深海应答器坐标改进正交标定法

深海环境下投放应答器,由于海流、浪和涌的影响,应答器落底的位置很难直接测量。利用海底应答器对水下目标进行定位和跟踪之前,必须对其位置进行准确标定。用一种测量海底应答器坐标的改进方法:改进垂线相交标定法。该方法对测量母船航迹、海深等因素不做要求,依据立体几何原理,采用解析法直接求解应答器平面坐标。用Markov过程模拟母船航迹,进行1 000次蒙特卡洛仿真实验,得到置信度为0.99的标定误差置信区间,结果表明该方法具有很好的标定精度,对测量母船的位置误差鲁棒性好。     

深海大型爬行机器人研究现状

对海底不同作业形式的深海大型爬行机器人进行了分类综述，依据当前深海大型爬行机器人在各方面的应用，将其分为了深海采矿机器人和深海挖沟机器人两大类，并对这两类中的一些性能突出的机器人进行了详细的介绍。重点介绍我国第一代、第二代多金属结核采矿机器人，SMD的3个多金属硫化物开采机器人，中科院深海所的富钴结壳规模采样爬行机器人，喷射式挖沟爬行机器人QT2800和机械式挖沟爬行机器人BT2400。并对深海大型爬行机器人的海底复杂行走技术和导航定位技术进行了阐述。行走技术方面，重点介绍Nexans公司的带有铰接式行走腿系统的Spider Dredger，中南大学的铰接履带式采矿机器人和北京矿冶研究总院的复合轮式机器人。导航定位方面，介绍了当前一些在用的深海导航定位技术。最后，对未来深海大型爬行机器人的发展趋势进行了展望。     

深海AUV发展趋势研究

介绍了国内外各型深海AUV产品的基本参数、配置、功能和使用方式，论述了深海AUV发展现状及发展趋势，并着重阐述了深海 AUV 在深海探测、目标识别、深海反制等领域的应用，在此基础上深入分析了深海 AUV 在能源、控制、导航、通行等方面的关键技术，并阐明当前关键技术的现状以及未来的发展方向，同时根据国内外发展趋势提出了深海 AUV 经过 3 个阶段的发展，最终向着使用便捷化、重量轻量化、 外形小型化、智能化、网络信息化的方向发展。     

深海作战战场环境保障需求问题研究

深海战场空间的独特性和超前性引发了深海军事的发展和变革,并逐步改变军事斗争的战略态势。因此,迫切需要加速形成深海战场环境保障能力,为维护我国安全和海外利益拓展等提供基础支撑。总结归纳了深海概念及环境影响,提出面临形势与未来挑战,深入分析深海战略威慑、水下航行、导航定位、 预置武器和预报预警等场景下的战场环境保障需求,最后提出深海战场环境保障建设的措施建议。     

深海探测技术研发和展望

深海探测是人类实现可持续发展的战略途径和重要手段。为加快我国开发利用深海资源的进程,文章系统梳理深海探测技术及其研发,分析关键性深海探测技术,并提出深海探测技术的发展趋势。研究结果表明:全球积极研发深海探测技术,主要包括载人潜水器等深海运载器探测技术,声学、光学、电磁学和热学等深海传感探测技术以及生物、海水和岩芯等深海取样探测技术;我国也取得一系列研究成果,但技术水平和产业化水平总体较落后;精确、可靠和高效深海探测的关键性技术主要包括深海光学通信技术、深海导航定位技术、深海动力能源技术和深海装备材料技术,亟须技术攻关;未来深海探测技术将向体系化、协同化和智能化方向发展。     

深海开发的海洋环境保障需求、现状与发展建议

深海开发建设是人类发展的新方向,但实施过程对海洋环境的依赖性更强,对海洋环境信息保障的需求更加迫切。为满足国家战略发展需求,需提前筹划布局。文章从需求端分析海洋环境保障在深海开发建设中可发挥作用的领域和相应的保障内容;从航海导航、海洋测绘、海洋调查3个方面分析研究美国和我国在深海海洋环境保障方面的能力现状,从导航定位、信息获取、信息处理、信息应用、信息传输、信息整合6个方面深入剖析目前存在的差距;从学科发展角度提出重点发展建议,为科研选题和规划制定提供有益参考。     

一种基于超短基线定位的便携式AUV回坞导航方法

自主水下机器人(AUV)对接技术是目前水下机器人的研究热点,精确可靠的AUV的回坞导航是实现对接的关键技术。对于追求轻便的便携式AUV的对接系统,考虑到便携式AUV的搭载能力有限又需要足够的定位精度用于对接,提出了一种基于超短基线(USBL)定位的回坞导航方法,该方法让AUV只需装载电子罗盘和水声应答器就能完成精确的回坞定位。根据导航方法的特点,设计了一种改进的扩展卡尔曼滤波算法,其优点是能在处理滞后的USBL数据的同时动态估算海流、更新状态方程以消除海流造成的定位误差。通过湖试和大量仿真实验,验证了定位算法在海流影响下的定位性能。     

