气的雷达回波特征

该文利用新一代多普勒天气雷达、双偏振天气雷达和探空资料,对2017年4月5日造成贵州中部冰雹天气过程的多单体冰雹云做了分析,结果表明:(1)此次过程是南支槽和中低空切变共同影响的有利天气背景条件下,省西部陆续生成的多个超级单体沿着两条主要的路线近乎平行东移,造成下游沿途多地的冰雹的天气过程;(2)此次冰雹的两条路径具有典型性;(3)单体回波特征:在发展和降雹阶段的剖面图上均有回波悬垂,在强雷暴单体的PPI图上还有"V"型缺口和钩状回波特征,速度场上在4.2 km左右的高度存在切变;(4)双偏振雷达的观测在单体经过贵阳城区时的观测效果好。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Retrieval of outgoing longwave radiation from COMS narrowband infrared imagery

Hourly outgoing longwave radiation(OLR) from the geostationary satellite Communication Oceanography Meteorological Satellite(COMS) has been retrieved since June 2010. The COMS OLR retrieval algorithms are based on regression analyses of radiative transfer simulations for spectral functions of COMS infrared channels. This study documents the accuracies of OLRs for future climate applications by making an intercomparison of four OLRs from one single-channel algorithm(OLR12.0using the 12.0 μm channel) and three multiple-channel algorithms(OLR10.8+12.0using the 10.8 and 12.0 μm channels; OLR6.7+10.8using the 6.7 and 10.8 μm channels; and OLR All using the 6.7, 10.8, and 12.0 μm channels). The COMS OLRs from these algorithms were validated with direct measurements of OLR from a broadband radiometer of the Clouds and Earth's Radiant Energy System(CERES) over the full COMS field of view [roughly(50°S–50°N, 70°–170°E)] during April 2011.Validation results show that the root-mean-square errors of COMS OLRs are 5–7 W m-2, which indicates good agreement with CERES OLR over the vast domain. OLR6.7+10.8and OLR All have much smaller errors(～ 6 W m-2) than OLR12.0and OLR10.8+12.0(～ 8 W m-2). Moreover, the small errors of OLR6.7+10.8and OLR All are systematic and can be readily reduced through additional mean bias correction and/or radiance calibration. These results indicate a noteworthy role of the6.7 μm water vapor absorption channel in improving the accuracy of the OLRs. The dependence of the accuracy of COMS OLRs on various surface, atmospheric, and observational conditions is also discussed.