格尔木河水质现状及生态风险评估

为了了解经济迅速发展背景下格尔木河流域水体中痕量元素分布、水环境质量现状和生态风险,对格尔木河9个采样点水样21种痕量元素的分布及相关性进行了分析,以Cu、Zn、Hg、Cd、Cr和Pb为目标重金属,评估了格尔木河水质现状及生态风险。结果表明：重金属Pb浓度在所有水样中均低于检出限,其它痕量元素浓度在0.001(Cd) ~ 6297.013(Sr) μg?L<sub><sup>-1</sup></sub>范围变化。根据相关性分析,推测格尔木河水体中Li、Sc、Ti、V、Cu、Ge、Rb、Sr、Mo、Cd来源可能相同。采样点水样6种重金属浓度均达到地表水环境质量I类的标准。采用5种方法评价了格尔木河水质现状,结果表明研究区水质处于无污染的理想状态。格尔木河重金属引发的潜在生态风险处于低风险水平(生态风险指数变化范围为0.35~0.68)。     

格尔木河表层沉积物重金属污染现状及潜在生态风险评价

为了解格尔木河环境现状以及格尔木市开发所带来的影响对格尔木河表层沉积物共计9个采样点的七种重金属元素(As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn)的浓度分布特征进行了分析,并利用多元统计方法(因子分析、聚类分析及相关性分析)以及不同的污染和生态风险指标进行综合评价,得出以下结论:格尔木河表层沉积物元素Cd主要来源于人类活动输入,I_(geo)指示元素Cd、Cr在格尔木河下游污染程度达到轻度污染,其它元素无污染,mC_d指示各采样点的污染程度为无～很低,指标PLI指示各采样点的污染程度为低或中等,整个研究区域的PLI_(zone)值为1.06,指示研究区域内沉积物的重金属污染程度中等。单元素的潜在风险指数(E_i)指示重金属生态危害程度均很低,各个采样点的潜在生态风险指数(RI)也指示为低等级,但仍要注意人类活动引起的重金属潜在生态危害尤其是元素Cd的输入。出格尔木市后元素浓度及I_(geo)值均逐渐增高,mC_d、PLI及RI同样有显著的增长趋势,指示格尔木河受格尔木市人类活动的影响。格尔木河中游(格尔木市区段)相对于格尔木河上游及下游整体均表现为低浓度、低污染及低生态风险指示格尔木河河道治理对控制重金属污染、改善河流环境及保护生态环境有重要的意义。     

格尔木河表层沉积物重金属污染现状及潜在生态风险评价

为了解格尔木河所反映的环境现状以及格尔木市开发所带来的影响，对格尔木河表层沉积物共计9个采样点的七种重金属元素（As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn）的浓度分布特征进行了分析，并利用多元统计方法（因子分析、聚类分析及相关性分析）以及不同的污染和生态风险指标进行综合评价，得出以下结论：格尔木河表层沉积物元素Cd主要来源于人类活动输入，Igeo指示元素Cd、Cr在格尔木河下游污染程度达到轻度污染，其他元素无污染，mCd指示各采样点的污染程度为无-很低，指标PLI指示各采样点的污染程度为低或中等，整个研究区域的PLIzone值为1.06，指示研究区域内沉积物的重金属污染程度中等。单元素的潜在风险指数（Ei）指示重金属生态危害程度均很低，各个采样点的潜在生态风险指数（RI）也指示为低等级，但仍要注意人类活动引起的重金属潜在生态危害，尤其是元素Cd的输入。出格尔木市后元素浓度及Igeo值均逐渐增高，mCd、PLI及RI同样有显著的增长趋势，指示格尔木河受格尔木市人类活动的影响。格尔木河中游（格尔木市区段）相对于格尔木河上游及下游整体均表现为低浓度、低污染及低生态风险，指示格尔木河河道治理对控制重金属污染、改善河流环境及保护生态环境有重要的意义。     