水声定位技术的应用

前言 目前的水下定位和导航最常用的方法就是声学方法。由水下声发射器及接收器相互作用,可以构成声学定位系统。按接收基阵或应答器阵的基线长度,可分为长基线、短基线和超短基线三种声学定位系统。根据不同的定位要求,可以利用不同的定位系统。声学定位技术是对已     

深海自治式水下航行器组合导航/定位误差分析与建模

在深海海洋油气资源勘探开发中,导航定位数据是各个测量参数的基准信息,测量载体的定位精度在一定程度上决定了其搭载的传感器探测精度。以COSL Explorer型深水自治式水下航行器为研究对象,分析其组合导航/定位系统的特点,得出包含超短基线水下定位、多普勒计程仪与惯性系统组合导航、海水中声速影响的深水自治式水下航行器导航/定位误差模型,并对该模型参数进行等误差剖面分析,得到该载体导航/定位误差分布趋势。并针对不同航速、不同定位斜距、不同时间间隔下的组合导航定位误差进行预报,为自主航行器在大海深、大范围工程勘察测量时参数设置提供理论依据。     

水声定位技术的应用

1前言目前在水下进行定位和导航最常用的方法就是声学方法。由水下声发射器及接收器相互作用,可以构成声学定位系统。按接收基阵或应答器阵的基线长度,可分为长基线、短基线和超短基线三种声学定位系统。根据不同的定位要求,可以利用不同的定位系统。声学定位技术是对已知目标在一个特定的时间和空间中进行定位的技术。随着电子计算机微处理技术的发展和应用,它可以实时、快速、连续自动地显示出所需要的位置信息。声学定位系统与其它导航系     

Optimal localization of a seafloor transponder in shallow water using acoustic ranging and GPS observations

This study utilized circular and straight-line survey patterns for acoustic ranging to determine the position of a seafloor transponder and mean sound speed of the water column. To reduce the considerable computational burden and eliminate the risk of arriving at a local minimum on least-squares inversion, the position of a seafloor transponder was estimated by utilizing optimization approaches. Based on the implicit function theorem, the Jacobian for this inverse problem was derived to investigate the constraints of employing circular and straight-line survey patterns to estimate the position of a transponder. Both cases, with and without knowledge of the vertical sound speed profile, were considered. A transponder positioning experiment was conducted at sea to collect acoustic and GPS observations. With significant uncertainties inherent in GPS measurements and the use of a commercial acoustic transponder not designed for precise ranging, experimental results indicate that the transponder position can be estimated accurately on the order of decimeters. Moreover, the mean sound speed of the water column estimated by the proposed optimization scheme is in agreement with that derived from conductivity, temperature, and density (CTD) measurements.     

海胆标志方法的研究进展

分析研究几种比较有影响的海胆标志方法,讨论各种标志方法的优缺点。较理想的外部标志方法是尼龙螺丝钉标志法,适用于海胆的行为研究;较理想的内部标志方法是PIT标志法,适用于海胆的生长研究,但在海胆标志放流等群体研究中注射四环素标志法较为实用。     

Precise Positioning of Ocean Bottom Seismometer by Using Acoustic Transponder and CTD

We have obtained precise estimates of the position of Ocean Bottom Seismometers (OBS) on the sea bottom. Such estimates are usually uncertain due to their free falling deployment. This uncertainty is small enough, or is correctable, with OBS spacing of more than 10 km usually employed in crustal studies. But, for example, if the spacing is only 200 m for OBS reflection studies, estimates of the position with an accuracy of the order of 10 m or more is required.The determination was carried out with the slant range data, ship position data and a 1D acoustic velocity structure calculated from Conductivity–Temperature–Depth (CTD) data, if they are available. The slant range data were obtained by an acoustic transponder system designed for the sinker releasing of the OBS or travel time data of direct water wave arrivals by airgun shooting. The ship position data was obtained by a single GPS or DGPS. The method of calculation was similar to those used for earthquake hypocenter determination.The results indicate that the accuracy of determined OBS positions is enough for present OBS experiments, which becomes order of 1 m by using the DGPS and of less than 10 m by using the single GPS, if we measure the distance from several positions at the sea surface by using a transponder system which is not designed for the precise ranging. The geometry of calling positions is most important to determine the OBS position, even if we use the data with larger error, such as the direct water wave arrival data. The 1D acoustic velocity structure should be required for the correct depth of the OBS. Although it is rare that we use a CTD, even an empirical velocity structure works well.     