渭河宝鸡段及其支流和水渠水体中八种重金属元素含量的空间分布特征

于2019年3月5～25日,在渭河宝鸡段及其各支流和宝鸡峡引渭渠中,设置了70个采样点;在各采样点,采集水样,测定水样中的重金属元素Cr、Mn、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Cd和Pb含量,并分析8种重金属元素含量的空间分布规律和来源;采用重金属污染指数和水环境健康风险评价模型,评价渭河宝鸡段水体的重金属污染风险水平。研究结果表明,各采样点水体中的8种重金属元素含量都较小,未超过地表水环境质量标准(GB 3838—2002)中的Ⅱ类水域标准;清姜河和荫香河水体中重金属元素含量相对较大;各采样点水体中重金属污染指数平均值为91.061,渭河宝鸡段及其支流和水渠水体整体处于重金属轻度污染水平;各采样点水体重金属健康风险指数都在10-6～10-5之间,水体重金属污染健康风险等级为较低风险;河流和水渠中重金属元素Cr、Mn、Ni、Cu、Zn、Cd和Pb主要来源于周边工业生产和交通污染,As元素主要来源于农业面源污染。     

衡水湖底泥中7种重金属元素含量的分布及其潜在生态风险评价

于2018年6月25～27日,在河北省衡水湖设置了22个采样点,采集0～50 cm深度的底泥样品,测定底泥样品中的7种重金属元素含量;并采用地累积指数法和潜在生态危害指数法,对7种重金属元素潜在生态风险进行评价。研究结果表明,衡水湖底泥中的7种重金属元素Cd、Hg、As、Pb、Cr、Cu和Zn的质量比分别为0.046～0.290 mg/kg、0.010～0.064 mg/kg、4.31～10.70 mg/kg、11.7～29.5 mg/kg、48.5～87.5 mg/kg、10.7～24.7 mg/kg和35.2～198.0 mg/kg;在22个采样点中,有9个采样点底泥中的Cd元素含量的地累积指数大于0,即这9个采样点存在轻微的Cd污染,处于轻微危害等级;每种重金属元素含量分别与其它大多数金属元素含量显著相关,表明这些重金属元素可能具有同源性,各重金属元素含量都分别与底泥中的有机质、全氮含量显著相关,Hg、Pb和Zn元素含量与全磷含量显著相关;衡水湖底泥中的7种重金属元素综合潜在生态风险指数为90.23,表明衡水湖底泥中的重金属元素存在轻微的潜在生态风险。     

哈素海表层沉积物重金属污染特征及生态风险评价

2014年10月10日～20日,在哈素海布设20个采样点,采集表层(0～10 cm深度)的沉积物样品,测定其重金属Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、Cd、Hg和As含量;采用地累积指数、潜在生态风险指数和生态风险预警指数,分别对沉积物中的重金属污染程度和生态风险进行了评价。研究结果表明,哈素海表层沉积物中的重金属Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、Cd、Hg和As平均质量比分别为32.29 mg/kg、128.10 mg/kg、28.25 mg/kg、77.14 mg/kg、0.05 mg/kg、0.04 mg/kg和13.76 mg/kg。在湖泊西南部,表层沉积物中的重金属含量较高,特别是在湖泊入水量最大的民生渠入水口处;在湖泊东北部,表层沉积物中的重金属含量中等或偏低。以生态危害临界值(TEL)标准为参考值,哈素海表层沉积物中重金属Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、Hg和As含量都超标,Cr和As含量超标较严重,Cu、Zn、Cr、As、Pb、Hg和Cd的重金属单因子污染地累积指数依次减小。在20个采样点中,位于湖泊中北部和南部的采样点S6、S18和S20表层沉积物处于中等生态风险,其它17个采样点处于轻微生态风险。生态风险预警指数平均值为5.38,湖泊北部和东部的采样点S2和S11属于轻度重金属生态风险警告,位于湖泊中南部的采样点S14、S15、S17和S19属于中度重金属生态风险警告,其它14个采样点都属于重度重金属生态风险警告,说明哈素海存在重金属污染的生态风险。虽然表层沉积物中的重金属Hg含量并未超标,但由于其生态毒性非常大,不能忽视其污染。因此,应该对哈素海的重金属污染予以重视,特别是As、Cr和Hg污染。     