A long‐range and high‐resolution underwater acoustic positioning system

Abstract

It is desired to track the location of an underwater data collecting platform using acoustic range data. A long‐range and high‐resolution acoustic system for underwater locating has been investigated. The system provides continuous and highly accurate tracking of a platform referenced to bottom‐mounted buoys. Each reference buoy contains an acoustic transponder, which is used to obtain ranging data from the transponder to the platform. The transponder has a signal source that is phase‐modulated by a maximal‐length binary sequence and a correlation processing unit to be capable of detecting received acoustic signals with high SNR in a noisy environment or in attenuation due to long‐range propagation, and to identify multipath acoustic signals. The acoustic system has been designed and sea tests tried. The results of that experiment have yielded capability of a submeter underwater acoustic positioning system.     

A high-resolution pulse-Doppler underwater acoustic navigation system

A high-resolution underwater acoustic pulse-Doppler navigation system has been developed and tested at sea. The system provides continuous, highly accurate tracking of underwater and ocean-surface platforms in a fixed 50-km²navigation net. Three reference buoys, moored 20 m from the ocean bottom, provide the navigation net used by shipboard processing equipment. Each reference buoy contains an acoustic transponder, used to obtain the acoustic travel times from the transponder to the platform, and a continuous-tone beacon, used to obtain the Doppler shift due to platform motion. The system is capable of determining the position of a platform with respect to the reference net with an error of 2-3 m. The relative position of the platform on a fix-to-fix basis can be determined within several centimeters over short time intervals (approx 10min).     

Marine radar interrogator-transponder

The use of ship's radar for collision avoidance presents a fundamental problem in threat detection and identification since all vessel radar returns ("paints") look alike. As a result, when a ship master caught in a fog is trying to use his radio-telephone to work out a maneuvering plan with another vessel, it is difficult for him to identify which blip on the planar position indicator PPI is the source of the voice on the radio. One solution now receiving worldwide attention is to fit all vessels with active transponders. The marine radar interrogator-transponder (MRIT) is an advanced form of transponder which includes an integral interrogator and works in coordination with the ship radar to provide not only target identity and "clutter-free" target paints, but also maneuvering information and such data as target's course, speed, draft, safe or dangerous cargo, etc. Mounted on a fixed navigation aid, the transponder portion alone can also function as a racon (radar beacon). This paper describes the operational parameter and reviews the system bench tests and sea trials.     

声学应答释放器电路部分可靠性分析

声学应答释放器是一种对可靠性要求很高的海洋环境监测设备,文中对国家海洋技术中心研制的声学应答释放器进行了可靠性分析。首先介绍了声学应答释放器的电路构成及功能;然后依据可靠性建模相关理论完成电路部分可靠性模型建立,依据可靠性模型,预计了设备的固有可靠度;最后有针对性地提出改进措施,用于指导声学应答释放器设计,为释放器技术研究提供计算模型与可借鉴的经验。     

Precise positioning for near-bottom equipment using a relay transponder

The Marine Physical Laboratory of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography has developed an acoustic relay transponder for precise relative positioning of near-bottom instruments and geologic sampling devices. Although specifically designed to position equipment lowered on standard wire ropes without a need to maintain direct electrical contact with the surface ship, the relay transponder may be used to track free vehicles, such as deep submersibles, from the surface. The relay transponder is positioned relative to an array of bottom-anchored acoustic transponders. It is interrogated acoustically from the surface ship; it then sequentially interrogates the bottom transponders which, in turn, reply to the ship. From the measurement of the total travel time (ship to relay transponder to bottom transponder to ship) and assuming, or knowing, the sound velocity of the water, we obtain a relayed range measurement. These relayed ranges, used in conjunction with ship to bottom-transponder ranges, allow us to calculate the position of the relay transponder. A recent application of this technique is described in which several gravity core samples from the crest of the Horizon Guyot were positioned with respect to the detailed bathymetry and the geology within the area. The estimated error in positioning the samples is less than 20 m inside a navigational net extending over 100 km².Contribution of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, new series.     

Uncertainty of full-scale manoeuvring trial results estimated using a simulation model

This paper describes how to estimate the uncertainty of manoeuvring sea trial results without performing repeated tests using only a simulation model. The approach is based on the Monte Carlo method of uncertainty propagation. Moreover, the global sensitivity analysis procedure based on variance decomposition is described. As an example, the method is applied to estimate the uncertainty of 10°/10° zigzag overshoot angles and a 20° turning circle advance and tactical diameter for a small research vessel. The estimated uncertainty is compared with corresponding experimental uncertainty assessed from repeated tests. The method can be useful for validation studies and other studies that involve the uncertainty of sea trial results.