博斯腾湖流域绿洲农田土壤重金属污染及潜在生态风险评价

新疆博斯腾湖流域绿洲采集195个农田土壤样品,测定其中As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb和Zn等8种重金属元素的含量,基于地统计法分析农田土壤重金属空间分布规律,采用污染负荷指数（PLI）和潜在生态风险指数（RI）评价农田土壤重金属污染和潜在生态风险程度,并对重金属的来源进行讨论。结果表明：① 博斯腾湖流域农田土壤Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn含量平均值分别超出新疆土壤背景值的1.67倍、1.13倍、1.15倍、1.29倍、2.11倍和1.65倍。② 农田土壤中8种重金属元素空间分布基本呈现岛状分布格局,各金属元素在部分区域出现高值区,表明研究区人类活动对农田土壤环境具有负面效应。③ 农田土壤Pb呈现中度污染,Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni和Zn轻度污染,Mn轻微污染,As无污染。农田土壤重金属污染负荷指数的平均值为1.09,呈现轻度污染态势。④ 各重金属元素单项生态风险指数平均值从大到小依次为：Cd、Ni、As、Cu、Pb、Cr、Zn。综合生态风险指数平均值为18.63,处于轻微生态风险态势。从生态风险程度的区域差异来看,各县生态风险指数从大到小依次为：和硕县、博湖县、焉耆县、和静县。⑤ 农田土壤Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni与Zn主要受到土壤地球化学成因的控制,As、Cd和Pb主要受到人类活动的影响。Cd与Pb是研究区主要的污染因子,研究区农田土壤中Cd与Pb污染必须关注。     

焦岗湖及入湖河流表层沉积物重金属潜在生态风险评价

以焦岗湖及入湖河流表层沉积物为研究对象,测定其中7种重金属(As、Cd、Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn和Hg)的含量,并结合多种方法评价其潜在生态风险。结果表明,焦岗湖及入湖河流表层沉积物中的7种重金属含量都未超过国家二级标准限值;湖泊沉积物重金属Cd、Hg、Cu、Ni、As、Pb和Zn地质累积评价污染等级的平均值分别为1.89、0.94、0.47、0.25、0、0和0,所有采样点中,Cd、Hg、Cu和Ni表现出一定的污染水平,其它元素为清洁等级;湖泊沉积物中重金属Cd、Hg、Cu、Ni、As、Pb和Zn潜在生态风险指数分别为109.37、76.99、8.17、7.42、6.96、4.44和1.59,湖泊及入湖河流沉积物主要的潜在生态风险因子都为Cd和Hg,湖泊沉积物中重金属的综合潜在生态风险指数的平均值(214.9)高于入湖河流沉积物的平均值(119.5)。焦岗湖及入湖河流表层沉积物中重金属生态风险等级分别为中等和低等。     

连霍高速不同运营路段路旁土壤重金属分布及潜在生态风险

在连霍高速公路运营时间不同的湾刘和小王庄断面, 按照距离公路的远近不同布设采样点, 对路旁土壤重金属(Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn、Ni、Cr)的空间分布特征及土壤重金属潜在生态风险展开研究。结果表明:运营时间较长的湾刘断面(处于中等生态风险状态)路旁土壤重金属含量高于小王庄断面(总体处于轻微生态风险状态)。随着距公路路基距离的增加, 多数重金属含量及潜在生态风险呈不规则偏态分布。湾刘断面的RI峰值出现在距路基50～100m之间, 小王庄断面出现在距路基35 m处。土壤Cd是最主要的风险因子, 对RI的贡献率平均为61.39%。土壤污染物潜在生态风险评价应根据所研究污染物种类和数量对H?kanson 潜在生态风险指数分级标准进行适当调整。     

南水北调东线工程通水后沿线湖泊水质评价

为了解南水北调东线工程通水后沿线湖泊水质状况,于2015年6月(枯水期)采集了东平湖4个地表水样品和7个地下水样品,测定了其中As、Cd、Cr、Cu、F、Hg、Mn和Pb等8种元素的含量,采用综合污染指数法、综合水质评分法和健康风险评价模型评价了水环境质量和健康风险。结果表明,地表水中重金属浓度多数满足地表水环境质量标准I类,其中Hg污染相对较重;地下水中重金属浓度多数满足地下水质量标准III类及以上,其中F和Mn污染相对较重。4个地表水采样点综合污染指数均小于1,表明其水质优良;地下水中3个采样点的综合水质评分小于2.5,水质良好,4个采样点的综合水质评分大于4.25,水质较差。地表水的平均健康风险为9.18×10~(-5)a~(-1),地下水的平均健康风险为8.16×10~(-5)a~(-1),均为III级中风险。     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Development and Environment in Peninsular Malaysia . S. Robert Aiken, Colin H. Leigh, Thomas R. Leinbach, Michael R. Moss. The Rural-Urban Fringe: Canadian Perspectives . Ken B. Beesley and Lorne H. Russwurm, eds. Women and Development . Lourdes Benería, ed. The Border that Joins: Mexican Migrants and U.S. Responsibility . Peter G. Brown and Henry Shue, eds. Cities of the World: World Regional Urban Development . Stanley D. Brunn and Jack L. Williams, eds. Time Resources, Society, and Ecology: On the Capacity for Human Interaction in Space and Time (Vol. I, Preindustrial Societies). Tommy Carlstein. Urban Geography . David Clark. Spanish City Planning in North America . Dora P. Crouch, Daniel J. Garr, and Axel I. Mundigo. Not On Our Street: Community Attitudes to Mental Health Care . M. J. Dear and S. M. Taylor Unequal growth: Urban and Regional Employment Change in the U.K. Stephen Fothergill and Graham Gudgin. Agricultural Land in an Urban Society . Owen J. Furuseth and John T. Pierce. The Petroleum Industry in Oil-Importing Developing Countries . Fariborz Ghadar. Historical Understanding in Geography, An Idealist Approach . Leonard Guelke. Regional Planning in Europe . R. Hudson and J. R. Lewis, eds. Remote Sensing for Resource Management . Chris J. Johannsen and James L. Sanders, eds. Geography and The State . R. J. Johnston. Texas Graveyards: a Cultural Legacy . Tlrry G. Jordan. The Politics of Location: An Introduction . Andrew Kirby. A Social Geography of the City . David Ley. Energy and the Future . Douglas MacLean and Peter Brown, eds. The Natural Environment of Newfoundland Past and Present . A. G. Macpherson and J. B. Macpherson, eds. Tourism: Economic, Physical and Social Impacts . Alister Mathieson and Geoffrey Wall. Railroads and Land Grant Policy: A Study in Government Intervention . Lloyd J. Mercer. Progress in Rural Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Progress in Urban Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Models of Spatial Inequality: Settlement Patterns in Historical Archaeology . Robert Paynter. Natural Hazard Risk Assessment and Public Policy, Anticipating the Unexpected . William J. Petak and Arthur A. Atkisson. The Nature of Geomorphology . Alistair F. Pitty. Regional Conflict and National Policy . Kent A. Price Women and Spatial Change: Learning Resources for Social Science Courses . Arlene C. Rengert and Janice J. Monk, eds. Urban and Regional Analysis for Development Planning . Richard Rhoda. Rivers: Form and Process in Alluvial Channels . Keith Richards. This Remarkable Continent: An Atlas of United States and Canadian Society and Culture . John F. Rooney, Jr., Wilbur Zelinsky, and Dean R. Louder, gen. eds. The Origins of Open-Field Agriculture . Trevor Rowley, ed. Residential Location Determinants of the Older Population . Gundars Rudzitis. Borderland Sourcebook: A Guide to the Literature on Northern Mexico and the American Southwest . Ellwyn R. Stoddard, Richard L. Nostrand, and Jonathan P. West, eds. Arctic and Antarctic . David Sugden. Tall Timbers Ecology and Management Conference, February 22–24, 1979, Proceedings No. 16 . Graphic Communication and Design in Contemporary Cartography (Progress in Contemporary Cartography , Vol. II). D. R. Fraser Taylor, ed. Living with Energy Shortfall: A Future for American Towns and Cities . Jon Van Til. The United States: Habitation of Hope . J. Wreford Watson. Air Photo Interpretation for Archaeologists . D. R. Wilson. Urban and Rural Change in West Germany . Trevor Wild, ed. Population and Resources . Harry Robinson.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Geography and the Third World. International Seminar, 14–18 May 1980, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia . Ishmail Ahmad and Jamaluddin Md Jahi, eds. The Growth Dilemma: Residents' Views and Local Population Change in the United States . Mark Baldassare. Sport and Place: A Geography of Sport in England, Scotland & Wales . John Bale. The Deindustrialization of America: Plant Closings, Community Abandonment, and the Dismantling of Basic Industry . Barry Bluestone and Bennett Harrison. Selected Essays 1963–1975: Carl O. Sauer . Bob Callahen, ed. Housing and Planning in the Countryside . G. Clark. Conflict, Politics and the Urban Scene . Kevin R. Cox and R. J. Johnston, eds. Thematic Maps: Their Design and Production . David J. Cuff and Mark T. Mattson. Wine: A Geographic Appreciation . Harm Jan de Blij. USSR in Maps . J. C. Dewdney. Political Geography: A Contemporary Perspective . Ramesh D. Dikshit. Rethinking Human Adaptation . Rada Dyson-Hudson and Michael A. Little, eds. Sacred Sands: The Struggle for Community in the indiana Dunes . J. Ronald Engel. Geography of the Biosphere . A. Furley and Walter W. Newey. Disaster and Reconstruction . Robert Geipel. Glasgow: The Making of a City . Andrew Gibb. Design for Arid Regions . Giden S. Golany, ed. Urbanization and Cancer Mortality: The United States Experience, 1950–1975 . Michael R. Greenberg. Geology in the Nineteenth Century: Changing Views of a Changing World . Mott T. Greene. Colonización y Destrucción de Bosques en Panamá . Stanley Heckadon Moreno and Alberto McKay, eds. Urban Geography: A First Approach . David T. Herbert and Colin J. Thomas. The Visual and Spatial Structure of Landscapes . Tadahiko Higuchi. Climate from Tree Rings . M. K. Hughes, P. M. Kelly, J. R. Pilcher, and V. C. LaMarche, Jr., eds. The structure of Nineteenth Century Cities . James H. Johnson and Colin G. Pooley, eds. The American Planner: Biographies and Recollections . Donald A. Krueckeberg, ed. Urban Land Policy For the 1980s, the Message for State and Local Government . George Lefcoe, ed. Regional Planning: Evolution, Crisis and Prospects . Gill C. Lim, ed. Relevance and Ethics In Geography . Bruce Mitchell and Dianne Draper. China: The Geography of Development and Modernization . Clifton W. Pannell and Laurence J. C. MA. The Urban Retailing System . Robert B. Potter. Hants. Nonconventional Energy Resources . Philip R. Pryde. Caribbean Migrants: Environment and Human Survival on St. Kitts and Nevis . Bonham C. Richardson. Population and Resources . Harry Robinson. East Los Angeles: History of A Barrio . Ricardo Romo. Integrated Impact Assessment . Frederick A. Rossini and Alan L. Porter, eds. Environmental Aesthetics: Essays in Interpretation . Barry Sadler and Allen Carlson, eds. Earthwatch . Charles Sheffield. Field Techniques and Research Methods in Geography . Robert H. Stoddard. Haiti: Land of Poverty . Robert J. Tata. Weathering and Erosion: Sources and Methods in Geography . Stephen T. Trudgill. Once Beneath the Forest. Prehistoric Terracing in the Río Bec Region of the Maya Lowlands . B. L. Turner, II. The Historical Geography of Scotland since 1707 . David Turnock.     

PRODUCTIVITY OF AMERICAN PH.D.-GRANTING DEPARTMENTS OF GEOGRAPHY

Reviews of geographic software in this article:

DEMO-GRAPHICS: WORLD POPULATIONS AND PROJECTIONS.

ESP

GAUSS.

CEMODEL S. Damus

LIMDEP. William H. Greene

MICROSTAT 4.1

OTIS

PCIPS. (Personal Computer Image Processing System). H.J. Meyers and R. Bernstein.

REGRESSION ANALYSIS OF TIME SERIES (RATS)

SPSS/PC+

URBAN DATA MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE (UDMS)     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Rabat: Urban Apartheid in Morocco . Janet Abu -Lughod . Marketplaces in a Developing Country: The Case of Western Nigeria . Isaac Ayinde Adalemo . Farming Development and Space: A World Agricultural Geography . Bernd Andreae . Section and Party: A Political Geography of American Presidential Elections, from Andrew Jackson to Ronald Reagan . J. Clark Archer and Peter J. Taylor . Women and Space: Ground Rules and Social Maps . Shirley Ardener , ed. European Progress in Spatial Analysis . R. J. Bennett , ed. The Origins of Academic Geography in the United States . Brian W. Blouet Geographic Perspectives on Global Problems . Ronald Reed Boyce . Seasonal Dimensions to Rural Poverty . Robert Chambers , Richard Longhurst and Arnold Pacey eds. The New Nationalism and the Use of Common Spaces: Issues in Marine Pollution and the Exploitation of Antarctica . Jonathan I. Charney , ed. Communications Tomorrow: The Coming of the Information Society . Edward Cornish , ed. The Design of Suburbia . Arthur Edwards . Explorer on the Northern Plains: Lieutenant Gouverneur K. Warren's Preliminary Report of Explorations in Nebraska and Dakota in the Years 1855–56–57. With an Introduction by Frank N. Schubert . The Changing Climate: Responses of the Natural Flora and Fauna . Michael J. Ford . Essentials of Physical Geography . Robert E. Gabler , Robert J. Sager , Sheila Brazier , and Daniel L. Wise. The Road to Jaramillo . William Glen . Valued Environments . John R. Gold and Jacquelin Burgess , eds. Proximity and Preference: Problems in the Multidimensional Analysis of Large Data Sets . Reginald G. Golledge and John N. Rayner , eds. A Search for Common Ground . Peter Gould and Gunnar Olsson , eds. Geography: Its History and Concepts . Arild Holt -Jensen . A Population Geography . Huw R. Jones . The Human Mosaic: A Thematic Introduction to Cultural Geography, 3rd ed. Terry G. Jordan and Lester Rowntree . Urban Social Geography: An Introduction . Paul Knox . The Anatomy of Job Loss: The How, Why and Where of Employment Decline . Doreen Massey and Richard Meegan . The Information Society as Post-Industial Society . Yoneji Masuda . Map Librarianship, 2nd ed. Harold Nichols . India: Cultural Patterns and Processes . Allen G. Noble and Ashok K. Dutt , eds. The God that Limps: Science and Technology in the Eighties . Colin Norman . Geography: An Introductory Perspective . Robert E. Norris , Keith D. Harries and John D. Vitek . The Politics of Technology Assessment . David M. O'Brien and Donald A. Marchand . Ethnic Segregation in Cities . Ceri Peach , Vaughan Robinson and Susan Smith , eds. Churches and Church Membership in the United States, 1980 . Bernard Quinn , Herman Anderson , Martin Bradley , Paul Goetting and Peggy Shriver . Energy in Australia: Politics and Economics . Hugh Saddler . Development from Above or Below? The Dialectics of Regional Planning in Developing Countries . Walter B. Stóuhr and D. R. Fraser Taylor , eds. Human Impact on the Ecosystem . Joy Tivy and Greg O'Hare . Plants and People: Vegetation Change in North America . Thomas R. Vale . The Mapmakers: The Story of the Great Pioneers in Cartography from Antiquity to the Space Age . John Noble Wilford .     

Deserts and Aeolian Desertification in China: Book review and some thoughts

Desertification is a global phenomenon that affects about two billion people. It occurs in arid zones where the annual precipitation is below 400 mm, partic- ularly in the marginal areas of the world＇s largest deserts. It is a result of water and wind erosion, over- grazing, global warm-ing, improper soil cultivation, and increased pressure ot population growth, and it causes degradation of soil and natural and agricultural vegetation. The direct result is less food for people and livestock, which influences pop- ulation and animal husbandry fluctuations. Despite ef- forts to combat and reduce desertification, the affected areas are annually increasing.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: The Rice Economy of Asia . Randolph Barker and Robert W. Herdt with Beth Rose. Using Microcomputers: A Guidebook for Writers, Teachers, and Researchers in the Social Sciences . Blaine A. Erie—the Lake that Survived . Noel M. Burns. Geology and Society . Donald R. Coates. Caves and Karst of Kentucky . Percy H. Dougherty, ed. Altered Harvest: Agriculture, Genetics, and the Fate of the World's Food Supply . Jack Doyle. The Middle East and North Africa, A Political Geography . Alasdair Drysdale and Gerald H. Blake. Clamor at the Gates. The New American Immigration . Nathan Glazer, ed. Development and the Landowner: An analysis of the British experience . Robin Goodchild and Richard Munton. Discovering Landscape in England and Wales . Andrew Goudie and Rita Gardner. The Modern Plantation in the Third World . Edgar Graham and Ingrid Floering. Social Relations and Spatial Structures . Derek Gregory and John Urry, eds. The World Food Problem 1950–1980 . David Grigg. Costa Rica: A Geographical Interpretation in Historical Perspective . Carolyn Hall. The Urbanization of Capital: Studies in the History and Theory of Capitalist Urbanization . David Harvey Consciousness and the Urban Experience: Studies in the History and Theory of Capitalist Urbanization . David Harvey. Reviving Main Street . Deryck Holdsworth, ed. Rural Roads and Poverty Alleviation . John Howe and Peter Richards, eds. Uneven Development in Southern Europe: Studies of Accumulation, Class, Migration and the State . Ray Hudson and Jim Lewis, eds. Karst Geomorphology . J. N. Jennings. The Geomorphology of North-west England . R. H. Johnson, ed. Climate Impact Assessment: Studies of the Interaction of Climate and Society . Robert Kates, Jesse Ausubel, Mimi Berberian, eds. Public Service Provision and Urban Development . Andrew Kirby, Paul Knox, and Steven Pinch, ed. State and Market: The Politics of the Public and the Private . Jan-Erik Lane, ed. Living Cities . Twentieth Century Fund Task Force on Urban Preservation Policies. World Climatic Systems . John G. Lockwood. Urban Ethnicity in the United States. New Immigrants and Old Minorities . Lionel Maldonaldo and Joan Moore, eds. Culture and Conservation: The Human Dimension in Environmental Planning . Jeffrey A. McNeely and David Pitt, eds. The Andean Past. Land, Societies, and Conflicts . Magnus Mörner. Gaia: An Atlas of Planet Management . Norman Myers, ed. Progress in Industrial Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Progress in Political Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Rivers and Landscape . Geoff Petts and Ian Foster. Urbanization and Planning in the 3rd World: Spatial Perceptions and Public Participation . Robert B. Potter. One Island, Two Nations? A Political Geographical Analysis of the National Conflict in Ireland . D. G. Pringle. Circulation in Third World Countries . R. Mansell Prothero and Murray Chapman. The Ozarks Outdoors: A Guide for Fishermen, Hunters, and Tourists . Milton D. Rafferty. Suburban Burglary: A Time and a Place for Everything . George Rengert and John Wasilchick. Geomorphology and Soils . K.S. Richards, R.R. Arnett, and S. Ellis, eds. The Homes and Homeless of Post-War Britain . Frederick Shaw. Indochinese Refugees in America . Paul J. Strand and Woodrow Jones, Jr. Wild Horses and Sacred Cows . Richard Symanski. Forever Wild: Environmental Aesthetics and the Adirondack Forest Preserve . Philip G. Terrie. The Regional Economic Impact of Technological Change . A.T. Thwaites and R.P. Oakey, eds. The Good Life . Yi-Fu Tuan.     

REVIEWS OF GEOGRAPHIC SOFTWARE

Reviews of geographic software in this article: DEMO-GRAPHICS: WORLD POPULATIONS AND PROJECTIONS. ESP GAUSS. CEMODEL S. Damus LIMDEP. William H. Greene MICROSTAT 4.1 OTIS PCIPS. (Personal Computer Image Processing System) . H.J. Meyers and R. Bernstein. REGRESSION ANALYSIS OF TIME SERIES (RATS) SPSS/PC+ URBAN DATA MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE (UDMS)     

Guidelines to Authors

1. Aims and scope
Sciences in Cold and Arid Regions （SCAR） is a bimonthly journal that publishes in English the latest research achievements in processes and the pattems of the Earth surface system in cold and arid regions. Researches in cold regions emphasize particularly on the cold-region-characterized physical,